IUKWC Workshop Nov16: Developing Hydro-climatic Services for Water Security – Session 5 – Item 5 M_Sivakumar
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The document discusses groundwater management and development in Tamil Nadu, highlighting issues related to over-exploitation, seasonal droughts, and the need for effective aquifer management strategies. It presents quantitative data on groundwater decline and outlines recommendations for recharge structures, water conservation measures, and improving irrigation efficiency through micro-irrigation systems. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of participatory approaches involving local communities in managing water resources sustainably.
IUKWC Workshop Nov16: Developing Hydro-climatic Services for Water Security – Session 5 – Item 5 M_Sivakumar
- 1. M. Sivakumar Scientist-D Central Ground Water Board, Chennai
- 2. Ref: Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002
- 3. Economic Development – poverty eradication Social Development – active participation of women; education; good governance Environmental Protection – prevent environmental degradation and patterns of unsustainable development At the local, national regional, and global levels
- 4. Out of 386 administrative blocks 139 Blocks – Over Exploited Stage of Development > 100% 33 – Critical Stage of Development – 90 - 100% 67 Blocks - Semi –Critical Stage of Development- 70 - 90% 136 Blocks – Safe Stage of Development < 70% 11 Blocks - Saline
- 5. 5 Old management adage: “You cannot manage what you cannot measure and monitor” It is not merely an academic exercise but a systematic approach for delineation of aquifers, preparation of aquifer management plans with the ultimate objective of participatory ground water management
- 6. Why Aquifer Information System ? For WHOOM ? In 1950 dominated by Dugwells Early 70’s dug- cum borewell s In 80’s advent of submersib le pumps Period in Yrs Depth in ft.. 300 - 40010030 Stages of groundwater development in Hard rocks in Indian sub-continent. • Groundwater abstraction for irrigation is totally governed by PRIVATE • Increase in number of Abstraction structures • High density of wells per unit area • IN the process, the yield of the dugwells/Dug-cum-borewells declined dramatically. The demand of water increased in line with green revolution – to increase food production.
- 7. Area of the Basin : 7,130Sq.Km. Priority Area : 5,390 Sq.Km. North latitude 11◦ 44’46” and 12◦ 53’ East longitude 77◦ 46’00” and 78◦ 53’
- 8. District Stage of GW Development (%) 2004 2009 2011 Dharmapuri 154.77 121.00 132.00 Krishnagiri 102.44 115.17 132.82 Vellore 173.05 110.58 163.56 Tiruvannamalai 180.00 122.53 102.74 Salem 81.66 103.27 104.83 Villupuram 26.00 28.00 40.00 Total 138.32 116.91 126.00 Decline in groundwater level : 0.20 to 0.70 m/year
- 9. Dharmapuri and Krishnigiri are the drought prone districts 70 % of the dug wells become almost dry during pre-monsoon AFTER monsoon the dug wells sustains 3 - 4 months only with 2-3 hours of pumping Agri. depend on groundwater only Prob. Of occurance of drought : 1 in 4 years Groundwater decline : 0.40 to 0.70 m/yr) HIGH GW decline : 0.20 to 0.40m) Increase in GWL level : 0.10 to 0.20 m/yr)
- 11. Crystaline Rocks : Heterogenous Aquifers Primary Porosity : Less or Nil Secondary Porosity : Weathering & Fracture/ Joints Aquifer- I : Weathering and First Fractures Aquifer – II : Deep Fractures (Gniessic Rocks form better Aquifer than Charnockite) Aquf er Depth of Occurre nce (m bgl) Thic knes s (m) DTW/ Pz.Hea d ( m bgl) Yield (lpm) Sustai nabilit y T (m2/ day) Sy/S Aquif er - I GL to 3 5 to 39 1.10- 21.45 100 -500 1-2 hours 30 -120 0.02 to 0.10 Aquif er - II 6-40 9- 160 1.75- 46.40 36- 400 2-4 hours 20 to 80 1.2x10-3 to 2.3x10-4
- 14. Name of Firka : Karimangalam Taluk : Palacode District : Dharmapuri State : Tamil Nadu Total area : 125.79 Sq.km CATEGORY : OE STAGE OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT : 220 %
- 15. LANDFORMS % of Area DEEP Pediments 3.19 DISSECTED/UNDISSECTED 24.17 PEDIMENT-INSELBERG COMPLEX 0.03 SHALLOW pediment weathered 72.62 The area consists of hills and plain landforms. In plain landforms, pediments of shallow is occupying the major part. In hill landforms, dissected hill occupies major part and act as runoff zone.
- 16. The land use pattern is dominated by the wet crops, dry crops and plantation crops i.,e agricultural field accounts 70% of the total area of the firka. This area is highly suitable for water conservation and recharge. (Source: Institute of Remote Sensing (IRS), Anna university, Chennai Tamil Nadu).
- 17. The drainage pattern is dendritic and sub- dendritic in nature. The flow direction of the streams are south-eastern direction. The surface water body in the firka is occurring all over the area.
