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TAKSONOMITAKSONOMI
I. PENDAHULUAN
 Taksonomi adalah ilmu klasifikasi biologis
 Klasifikasi adalah penataan organisme ke dalam kelompok-
kelompok (taksa)
 Nomenklatur adalah pemberian nama untuk kelompok-
kelompok taksonomi
 Identifikasi adalah penentuan isolat tertentu pada takson
tertentu
 Peranan taksonomi mikroba:
 Memungkinkan ilmuwan mengorganisasikan sejumlah
besar pengetahuaannya
 Memungkinkan ilmuwan membuat prediksi dan kerangka
hipotesis tentang organisme
 Menempatkan organisme dalam kelompok-kelompok
bermakna dengan memberi nama secara tepat, jadi akan
mempermudah komunikasi ilmiah.
 Penting untuk identifikasi mikroorganisme secara tepat.
 Sistematik adalah kajian ilmiah organisme dengan tujuan
akhir untuk mengkarakterisasi dan menempatkan organisme
dengan cara yang teratur
 Taksonomi mikroba saat ini sedang memasuki perode
perubahan besar yang disebabkan oleh penggunaan teknik
molekuler
I. PENDAHULUAN
II. EVOLUSI DAN KERAGAMAN MIKROBA
III. TINGKATAN TAKSONOMI
IV. SISTEM KLASIFIKASI
V. KARAKTERISTIK UTAMA YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM
TAKSONOMI
VI. FILOGENI MIKROBA
VII. DIVISI UTAMA ORGANISME
VIII. BERGEY’S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY
IX. GARIS BESAR FILOGENI DAN KERAGAMAN PROKARIOT
POKOK BAHASAN
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
II. EVOLUSI DAN KERAGAMAN MIKROBA
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
 Bumi berumur kira-kira 4,6 milyar tahun dan sisa-sisa fosil
sel prokariotik berumur 3,5-3,8 milyar tahun terdapat dalam
stromatolit dan batuan sedimen
 Stromatolit adalah batuan berlapis yang dibentuk dari
penggabungan sedimen mineral menjadi hamparan
mikroba (microbial mats)
 Prokariot pertama mungkin bersifat anaerob.
 Sianobakteri aerobik mungkin muncul 2,5-3,0 milyar
tahun yang lalu.
 Hasil penelitan Carl Woese dan kawan-kawan
menyarankan bahwa organisme dibagi dalam tiga
domain:
1. Eukaria-meliputi seluruh organisme eukariotik
2. Bakteria-terdiri dari organisme prokariotik yang mempunyai
rRNA bakterial and lipid membran terutama berupa diasil
gliserol eter
3. Archaea-terdiri dari organisme prokariotik yang mempunyai
rRNA archaeal dan lipid membran terutama berupada
isoprenoid gliseral dieter atau turunan diglesrol tetraeter.
The Three-Domain SystemThe Three-Domain System
 Sel eukariotik modern yang muncul kurang lebih 1,4
milyar tahun yang lalu berasal dari prokariot
 Hipotesis I: perkembangan kloroplast dan mitokondria
merupakan pelipatan (invaginasi) membran plasma dan
kemudian membentuk ruang- ruang (compartmentalization)
dengan fungsi tertentu
 Hipotesis II (hipotesis endosimbiotik) menyarankan sebagai
berikut:
 Proses pertama pembentukan sel eukariot adalah pembentuk
nukleus (mungkin fusi bakteri dan archaea purba)
 Kloroplast dibentuk ketika bakteri fotosintetik yang hidup
bebas bersimbiosis dengan sel eukariotik primitif
(sianobakteria dan proklron disarankan sebagai kandidat
yang paling kuat)
 Mitokondria mungkin terbentuk melalui proses yang sama
(tetua Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, dan riketsia menjadi
kandidatnya)
 Hopotesis endosimbiotik mendapat dukungan kuat dari
penemuan sianobakterium yang berendosimbiotik dengan
protista biflagelata (Cyanophora paradoxa); sianobakterium
berfungsi sebagai chloroplast Cyanophora paradoxa;
endosimbiotik ini dikenal sebagai sianel (cyanelle)
III. TINGKATAN TAKSONOMI
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
 Tingkatan taksonomi (dari bawah ke atas) adalah:
 spesies,
 genus,
 famili,
 ordo,
 klas,
 kerajaan (kingdom);
 Namun, ahli mikrobiologi seringkali menggunakan nama seksi
(suatu pengelompokan yang kurang formal) yang bersifat
deskriptif untuk kelompok-kelompok organisme tertentu,
seperti metanogen, purple bacteria, bakteri asam laktat, dan
lain-lain.
