jaundice bsc nursing students ppt for teaching
- 2. Neonatal Jaundice (Hyperbilirubinemia) Definition Hyperbilirubinemia refers to an excessive level of accumulated bilirubin in the blood and is characterized by jaundice, a yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclerae, mucous membranes and nails. • Unconjugated bilirubin = Indirect bilirubin. • Conjugated bilirubin = Direct bilirubin.
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- 4. NeonatalJaundice • Visible form of bilirubinemia – Newborn skin >5 mg / dl • Occurs in 50-60% of term and 80% of preterm neonates • However, significant jaundice occurs in 6 % of term babies. • Immature liver to conjugate bilirubin from the destroyed RBCs
- 5. Clinical assessment of jaundice Area of body Bilirubin levels mg/dl (*17=umol) 1- Face 4-8 2- Upper trunk 5-12 3- Lower trunk & thighs 8-16 4- Arms and lower legs 11-18 5- Palms & soles > 15
- 6. Incidence of neonatal jaundice -Term : Occurs in 60% -Preterm : 80% of preterm neonates Jaundice -It is the most common condition that require medical attention in newborns. NJ - 6
- 7. Physiological jaundice CHARACTERISTICS • Appears after 24 hours of birth. • Maximum intensity by 4th-5th day in term & 7th day in preterm. • Serum level less than 15 mg/dl. • Clinically not detectable after 14 days. • Disappears without any treatment
- 8. Why does physiological jaundice develop? • Increased bilirubin load. • Defective uptake from plasma. • Defective conjugation. • Decreased excretion. • Increased entero-hepatic circulation.
- 9. Pathologicaljaundice • Appears within 24 hours of age. • Increase of bilirubin > 5 mg/dl/day. • Serum bilirubin > 15 mg/dl. • Jaundice persisting after 14 days. • Stool clay/white colored and urine staining clothes yellow. • Direct bilirubin > 2 mg/dl.
- 10. Causesofjaundice Appearingwithin 24 hoursof age • Hemolytic disease of NB: Rh, ABO • Infections: TORCH, malaria, bacterial • G6PD deficiency. • T – Toxoplasmosis / Toxoplasma gondii • O – Other infections • R – Rubella • C – Cytomegalovirus • H – Herpes simplex virus or neonatal herpes simplex
- 11. Causesofjaundice Appearingbetween 24-72 hours of life • Physiological • Sepsis • Polycythemia • Intraventricular hemorrhage • Increased entero-hepatic circulation
- 12. Causes of jaundice After 72 hours of age • Sepsis • Cephalhaematoma • Neonatal hepatitis • Extra-hepatic biliary atresia • Breast milk jaundice • Metabolic disorders (G6PD).
- 13. Riskfactorsfor jaundice JAUNDICE • J - jaundice within first 24 hrs of life • A - a sibling who was jaundiced as neonate • U - unrecognized hemolysis • N – non-optimal sucking/nursing • D - deficiency of G6PD • I - infection • C – cephalhematoma /bruising • E - East Asian/North Indian
- 14. Altered physiology RBCs destruction Bilirubin into circulation Combines with Albumin Unconjugated or Indirect bilirubin In the Liver converted into Direct or conjugated water soluble bilirubin Enzymes of bile in the intestine Execrated in stool Or Hydrolyzed to unconjugated Reabsorbed to liver
- 15. Diagnosticevaluation: • Normal values of unconjugated B. are 0.2 to 1.4 mg/dL. • Investigate the cause of jaundice. • Mother blood Rh.
- 16. Therapeutic Management • Purposes: reduce level of serum bilirubin and prevent bilirubin toxicity • Prevention of hyperbilirubinemia: early feeds, adequate hydration • Reduction of bilirubin levels: phototherapy, exchange transfusion, • Drugs Use of Phenobarbital promote liver enzymes and protein synthesis.
- 17. Phototherapy Technique •Perform hand wash Place baby naked in cradle or incubator • Fix eye shades • Keep baby at least 45 cm from lights • Start phototherapy• NJ - 17
- 18. Phototherapy Technique Frequent extra breast feeding every 2 hourly • Turn baby after each feed • Temperature record 2 to 4 hourly • Weight record- daily • Monitor urine frequency • Monitor bilirubin level NJ - 18
- 19. Babies under phototherapy Baby under conventional phototherapy Baby under triple unit intense phototherapy
- 20. Prognosis • Early recognition and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia prevents severe brain damage.
- 21. Nursing considerations of Hyperbilirubinemia • Assessment: observing for evidence of jaundice at regular intervals. Jaundice is common in the first week of life and may be missed in dark skinned babies Blanching the tip of the nose
- 22. Approach to jaundiced baby • Ascertain birth weight, gestation and postnatal age • Ask when jaundice was first noticed • Assess clinical condition (well or ill) • Decide whether jaundice is physiological or pathological • Look for evidence of kernicterus* in deeply jaundiced NB *Lethargy and poor feeding, poor or absent Moro's, or convulsions
- 23. Nursing diagnosis • See the high risk infant plan of care. Plus: Body Temp., risk for imbalanced Temp. related to use of phototherapy. Fluid volume, risk for deficient related to phototherapy. Interrupted family process related to situational crisis, re hospitalization for the therapy.
- 24. The goals of planning • Infant will receive appropriate therapy if needed to reduce serum bilirubin levels. o Infant will experience no complications from therapy. o Family will receive emotional support. o Family will be prepared for home phototherapy (if prescribed).
- 25. Nursing intervention • Distance of light should be 45-60cm. • Cover eyes. • Turning infant every 2 h. • Avoid hyperthermia. Monitor temp every 2-4h. • Adequate fluid orally or IV. NJ - 25
- 26. QUESTIONS?