IT for mgrs2.pptx
- 1. Data and Information, MIS, Decision Making and role of MIS, Planning for MIS; System Development Methodologies; Conceptual and detailed designs of MIS
- 2. Qualitative v/s Quantitative Qualitative data is descriptive information (it describes something) Quantitative data, is numerical information (numbers).
- 3. Example: What do we know about Dog? Qualitative: •He is brown and black •He has long hair •He has lots of energy Quantitative: •Discrete: •He has 4 legs •He has 2 brothers •Continuous: •He weighs 25.5 kg •He is 565 mm tall
- 4. Simply speaking data is raw facts and figures, which has no meaning. After processing, the data, it becomes a meaningful information. Data processing Information
- 5. What is Information? Data arranged in certain order and form which is useful to the recipient is called Information. Processed data is information. Information depends on data to provide an output. Information is specific in nature and has a logical meaning. For example: the weight of students are 60, 70, 57, 41, 36, 44, 53.. ………. What is average weight? .. The average weight is 51.57 The answer 51.57 is meaningful data for recipient, which represent as information.
- 6. Once the information is processed, one gets the knowledge. Information processing Knowledge
- 8. Types of Information Systems 1. Transaction Processing System (TPS) 2. Management Information System (MIS) 3. Executive Information System (EIS)/Executive Support System (ESS) 4. Decision Support System (DSS) 5. Expert System (ES) 6. Communication Support System (CSS) 7. Office Support System (OSS)/Office Automation System (OAS)
- 9. M I S 1. Management – is the process of planning and regulating the activates of an enterprise. To analyses the management process, it is better to know what the manager does. Functions of management are – A. Planning B. Organizing C. Staffing D. Direction E. Co-Ordination F. Control 2. Information – consists of data that have been retrieved, processed or otherwise used for informative purposes. 3. Systems – is a set of element joined together for a common purpose.
- 10. Definition (Management Information System) An information system that integrates data from all the departments, it serves and provides, operations and management with the information they require.
- 11. Sources for Management Information System Corporate databases of internal data Databases of external data Databases of valid transactions Operational databases Transaction processing systems Management information systems Decision support systems Executive support systems Expert systems Business transactions Input and error list Drill-down reports Exception reports Demand reports Key-indicator reports Scheduled reports Employees Corporate intranet Application databases
- 12. Outputs of a Management Information System Scheduled reports Produced periodically, or on a schedule (daily, weekly, monthly) Daily Sales Detail Report Prepared: 08/10/xx Order # Customer ID Sales Rep ID Ship Date Quantity Item # Amount P12453 C89321 CAR 08/12/96 144 P1234 $3,214 P12453 C89321 CAR 08/12/96 288 P3214 $5,660 P12453 C03214 GWA 08/13/96 12 P4902 $1,224 P12455 C52313 SAK 08/12/96 24 P4012 $2,448 P12456 C34123 JMW 08J/13/96 144 P3214 $720
- 13. Key-indicator report Summarizes the previous day’s critical activities. Typically available at the beginning of each day Daily Sales Key Indicator Report This Month Last Month Last Year Total Orders Month to Date $1,808 $1,694 $1,014 Forecasted Sales for the Month $2,406 $2,224 $2,608
- 14. Demand report Gives certain information at a manager’s request Daily Sales by Sales Rep Summary Report Prepared: 08/10/xx Sales Rep ID Amount CAR $42,345 GWA $38,950 SAK $22,100 JWN $12,350
- 15. Exception report Automatically produced when a situation is unusual or requires management action Daily Sales Exception Report – ORDERS OVER $10,000 Prepared: 08/10/xx Order # Customer ID Sales Rep ID Ship Date Quantit y Item # Amount P12453 C89321 CAR 08/12/96 144 P1234 $13,214 P12453 C89321 CAR 08/12/96 288 P3214 $15,660 P12453 C03214 GWA 08/13/96 12 P4902 $11,224
- 16. Drill down Reports Provide detailed data about a situation. Earnings by Quarter (Millions) Actual Forecast Variance 2ND Qtr 1999 $12.6 $11.8 6.8% 1st Qtr 1999 $10.8 $10.7 0.9% 4th Qtr 1998 $14.3 $14.5 -1.4% 3rd Qtr 1998 $12.8 $13.3 -3.0%
- 17. Functional Aspects MIS is an integrated collection of functional information systems, each supporting particular functional are as.
- 18. Functional MIS An Organization’s MIS Financial MIS Marketing MIS Human Resources MIS Etc. Accounting MIS Drill down reports Exception reports Demand reports Key-indicator reports Scheduled reports Databases of external data Databases of valid transactions Transaction processing systems Business transactions Business transactions Extranet Extranet Internet Internet Figure 9.3 Etc.