 Galur adalah populasi organisme yang dapat dibedakan dari
sekurang-kurang beberapa pupulasi lain dalam suatu
kategori taksonomik, galur dianggap berasal dari organisme
tunggal atau isolat kultur tunggal.
 Biovar – berbeda secara biokimiawi atau fisiologis
 Morfovar – berbeda secara morfologi
 Serovar – berbeda sifat antigenik
 Galur tipe (Type strain) adalah galur suatu spesies yang
dikaji pertama kali (yang paling rinci dikarakterisasi), galur
ini tidak harus anggota yang paling mewakili.
 Genus adalah kelompok spesies (satu atau lebih) yang telah
ditentukan dengan sangat baik yang secara jelas terpisah
(berbeda) dari genera lain
 Dalam sistem nomenklatur binomial yang diajukan oleh
Carl von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus), huruf pertama nama
genus ditulis dengan huruf besar dan epitet spesifik
ditulis dengan huruf kecil pada huruf pertamanya (e.g.,
Escherichia coli); dalam artikel ilmiah, huruf pertama
genus dapat disingkat setelah ditulis lengkap pada
penulisan sebelumnya, contoh, E. coli
IV. SISTEM KLASIFIKASI
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
 Klasifikasi Alami (Natural classification) –
 penataan organisme ke dalam kelompok-kelompok yang
anggota-anggotanya mempnyai banyak kesamaan sifat dan
mencerminkan sebanyak mungkin sifat biologis organisme.
 Taksomi Numerik (Numerical taxonomy)
 Informasi sifat suatu organisme dikonversikan ke bentuk
yang sesuai untuk analisis numerk dan dibandingkan
menggunakan komputer.
 Ada atau tidaknya sekuran-kurangnya 50 (sebaiknya
beberapa ratus) karakater dibandingkan; karakter tersebut
di antaranya karakter morfologi, biokimiawi, dan fisiologi)
 Koefisien asosiasi ditentukan di antara karakter-karakter
yang dimiliki oleh dua organisme
 Koefisien kesesuaian sederhana (Simple matching
coefficient) – proporsi yang sesuai (match) baik untuk
karakter yang ada maupun tidak ada
 Koefisien Jaccard (Jaccard coefficient) – mengabaikan
karakter-karakter yang tidak ada pada kedua organisme
 Nilai-nilai tersebut diatur untuk membentuk matriks
kesamaan (similarity matrix); organisme dengan kesamaan
tinggi dikelompokkan bersama dalam fenon (phenons)
 Perbedaan (significance) fenon tidak selalu jelas terlihat
tetapi fenon dengan kesamaan 80% seringkali dianggap
satu spesies (bakteri)
 Sistem (Phenetic systems) adalah mengelompokkan
organisme didasarkan atas kesamaan secara keseluruhan
 Seringkali berupa suatu sistem alami yang didasarkan atas
kesamaan karakter
 Tidak tergantung pada analisis filogenetik
 Menggunakan “unweighted traits”
 Sistem terbaik jika membandingkan sebanyak mungkin sifat
(attributes)
 Sistem filogenetik (filetik) {Phylogenetic (phyletic)
-pengelompokan organisme didasarkan pada hubungan
evolusioner
1. Untuk prokariot adalah sulit untuk mengetahui hubungan
evolusi karena kekurangan catatan fosil yang baik
2. Pembandingan langsung materi genetik dan produk gen
seperti rRNA dan protein dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi
kesulitan tersebut di atas

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ITP UNS SEMESTER 2 Taksonomi

  • 2. I. PENDAHULUAN  Taksonomi adalah ilmu klasifikasi biologis  Klasifikasi adalah penataan organisme ke dalam kelompok- kelompok (taksa)  Nomenklatur adalah pemberian nama untuk kelompok- kelompok taksonomi  Identifikasi adalah penentuan isolat tertentu pada takson tertentu  Peranan taksonomi mikroba:  Memungkinkan ilmuwan mengorganisasikan sejumlah besar pengetahuaannya  Memungkinkan ilmuwan membuat prediksi dan kerangka hipotesis tentang organisme  Menempatkan organisme dalam kelompok-kelompok bermakna dengan memberi nama secara tepat, jadi akan mempermudah komunikasi ilmiah.  Penting untuk identifikasi mikroorganisme secara tepat.