- 18. Monsoon (Jun- Dec) Non monsoon (Jan-May) Total RF 766 mm 199 mm 965 mm
- 20. • Volume of unsaturated zone available : 630.00 MCM (considering 8-3=5.00 m Thickness to avoid water logging condition) • Rechargeable Volume (Sy=2%) : 12.60 MCM • Uncommitted surface runoff/flow : 14.45 MCM • Proposed use of Uncommitted flow : 8.67 MCM (60% of the uncommitted flow)
- 21. 1. Supply side Management Water conservation measures : Revival existing water bodies Artificial recharge : Construction of new water structures 2. Demand Side Management Water use Efficiency : Micro irrigation system / possibility in cropping pattern change
- 22. ZONE % OF AREA COVERAGE SIGNIFICANCE* Very high 1 Suitable for Percolation pond and check dam High 9 Suitable for Percolation pond and check dam etc., Moderate 87 Suitable for earthen check dam, Boulder check dam and Nala bund etc., Poor 3 Hilly/Forest /Catchment area Spatial data integration of Seven layers ( Remote sensing data) index overlay model in GIS environ. Area are suitable for recharge : 97 %
- 23. Check dam 10 Percolation pond 14 Repair of pond 16 (old) Recharge shaft 30
- 24. Recharge shafts/bore wells have been proposed to facilitate the groundwater recharge in the surface water body. It has been proposed to construct recharge shafts/bore wells inside the village ponds proposed for desilting and the percolation ponds to be constructed. The dimension of the filter bed is 3 m dia with 3 m depth. Recharge shafts proposed in 8 nos of De-siltation ponds and 7 nos of percolation tanks.
- 25. Micro irrigation is defined as the frequent application of small quantities of water directly above and below the soil surface; usually as discrete drops, continuous drops or tiny streams through emitters placed along a water delivery line. Structures Nos. Sprinkler/ drip/ HDPE pipes for selected area 300 ha Farm Pond (in ha) (4 filling) 200 unit
- 26. Feasible Artificial Recharge & Water Conservation structures/ activities Design of Structures No. of Structures Total volume (cu.m) Tentative unit cost (in Rs lakh) Total tentative cost (in Rs lakh) Expected Annual GW recharge (cu.m) Recharge Structures/ Activities Masonry Check dams ( 4 Fillings ) Length: 20 m Height: 1.5m 10 900 15 150 48000 Percolation pond Area=0.98sq.km 14 980000x1x3 25 350 5880000 Revival, repair of water bodies (3 fillings) Area=0.07sq.km 16 70000x1x3 25 400 420000 Recharge shaft 3m dia. with bore well up to 20m 30 5 150 Water Conservation Activities Farm Pond (in ha) (4 filling) 30 m x 30m x 1.5 m 200 unit 1350 1 200 1080000 Sprinkler/ drip/ HDPE pipes for 300 ha select area For 1 ha with 5 m interval HDPE pipe 300 ha 500 0.6 /ha 180 300000 Sub total 1430 7728000 Impact assessment and O & M Piezometers Up to 50 m bgl – 12 nos. @ 0.6 lakh ( Impact assessment to be carried out by the implementing agencies ) 7.6 O & M - 5 % of total cost of the scheme 143 TOTAL 1580.60 7.728 MCM Tentative Cost Estimation
- 27. ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE /CONSERVATION MEASURES Artificial Recharge Structures Proposed Masonry Check dam : 10 Percolation pond : 14 Recharge shaft : 30 Revival, repair of pond, tanks with recharge shaft : 16 Water Conservation Measure Farm Pond : 200 Improving Water Efficiency Micro irrigation system : 300 ha Tentative total cost of the project : Rs.15.80Cr Expected recharge : 7.728 MCM Expected raise in water level by recharging : 1.58 m Cost per 1 m3 of recharge Rs. 20.50 / m3 Expected efficiency of structure, if 6 years Rs. 3.41 /m3
- 28. Artificial Recharge studies: • Under Central Sector Scheme, •Experiential studies were carried out to prove the efficacy of AR structures in different Hydrogeological terrains. •Implementation of Demonstrative project on AR studies in water stressed areas as the same can be replicated by the state govt.
- 29. Percolation pond at CLRI, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (IX – Plan) Area : 400 sq. m Depth: 3 mts MP : 1.5 m agl Pumping well that sustains pumping for longer hrs. Runoff channel Filter chamber Percolation pond before monsoon
- 30. SERADI EAST –Check Dam
- 32. HYDROGRAPH OF GANAGAVALLI (PP) Trend = 0.0464 m/Yr 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 Jul- 06 D ec- 06 Jan- 07 F eb- 07 A pr- 07 M ay- 07 Jun- 07 Jul- 07 A ug- 07 S ep- 07 Oct- 07 N ov- 07 D ec- 07 Jan- 08 F eb- 08 M ar- 08 Jan- 09 F eb- 09 M ar- 09 A pr- 09 M ay-- 09 Jun- 09 Jul- 09 A ug- 09 S ep- 09 Oct- 09 N ov- 09 PERIOD DTW(mbgl) WL WL TREND
- 34. Check dam with recharge borewell Kalichettipatti village namakkal
- 36. RECHARGE SHAFT
- 37. FILER SYSTEM
- 38. RECHARGE SHAFT IN ARUR ERI
- 41. dugwell recharge scheme – Implemented throughout in Tamilnadu…. Farmers are the beneficiaries & hence they are to be convinced on MAR
- 44. Former President Dr.A.P.J.Kalam interacting on Rainwater Harvesting structures at Coimbatore