- 19. Role of MIS 1. It helps in minimizing risk in decision-making 2. It processes the data and derives information out of them. 3. It provides information about the various aspects of business. 4. It helps the executives to avail the information regarding the functional areas quickly. 5. The database helps in conducting research. The data stored are used as secondary data. 6. It provides sound information regarding the financial health of business organization. 7. It helps in preparing corporate report. 8. It helps the HRD manager in finding out the requirement of the human resource, their wages and salary, performance appraisal, training, promotion, absenteeism and employee’s turnover, which
- 20. Advantages of MIS 1. Facilitates Planning 2. Minimizes Information Overload 3. MIS Encourages Decentralization 4. Brings Coordination 5. Makes Control Easier
- 21. Decision Making DM is often defined as transformation of information into action. The quality of decisions will largely depend upon the nature and type of information provide for taking the decisions. Decision is an act of choosing an optimum alternative from a set of available alternatives in the influence of the information pool regarding the environment of the decision. “Decision making is the study of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values and preferences of the decision- maker. George R Terry, “DM is the selection based on certain criteria from two or more alternatives”.
- 22. Process of Decision Making Definition of the Problem Collection of data Follow-up Actions Formulation of a model Evaluation Framing a Decision
- 23. Decisions at various levels of Management Strategic Management Tactical Management Operational Management
- 24. Decisions/Role of MIS in Decision- making Customer queries handling Work group performance Analysis R&D planning Production Scheduling Capital Budgeting Product Planning Inventory Control Allocating Budgets Financial Structure Planning Unstructured or Non-Prog. Dec. Semi-Structured Structured or Programmed Decisions Operational Control Management Control Strategic Planning
- 25. The Role of Management Information Systems in Decision Making Information Access Data Collection Collaboration Interpretation Presentation
- 26. Components of Management Information Systems 1. People – End users and IS Specialist (System analysts, software developers, system operators etc.. 2. Hardware – Computer Systems and Computer Peripherals (Keyboard or electronic mouse for input of data and commands etc.. 3. Software – System software and Application Software (Sales analysis program, a word processing program 4. Data – 5. Network – Communications Media and Network Infrastructure
- 27. Planning for MIS Plan for development and implementation is basic necessity. In MIS the information is recognize as a major resources like capital, time and capacity. If this resource is to be managed well, it calls upon the management to plan for it and control it for the appropriate use in the organization. Open system-Railway systems.
- 28. Information system planning essentially involves
- 29. Steps in developing MIS Identification of the stage of information system in the organization. Identification of the application of organizational IS. Evolution of each of this application based on the established evolution criteria. Establishing a priority ranking for these applications. Determining the optimum architecture of IS for serving the top priority applications. Ex- ATM
- 30. Strategy for Plan achievement Designer has to take a number of strategic decisions for the achievement of the MIS goals and objectives. 1. Development Strategy: Online, batch, or real time technology platform. 2. System Development Strategy: Approaches to system development like operational V/s functional, distributed V/s decentralized etc. 3. Resources for System Development: Internal V/s external, customized V/s use of packages 4. Manpower Composition: Analyst, programmer skills.
- 31. System Development Methodologies What is a Methodology? A methodology is the physical implementation of the logical life cycle that incorporates (1) Step-by-step activities for each phase, (2) Individual and group roles to be played in each activity, (3) Deliverables and quality standards for each activity, and (4) Tools and techniques to be used for each activity. " a standard process followed by an organization to conduct all the steps necessary to analyze, design, implement, and maintain information systems"
- 33. Structured methodologies It views every software system as having some inputs, which are converted into the desired outputs by the software system. Focus is on flow, use and transformation of data in an information system. Involves creating graphical representations such as data flow diagrams and charts Data are tracked from sources, through intermediate steps and to final destinations The central theme of structured system development is based on the data will determine the program structure.
- 34. Tools for Structured Development Methodologies 1. Data flow diagrams(DFD): A DFD is graphical representation of the flow of data through an information system. 2. Decision trees: They are simple knowledge representation and they classify examples Into a finite number of classes, the nodes are labelled with attribute names, the edges are labelled with possible values for this attribute and leaves labelled with different classes.
- 35. Object-Oriented System It focuses attention not on the function performed by the program but instead on the data that are to be manipulated by the program. The system is viewed as a collection of objects. The system state is decentralized among the objects and each object manages its own state information. The main components of object-oriented design are: Objects: correspond to real world entities. Messages: communication with objects. Classes: templates for defining families of objects.
- 36. Example: Customer order is an object made up of following information inputs: 1. Customer address 2. Product name and quality ordered 3. Delivery schedule 4. Customer sales tax number 5. Terms of payment 6. Mode of transport 7. Price and discount, Additional charges
- 37. MIS DESIGN Systems design is the process or art of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces and data for a system to satisfy the specified requirements.
- 38. STAGES OF SYSTEM DESIGN CONCEPTUAL DESIGN DETAILED DESIGN
- 39. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN It is concerned with the specifications of major features of the system that would meet the objectives. It is like blueprint. It covers the total organizational MIS.
- 40. Stages of conceptual design Define the problem. Set system objectives. Establish system constraints Determine the information needs. Determine the information sources. Develop the alternatives and choose the best. Document the conceptual system design document.
- 41. DETAILED DESIGNS OF MIS It takes the conceptual design blueprint and produces the program specifications, physical file or data base. MIS and the operating procedures are being adjusted to each other and staff learn and relearn the system. This provides a solution by translating the system requirements into the ways of putting them to work.