  • 3.  Sistematik adalah kajian ilmiah organisme dengan tujuan akhir untuk mengkarakterisasi dan menempatkan organisme dengan cara yang teratur  Taksonomi mikroba saat ini sedang memasuki perode perubahan besar yang disebabkan oleh penggunaan teknik molekuler
  • 4. I. PENDAHULUAN II. EVOLUSI DAN KERAGAMAN MIKROBA III. TINGKATAN TAKSONOMI IV. SISTEM KLASIFIKASI V. KARAKTERISTIK UTAMA YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM TAKSONOMI VI. FILOGENI MIKROBA VII. DIVISI UTAMA ORGANISME VIII. BERGEY’S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY IX. GARIS BESAR FILOGENI DAN KERAGAMAN PROKARIOT POKOK BAHASAN 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
  • 5. II. EVOLUSI DAN KERAGAMAN MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME  Bumi berumur kira-kira 4,6 milyar tahun dan sisa-sisa fosil sel prokariotik berumur 3,5-3,8 milyar tahun terdapat dalam stromatolit dan batuan sedimen  Stromatolit adalah batuan berlapis yang dibentuk dari penggabungan sedimen mineral menjadi hamparan mikroba (microbial mats)  Prokariot pertama mungkin bersifat anaerob.  Sianobakteri aerobik mungkin muncul 2,5-3,0 milyar tahun yang lalu.
  • 6.  Hasil penelitan Carl Woese dan kawan-kawan menyarankan bahwa organisme dibagi dalam tiga domain: 1. Eukaria-meliputi seluruh organisme eukariotik 2. Bakteria-terdiri dari organisme prokariotik yang mempunyai rRNA bakterial and lipid membran terutama berupa diasil gliserol eter 3. Archaea-terdiri dari organisme prokariotik yang mempunyai rRNA archaeal dan lipid membran terutama berupada isoprenoid gliseral dieter atau turunan diglesrol tetraeter.
  • 7. The Three-Domain SystemThe Three-Domain System
  • 8.  Sel eukariotik modern yang muncul kurang lebih 1,4 milyar tahun yang lalu berasal dari prokariot  Hipotesis I: perkembangan kloroplast dan mitokondria merupakan pelipatan (invaginasi) membran plasma dan kemudian membentuk ruang- ruang (compartmentalization) dengan fungsi tertentu
  • 9.  Hipotesis II (hipotesis endosimbiotik) menyarankan sebagai berikut:  Proses pertama pembentukan sel eukariot adalah pembentuk nukleus (mungkin fusi bakteri dan archaea purba)  Kloroplast dibentuk ketika bakteri fotosintetik yang hidup bebas bersimbiosis dengan sel eukariotik primitif (sianobakteria dan proklron disarankan sebagai kandidat yang paling kuat)  Mitokondria mungkin terbentuk melalui proses yang sama (tetua Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, dan riketsia menjadi kandidatnya)  Hopotesis endosimbiotik mendapat dukungan kuat dari penemuan sianobakterium yang berendosimbiotik dengan protista biflagelata (Cyanophora paradoxa); sianobakterium berfungsi sebagai chloroplast Cyanophora paradoxa; endosimbiotik ini dikenal sebagai sianel (cyanelle)
  • 10. III. TINGKATAN TAKSONOMI 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME  Tingkatan taksonomi (dari bawah ke atas) adalah:  spesies,  genus,  famili,  ordo,  klas,  kerajaan (kingdom);  Namun, ahli mikrobiologi seringkali menggunakan nama seksi (suatu pengelompokan yang kurang formal) yang bersifat deskriptif untuk kelompok-kelompok organisme tertentu, seperti metanogen, purple bacteria, bakteri asam laktat, dan lain-lain.
