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Connections: A World History
                                       Second Edition




                                                  Chapter   11
                                                  The Origins and
                                                  Expansion of Islam,
                                                  100–750


   Connections: A World History, Second Edition
   Edward H. Judge • John W. Langdon
The Great Mosque at Mecca
The Expansion of Islam, 632–732 C.E.
The Origins and Expansion of Islam
             100–750
A.   Pre-Islamic Arabia
B.   The Rise of Islam
C.   Islam Expands, 632–661
D.   The Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750
E.   Society and Culture in Early Islam
Pre-Islamic Arabia
Pre-Islamic Arabia

A. Camels and Commerce
  1. Isolation
  2. Camel transport
  3. Southern Arabia and trade
A camel caravan.
Pre-Islamic Arabia

B. The Collapse of Southern Arabia and the
   Rise of Mecca
  1.   Challenges and competition
  2.   The introduction of monotheism
  3.   Destruction of southern Arabian states
  4.   Mecca
FOUNDATION MAP 11.1 Physical Geography of the
            Arabian Peninsula
MAP 11.2 Arabia and Adjacent Regions, 500 C.E.
The Rise of Islam
The Rise of Islam

A. The Prophet Muhammad
  1. Early life
  2. Revelations
  3. A new prophet, a new religion, and a new
     mission
  4. The Qur’an
A hand-copied page from a 19th-century edition of
                  the Qur’an.
The Rise of Islam

B. From Mecca to Medina
  1.   Hijra
  2.   Umma
  3.   Five Pillars of Islam
  4.   Conversion of Mecca
The Shahadah: “There is no God but Allah, and
       Muhammad is His messenger.”
Islam Expands
   632–661
Islam Expands, 632–661

A. An Agreement Between Leader and
   Followers
  1.   Succession crisis
  2.   The caliphate
  3.   Jihad and the two houses
  4.   The caliphate as empire
MAP 11.3 Islamic Expansion in Southwest Asia,
                  632–661
Islam Expands, 632–661

B. The Challenge to a Unified Islam
  1. Divisions
  2. Sunnis and Shi’ites
The Umayyad Caliphate
      661–750
The Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750

 A. Umayyad Expansion
   1. Centralization and expansion
   2. Commerce and expansion
 B. Collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate
   1. The Abbasids
MAP 11.4 Islamic Expansion, 661–732
Society and Culture in Early Islam
Society and Culture in Early Islam

 A. Religious Observance: The Mosque
The Dome of the Rock.
Society and Culture in Early Islam

 B. Legal Uniformity: The Shari`ah
   1. Islamic law and daily life
   2. Gender and Islamic law
 B. Tolerance of Other Faiths
Salat, or ritual worship, mandates a sequence of
  prayers to be performed five times each day
Key Dates and Developments

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Editor's Notes

  • #3: The Great Mosque at Mecca
  • #4: The Expansion of Islam, 632–732 C.E.
  • #6: Pre-Islamic Arabia
  • #8: A camel caravan.
  • #10: FOUNDATION MAP 11.1 Physical Geography of the Arabian Peninsula
  • #11: MAP 11.2 Arabia and Adjacent Regions, 500 C.E.
  • #12: The Rise of Islam
  • #14: A hand-copied page from a 19th-century edition of the Qur’an.
  • #16: The Shahadah: “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is His messenger.”
  • #17: Islam Expands, 632–661
  • #19: MAP 11.3 Islamic Expansion in Southwest Asia, 632–661
  • #21: The Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750
  • #23: MAP 11.4 Islamic Expansion, 661–732
  • #24: Society and Culture in Early Islam
  • #26: The Dome of the Rock.
  • #28: Salat, or ritual worship, mandates a sequence of prayers to be performed five times each day (see page 241).
  • #29: Key Dates and Developments