This chapter discusses the origins and expansion of Islam from 100 to 750 CE. It begins by covering pre-Islamic Arabia and the rise of Mecca as a trade hub. It then discusses the life of the Prophet Muhammad and the founding of Islam in the 7th century. Next, it summarizes the rapid expansion of the Islamic empire from 632 to 661 under the first four caliphs. It also discusses the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750 and its further expansion. Finally, it describes early Islamic society and culture, including religious observances, Islamic law, and tolerance of other faiths.