  • 11.  Galur adalah populasi organisme yang dapat dibedakan dari sekurang-kurang beberapa pupulasi lain dalam suatu kategori taksonomik, galur dianggap berasal dari organisme tunggal atau isolat kultur tunggal.  Biovar – berbeda secara biokimiawi atau fisiologis  Morfovar – berbeda secara morfologi  Serovar – berbeda sifat antigenik  Galur tipe (Type strain) adalah galur suatu spesies yang dikaji pertama kali (yang paling rinci dikarakterisasi), galur ini tidak harus anggota yang paling mewakili.  Genus adalah kelompok spesies (satu atau lebih) yang telah ditentukan dengan sangat baik yang secara jelas terpisah (berbeda) dari genera lain
  • 12.  Dalam sistem nomenklatur binomial yang diajukan oleh Carl von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus), huruf pertama nama genus ditulis dengan huruf besar dan epitet spesifik ditulis dengan huruf kecil pada huruf pertamanya (e.g., Escherichia coli); dalam artikel ilmiah, huruf pertama genus dapat disingkat setelah ditulis lengkap pada penulisan sebelumnya, contoh, E. coli
  • 13. IV. SISTEM KLASIFIKASI 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME  Klasifikasi Alami (Natural classification) –  penataan organisme ke dalam kelompok-kelompok yang anggota-anggotanya mempnyai banyak kesamaan sifat dan mencerminkan sebanyak mungkin sifat biologis organisme.
  • 14.  Taksomi Numerik (Numerical taxonomy)  Informasi sifat suatu organisme dikonversikan ke bentuk yang sesuai untuk analisis numerk dan dibandingkan menggunakan komputer.  Ada atau tidaknya sekuran-kurangnya 50 (sebaiknya beberapa ratus) karakater dibandingkan; karakter tersebut di antaranya karakter morfologi, biokimiawi, dan fisiologi)  Koefisien asosiasi ditentukan di antara karakter-karakter yang dimiliki oleh dua organisme
  • 15.  Koefisien kesesuaian sederhana (Simple matching coefficient) – proporsi yang sesuai (match) baik untuk karakter yang ada maupun tidak ada  Koefisien Jaccard (Jaccard coefficient) – mengabaikan karakter-karakter yang tidak ada pada kedua organisme  Nilai-nilai tersebut diatur untuk membentuk matriks kesamaan (similarity matrix); organisme dengan kesamaan tinggi dikelompokkan bersama dalam fenon (phenons)  Perbedaan (significance) fenon tidak selalu jelas terlihat tetapi fenon dengan kesamaan 80% seringkali dianggap satu spesies (bakteri)
  • 16.  Sistem (Phenetic systems) adalah mengelompokkan organisme didasarkan atas kesamaan secara keseluruhan  Seringkali berupa suatu sistem alami yang didasarkan atas kesamaan karakter  Tidak tergantung pada analisis filogenetik  Menggunakan “unweighted traits”  Sistem terbaik jika membandingkan sebanyak mungkin sifat (attributes)
  • 17.  Sistem filogenetik (filetik) {Phylogenetic (phyletic) -pengelompokan organisme didasarkan pada hubungan evolusioner 1. Untuk prokariot adalah sulit untuk mengetahui hubungan evolusi karena kekurangan catatan fosil yang baik 2. Pembandingan langsung materi genetik dan produk gen seperti rRNA dan protein dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi kesulitan tersebut di atas

Editor's Notes

  • #3: http://www.microbialworld.com/Microbes/microbes.htm. DIAKSES 17-3-06 The classification of microorganisms is based on their major characteristics which are as follows. Morphological characteristics: Cell shape, size and structure; cell arrangement; occurance of special structure and developmental forms; staining reactions; and motility and flagellar arrangement. Chemical composition: The vasrious chemical constituents of the cell Cultural characteristics: Nutritional requirementa and physical conditions required for growth, and the manner in which growth occurs. Metabollic characteristics: The way in which cells obtain and use their energy, carry out chemical reactions, and regulate these reactions Antigenis characteristics: Special large chemical components (antigens) of the cell, distinctive for certain kinds of microorganisms Genetic characteristics: Characteristics of the hereditary material of the cell (DNA); and occurance and function of other kinds of DNA that may be present, such as plasmids Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease in various plants or animals or even other microorganisms Ecological characteristics: Habitat and the distribution of the organism in nature and interactions between and among species in natural environments
  • #4: http://www.microbialworld.com/Microbes/microbes.htm. DIAKSES 17-3-06 The classification of microorganisms is based on their major characteristics which are as follows. Morphological characteristics: Cell shape, size and structure; cell arrangement; occurance of special structure and developmental forms; staining reactions; and motility and flagellar arrangement. Chemical composition: The vasrious chemical constituents of the cell Cultural characteristics: Nutritional requirementa and physical conditions required for growth, and the manner in which growth occurs. Metabollic characteristics: The way in which cells obtain and use their energy, carry out chemical reactions, and regulate these reactions Antigenis characteristics: Special large chemical components (antigens) of the cell, distinctive for certain kinds of microorganisms Genetic characteristics: Characteristics of the hereditary material of the cell (DNA); and occurance and function of other kinds of DNA that may be present, such as plasmids Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease in various plants or animals or even other microorganisms Ecological characteristics: Habitat and the distribution of the organism in nature and interactions between and among species in natural environments
