IT.pptx this is the presentation on this topic
- 1. Computer Fundamentals Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as an input from the user and processes it under the control of a set of instructions (called program), produces a result (output), and saves it for future use.
- 2. Types of Computers • Super Computer • Digital Computer • Analog Computer • Mini Computer
- 3. Super Computer • They are the biggest and fastest computers (in terms of speed of processing data). Supercomputers are designed such that they can process a huge amount of data, like processing trillions of instructions or data just in a second.
- 4. Digital Computer • Digital computers are designed in such a way that they can easily perform calculations and logical operations at high speed.
- 5. ` Analog Computer analog computer is used where we don’t need exact values or need approximate values such as speed, temperature, pressure, etc.
- 6. Mini Computer • Minicomputer is a medium size multiprocessing computer. In this type of computer, there are two or more processors, and it supports 4 to 200 users at one time. Minicomputer is similar to Microcontroller.
- 7. Bit • A bit is a basic unit of information or is the smallest unit of data in the computer and digital communications, which stands for binary digit. Either 1 or a 0 (off or on, low or high, false or true) is used to represent each bit. A byte is made up of eight bits, • For example, one hundred megabits per second (100 Mbps) means that 100 million pulses are transmitted per second.
- 8. Byte • In most computer systems, a byte is a unit of data that is eight binary digits long. • eg .the letter 'h' is one byte or eight bits, and the word 'hope' is four bytes or 32 bits (4*8).
- 10. What is word in computer? A word is a fixed-sized datum handled as a unit by the instruction set or the hardware of the processor. The number of bits or digits in a word (the word size, word width, or word length) is an important characteristic of any specific processor design or computer architecture.
- 11. What is a Microprocessor? • Computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU) built on a single Integrated Circuit (IC) is called a microprocessor. • A digital computer with one microprocessor which acts as a CPU is called microcomputer.
- 12. Block Diagram of Microcomputers
- 13. Chips Computers consist of many chips placed on electronic boards called printed circuit boards.
- 14. ROM(Read Only Memory) • It is non-volatile. • Always retains its data. • Used in embedded systems or where the programming needs no change. • Used in calculators and peripheral devices.
- 15. RAM(Random Access Memory) • It is also called read-write memory or the main memory or the primary memory. • The programs and data that the CPU requires during the execution of a program are stored in this memory.
- 16. Buses A computer bus maintains a strict schedule, "picking up" data and "dropping it off" at a regular interval. For example, if a bus operates at a frequency of 200 MHz, it completes 200 million data transfers per second. This speed is called the bus width.
- 18. Ports • A computer port is a connector at the side of a computer, used to connect exterior devices like a keyboard, printer, mouse, modem, scanner, etc.
- 19. Types of Ports • Serial port:-this type of ports provides an interface to connect to peripheral devices using a serial protocol. In this port, the rate of transmission of data is one bit at a time through a single communication line.
- 20. Parallel Port • a parallel port is an interface that allows communication or data transfer between a computer and a device in a parallel manner through more than one communication line.
- 21. Computer Hardware and Software • A computer is a device that transforms data into meaningful information. It processes the input according to the set of instructions provided to it by the user and gives the desired output. It mainly has two major components: • Hardware • Software
- 23. Computer Hardware Computer hardware is a physical device of computers that we can see and touch. For e.g. Monitor, CPU, Mouse, Joystick, etc. Using these devices, we can control computer operations like input and output.
- 24. Input Devices • Keyboard: It is the most common and main input device for computers. The data is inputted by typing on the keyboard. It consists of 104 keys in total. • Mouse: mouse is a kind of pointing device which is rolled over to control the cursor on the screen and it has functional keys like left, middle, and right buttons. • Scanner: As the name suggests, it scans images, documents, etc., and converts them into digital form and that can be further edited and used.
- 26. Output Devices • Monitor: Monitor is the main output device. It is also called VDU(visual display unit) and it looks like a TV screen. • Printer: A printer is an output device that transfers data from the computer in a printed format by using text or images on paper. • Speakers: It is a very common output device and it gives sound as an output. It is generally used to play music or anything having sound.
- 28. Software • software is a computer program that provides a set of instructions to execute a user’s commands and tell the computer what to do. For example like MS-Word, MS-Excel, PowerPoint, etc.
- 30. System Software • System software is software that directly operates the computer hardware and provides the basic functionality to the users as well as to the other software to operate smoothly. Types of system software: • Operating System: • Language Processor
- 32. Application Software • Software that performs special functions or provides functions that are much more than the basic operation of the computer is known as application software. • It includes word processors, spreadsheets, database management, inventory, payroll programs, etc. Types of application software: • General Purpose Software: • Customized Software:
- 33. System Software Application Software It is designed to manage the resources of the computer system, like memory and process management, etc. It is designed to fulfill the requirements of the user for performing specific tasks. Written in a low-level language Written in a high-level language Less interactive for the users More interactive for the users System software plays vital role for the effective functioning of a system. Application software is not so important for the functioning of the system, as it is task specific. It is independent of the application software to run. It needs system software to run.
- 34. Primary Memory • Primary memory is a segment of computer memory that can be accessed directly by the processor. Need of primary memory • All programs, files, and data are stored in secondary storage that is larger and hence has greater access time. • Secondary memory can not be accessed directly by a CPU or processor.
- 35. Types of Primary Memory
- 36. • RAM (Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program, and program result. It is a read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased.
- 37. RAM is of two types: • Static RAM (SRAM) • Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
- 38. • Read-Only Memory(ROM):-ROM, which stands for read only memory, is a memory device or storage medium that stores information permanently. It is also the primary memory unit of a computer along with the random access memory (RAM).
- 39. Types of ROM: • MROM: Masked ROM are hardwired and pre-programmed ROM. • PROM: Programmable ROM can be modified once by the user.
- 40. Introduction to Windows • Microsoft Windows is a multitasking operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation, which uses Graphical User Interface to interact with users. • Microsoft was initially named “Traf-O-Data” in 1972, was renamed “Micro-soft” in November 1975, and then “Microsoft” on November 26, 1976. • Windows, we will also clear you about the latest OS release of Windows, “Windows 10”, launched in 2015.
- 41. Features of Windows • Control Panel: Windows provides a Control Panel feature that includes many tools to configure and manage the resources on their computer.
- 42. • Cortana: Windows 10 introduced a feature named Cortana, which is able to accept voice commands.
- 43. • Internet browser: internet browser is very important to search for anything, view pages, online shopping, play games, watch videos, etc.