  • #6: http://www.microbialworld.com/Microbes/microbes.htm. DIAKSES 17-3-06 The classification of microorganisms is based on their major characteristics which are as follows. Morphological characteristics: Cell shape, size and structure; cell arrangement; occurance of special structure and developmental forms; staining reactions; and motility and flagellar arrangement. Chemical composition: The vasrious chemical constituents of the cell Cultural characteristics: Nutritional requirementa and physical conditions required for growth, and the manner in which growth occurs. Metabollic characteristics: The way in which cells obtain and use their energy, carry out chemical reactions, and regulate these reactions Antigenis characteristics: Special large chemical components (antigens) of the cell, distinctive for certain kinds of microorganisms Genetic characteristics: Characteristics of the hereditary material of the cell (DNA); and occurance and function of other kinds of DNA that may be present, such as plasmids Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease in various plants or animals or even other microorganisms Ecological characteristics: Habitat and the distribution of the organism in nature and interactions between and among species in natural environments
  • #7: http://www.microbialworld.com/Microbes/microbes.htm. DIAKSES 17-3-06 The classification of microorganisms is based on their major characteristics which are as follows. Morphological characteristics: Cell shape, size and structure; cell arrangement; occurance of special structure and developmental forms; staining reactions; and motility and flagellar arrangement. Chemical composition: The vasrious chemical constituents of the cell Cultural characteristics: Nutritional requirementa and physical conditions required for growth, and the manner in which growth occurs. Metabollic characteristics: The way in which cells obtain and use their energy, carry out chemical reactions, and regulate these reactions Antigenis characteristics: Special large chemical components (antigens) of the cell, distinctive for certain kinds of microorganisms Genetic characteristics: Characteristics of the hereditary material of the cell (DNA); and occurance and function of other kinds of DNA that may be present, such as plasmids Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease in various plants or animals or even other microorganisms Ecological characteristics: Habitat and the distribution of the organism in nature and interactions between and among species in natural environments
  • #9: http://www.microbialworld.com/Microbes/microbes.htm. DIAKSES 17-3-06 The classification of microorganisms is based on their major characteristics which are as follows. Morphological characteristics: Cell shape, size and structure; cell arrangement; occurance of special structure and developmental forms; staining reactions; and motility and flagellar arrangement. Chemical composition: The vasrious chemical constituents of the cell Cultural characteristics: Nutritional requirementa and physical conditions required for growth, and the manner in which growth occurs. Metabollic characteristics: The way in which cells obtain and use their energy, carry out chemical reactions, and regulate these reactions Antigenis characteristics: Special large chemical components (antigens) of the cell, distinctive for certain kinds of microorganisms Genetic characteristics: Characteristics of the hereditary material of the cell (DNA); and occurance and function of other kinds of DNA that may be present, such as plasmids Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease in various plants or animals or even other microorganisms Ecological characteristics: Habitat and the distribution of the organism in nature and interactions between and among species in natural environments
  • #10: http://www.microbialworld.com/Microbes/microbes.htm. DIAKSES 17-3-06 The classification of microorganisms is based on their major characteristics which are as follows. Morphological characteristics: Cell shape, size and structure; cell arrangement; occurance of special structure and developmental forms; staining reactions; and motility and flagellar arrangement. Chemical composition: The vasrious chemical constituents of the cell Cultural characteristics: Nutritional requirementa and physical conditions required for growth, and the manner in which growth occurs. Metabollic characteristics: The way in which cells obtain and use their energy, carry out chemical reactions, and regulate these reactions Antigenis characteristics: Special large chemical components (antigens) of the cell, distinctive for certain kinds of microorganisms Genetic characteristics: Characteristics of the hereditary material of the cell (DNA); and occurance and function of other kinds of DNA that may be present, such as plasmids Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease in various plants or animals or even other microorganisms Ecological characteristics: Habitat and the distribution of the organism in nature and interactions between and among species in natural environments
  • #11: http://www.microbialworld.com/Microbes/microbes.htm. DIAKSES 17-3-06 The classification of microorganisms is based on their major characteristics which are as follows. Morphological characteristics: Cell shape, size and structure; cell arrangement; occurance of special structure and developmental forms; staining reactions; and motility and flagellar arrangement. Chemical composition: The vasrious chemical constituents of the cell Cultural characteristics: Nutritional requirementa and physical conditions required for growth, and the manner in which growth occurs. Metabollic characteristics: The way in which cells obtain and use their energy, carry out chemical reactions, and regulate these reactions Antigenis characteristics: Special large chemical components (antigens) of the cell, distinctive for certain kinds of microorganisms Genetic characteristics: Characteristics of the hereditary material of the cell (DNA); and occurance and function of other kinds of DNA that may be present, such as plasmids Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease in various plants or animals or even other microorganisms Ecological characteristics: Habitat and the distribution of the organism in nature and interactions between and among species in natural environments
  • #12: http://www.microbialworld.com/Microbes/microbes.htm. DIAKSES 17-3-06 The classification of microorganisms is based on their major characteristics which are as follows. Morphological characteristics: Cell shape, size and structure; cell arrangement; occurance of special structure and developmental forms; staining reactions; and motility and flagellar arrangement. Chemical composition: The vasrious chemical constituents of the cell Cultural characteristics: Nutritional requirementa and physical conditions required for growth, and the manner in which growth occurs. Metabollic characteristics: The way in which cells obtain and use their energy, carry out chemical reactions, and regulate these reactions Antigenis characteristics: Special large chemical components (antigens) of the cell, distinctive for certain kinds of microorganisms Genetic characteristics: Characteristics of the hereditary material of the cell (DNA); and occurance and function of other kinds of DNA that may be present, such as plasmids Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease in various plants or animals or even other microorganisms Ecological characteristics: Habitat and the distribution of the organism in nature and interactions between and among species in natural environments
  • #13: http://www.microbialworld.com/Microbes/microbes.htm. DIAKSES 17-3-06 The classification of microorganisms is based on their major characteristics which are as follows. Morphological characteristics: Cell shape, size and structure; cell arrangement; occurance of special structure and developmental forms; staining reactions; and motility and flagellar arrangement. Chemical composition: The vasrious chemical constituents of the cell Cultural characteristics: Nutritional requirementa and physical conditions required for growth, and the manner in which growth occurs. Metabollic characteristics: The way in which cells obtain and use their energy, carry out chemical reactions, and regulate these reactions Antigenis characteristics: Special large chemical components (antigens) of the cell, distinctive for certain kinds of microorganisms Genetic characteristics: Characteristics of the hereditary material of the cell (DNA); and occurance and function of other kinds of DNA that may be present, such as plasmids Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease in various plants or animals or even other microorganisms Ecological characteristics: Habitat and the distribution of the organism in nature and interactions between and among species in natural environments
  • #14: http://www.microbialworld.com/Microbes/microbes.htm. DIAKSES 17-3-06 The classification of microorganisms is based on their major characteristics which are as follows. Morphological characteristics: Cell shape, size and structure; cell arrangement; occurance of special structure and developmental forms; staining reactions; and motility and flagellar arrangement. Chemical composition: The vasrious chemical constituents of the cell Cultural characteristics: Nutritional requirementa and physical conditions required for growth, and the manner in which growth occurs. Metabollic characteristics: The way in which cells obtain and use their energy, carry out chemical reactions, and regulate these reactions Antigenis characteristics: Special large chemical components (antigens) of the cell, distinctive for certain kinds of microorganisms Genetic characteristics: Characteristics of the hereditary material of the cell (DNA); and occurance and function of other kinds of DNA that may be present, such as plasmids Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease in various plants or animals or even other microorganisms Ecological characteristics: Habitat and the distribution of the organism in nature and interactions between and among species in natural environments
  • #15: http://www.microbialworld.com/Microbes/microbes.htm. DIAKSES 17-3-06 The classification of microorganisms is based on their major characteristics which are as follows. Morphological characteristics: Cell shape, size and structure; cell arrangement; occurance of special structure and developmental forms; staining reactions; and motility and flagellar arrangement. Chemical composition: The vasrious chemical constituents of the cell Cultural characteristics: Nutritional requirementa and physical conditions required for growth, and the manner in which growth occurs. Metabollic characteristics: The way in which cells obtain and use their energy, carry out chemical reactions, and regulate these reactions Antigenis characteristics: Special large chemical components (antigens) of the cell, distinctive for certain kinds of microorganisms Genetic characteristics: Characteristics of the hereditary material of the cell (DNA); and occurance and function of other kinds of DNA that may be present, such as plasmids Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease in various plants or animals or even other microorganisms Ecological characteristics: Habitat and the distribution of the organism in nature and interactions between and among species in natural environments
  • #16: http://www.microbialworld.com/Microbes/microbes.htm. DIAKSES 17-3-06 The classification of microorganisms is based on their major characteristics which are as follows. Morphological characteristics: Cell shape, size and structure; cell arrangement; occurance of special structure and developmental forms; staining reactions; and motility and flagellar arrangement. Chemical composition: The vasrious chemical constituents of the cell Cultural characteristics: Nutritional requirementa and physical conditions required for growth, and the manner in which growth occurs. Metabollic characteristics: The way in which cells obtain and use their energy, carry out chemical reactions, and regulate these reactions Antigenis characteristics: Special large chemical components (antigens) of the cell, distinctive for certain kinds of microorganisms Genetic characteristics: Characteristics of the hereditary material of the cell (DNA); and occurance and function of other kinds of DNA that may be present, such as plasmids Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease in various plants or animals or even other microorganisms Ecological characteristics: Habitat and the distribution of the organism in nature and interactions between and among species in natural environments
  • #17: http://www.microbialworld.com/Microbes/microbes.htm. DIAKSES 17-3-06 The classification of microorganisms is based on their major characteristics which are as follows. Morphological characteristics: Cell shape, size and structure; cell arrangement; occurance of special structure and developmental forms; staining reactions; and motility and flagellar arrangement. Chemical composition: The vasrious chemical constituents of the cell Cultural characteristics: Nutritional requirementa and physical conditions required for growth, and the manner in which growth occurs. Metabollic characteristics: The way in which cells obtain and use their energy, carry out chemical reactions, and regulate these reactions Antigenis characteristics: Special large chemical components (antigens) of the cell, distinctive for certain kinds of microorganisms Genetic characteristics: Characteristics of the hereditary material of the cell (DNA); and occurance and function of other kinds of DNA that may be present, such as plasmids Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease in various plants or animals or even other microorganisms Ecological characteristics: Habitat and the distribution of the organism in nature and interactions between and among species in natural environments
  • #18: http://www.microbialworld.com/Microbes/microbes.htm. DIAKSES 17-3-06 The classification of microorganisms is based on their major characteristics which are as follows. Morphological characteristics: Cell shape, size and structure; cell arrangement; occurance of special structure and developmental forms; staining reactions; and motility and flagellar arrangement. Chemical composition: The vasrious chemical constituents of the cell Cultural characteristics: Nutritional requirementa and physical conditions required for growth, and the manner in which growth occurs. Metabollic characteristics: The way in which cells obtain and use their energy, carry out chemical reactions, and regulate these reactions Antigenis characteristics: Special large chemical components (antigens) of the cell, distinctive for certain kinds of microorganisms Genetic characteristics: Characteristics of the hereditary material of the cell (DNA); and occurance and function of other kinds of DNA that may be present, such as plasmids Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease in various plants or animals or even other microorganisms Ecological characteristics: Habitat and the distribution of the organism in nature and interactions between and among species in natural environments