Kartik
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This document discusses the feeding habits and nutritional requirements for formulating feed for shrimp. It begins by providing background on the increasing demand for shrimp culture worldwide. It then discusses the natural feeding habits of shrimp larvae in various stages. The document outlines the main nutrient requirements of shrimp including proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. It provides tables listing the specific requirements for different shrimp species and life stages. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding shrimp nutritional needs for preparing efficient feeds that optimize growth and feed conversion to maximize farm profitability.
Kartik
- 1. WEST BENGAL UNIVERSITY OF ANIMAL & FISHERY SCIENCES FACULTY OF FISHERY SCIENCES AN ASSIGNMENT ON FEEDING HABITAND FEED FORMULATION OF SHRIMP FAQ-213 SUBMITTED BY: KArTIK MONDAL B.F.Sc 2nd yr. 1st sem FS : 10/13
- 2. INTRODUCTION Shrimps culture has made significant advances during the last decade in many parts of the world. It has become the most target species for culture & breeding purpose all over the world. The demand for the shrimps seed is increasing day by day due to its fast growth, high fecundity, high survibility, disease free, high meat quality & also earns a great market for domestic & export purpose. The knowledge about the nutritional requirement of shrimp is very significant for cultivation of shrimp. Shrimps are cultured in waters rich in nutrients and natural food derived both from plant and animal origin. Fertilization with either chemical or organic fertilizers increases production of food organisms resulting in higher shrimp production. In the case of intensive shrimp farming systems in addition to selective stocking of desired species, feeds with high conversion ratios which provide all the nutrients essential for shrimp such as proteins, amino-acids, carbohydrates, lipids and fatty acids, vitamins and minerals are also required. The quality feed and cost are critical and important factors in determining profitability in a shrimp farm. In the selection of an appropriate feed to match the shrimp farming, several factors have to be considered and these include expert farm management, farm infrastructure facilities.
- 3. SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF shrimp Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Arthropoda Subphylum – Crustacea Class –Malacostraca Order –Decapoda Sub-Order –Dendrobranchiata Family – Penaeidae Genus –Penaeus Species –P. monodon
- 4. Different species of shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus Penaeus merguiensis P.semisulcata s Penaeus vannamei Penaeus japonicus Penaeus monodon
- 5. Soon after hatching into nauplius stage, the larvae of shrimp derive nutrition from the yolk. The nauplious larvae grows by moulting about 6 times and enter the stage called zoea.During this stage the larvae feed on phytoplankton such as skeletoema.it moults about 3 times and changes into mysis.During mysis stage ,the larvae feds on zooplankton and grows into postlrva.During post larva stage ,it gradually moves to the bottom and lives there feeding on bottom organism.
- 6. 1. Compared to common fish ,shrimp are slow in digesting fats. 2. Their capacity to digest carbohydrates is also not very high. 3. They mainly digest proteins. In view of their growth ,which involves repeated moulting ,it is necessary to include sufficient quantity of the feed constituent which can easily help in formation of chitin.
- 7. Feed and feeding regime of larvae shrimp : Nutrient requirements of shrimp vary throughout their life-cycle. For meet the needs of nutrient requirements larval shrimp proper feeding is needed. Stage of shrimp Artificial feed * * Feed four times a day. Natural food Size (μ) Nauplius - Phytoplankton Zoea 147 Chaetoceros + Rotifer Mysis - P 2 <165 Brine shrimp + Rotifer P 3 - P 7 >165 Artificial diet only P 7 - P 20 "
- 8. FEED FORMULATION OF SHRIMP
- 9. FEED FORMULATION Feed formulation is the combination of raw materials to satisfy the pre established nutrient requirements of the species and age of fish. Raw materials should be selected on their ability to supply particular nutrients (e.g., protein, energy, essential amino acids and essential fatty acids) at the lowest cost. This assumes that nutrients present in different feedstuffs have the same nutritional value, which permits the combination of many different nutrient sources in different proportions to satisfy a given set of nutrient requirements for a particular fish. However, the fact that a nutrient is chemically measurable in a given feedstuff does not necessarily mean that it is biologically available. Feed formulation usually follows a certain sequence of virtually trial and error steps.
- 10. FEED FORMULATION So the procedure for feed formulation is as follows: Step1 – Use least cost analysis to select protein and energy sources. Step2 – Ensure that these sources will provide the desired levels of essential amino acids (EAA) and essential fatty acids (EFA). Step3 – Remember that a better nutrient balance is likely to be achieved by using several feedstuffs in combination. Step4 – Balance crude protein level. Step5 – Balance digestible energy level. Step6 – Calculate the levels of EAA and EFA in the finished feed (if possible) and if these do not satisfy the requirements of the carp, steps 4 and 5 are repeated. Step7 – Add binders, vitamins & minerals
- 11. Proteins and amino acids Protein are a large class of nitrogenous substance of a complex union of amino acids and containing carbon (50%), oxygen(22%), hydrogen (0.7%) and other elements such as sulphur, phosphorus , iron and iodine. Nitrogen (16%) is the most important element of protein. The basic units of protein are amino acids. There are some twenty three major amino acids .The ten essential amino acids can not be synthesized by the organism and have to be provided for in the feed for aquatic animals. For complete utilization of the dietary protein the amino acids have to be balanced. Amino acids are not only the building block but are also involved in growth , maintenance of body tissue and energy for the well-being of the shrimp produce hormones and enzymes. 1 g protein produce 4.1 kcal energy.
- 12. Contd… If an adequate protein source is not provided through the diet, there is a rapid reduction of growth or even a loss of weight because shrimp may withdraw protein from some tissues to maintain the function of more vital tissues. In addition to species, food-habit, age and water temperature, the source of protein and energy levels of the diet as well as stocking rate affects the protein requirement of shrimp. Usually protein from animal source give better growth and survival than plant protein. The quality of the protein used in feed is also important.
- 13. Protein requirement(%) of different species of shrimp species Common name Requirement Penaeus aztecus Northern brown shrimp 25-45 Penaeus indicus Indian white prawn 36-43 Penaeus japonicus Kuruma prawn 35-60 Penaeus merguiensis Banana prawn 34-50 Penaeus monodon Tiger prawn 40-50 Penaeus vannamei White leg shrimp 30-35
- 14. Amino acids profile of Penaeus monodon(g) Amino acids Requirment Arginine 9.16 Histidine 1.52 Isoleucine 3.86 Leucine 8.04 Lysine 6.83 Methionine 2.01 Phnylalanine 4.02 Tyrosine 3.05 Valine 3.70
- 15. carbohydrates Carbohydrates are major source of dietary energy which can be used to meet the entire metabolic energy requirements leaving proteins for growth. 1g carbohydrate produced 4.0 kcal energy. Carbohydrates are present in small quantities in the shrimp body as glycogen, sugars and their derivatives. Carbohydrate or saccharides are generally composed of carbon, hydrogen , oxygen
- 16. Contd…. In shrimp carbohydrate are important as energy source for chitin synthesis and synthesis of non-essential fatty acids. However, there are different in utilization of the carbohydrate source. Monosaccharide such as glucose, galactose and fructose inhibit the growth of brown shrimp(Penaeus aztecus), kuruma shrimp(Penaeus japonicus). On the other hand disaccharides like sucrose, maltose and polysaccharide such as dextrin and starch have high nutritive value as carbohydrate source. Chitin is a linear polysaccharide with the formula(C6H13O5)n and the major component of exoskeleton of shrimp. Due to moulting this has to be steadily replaced. It is synthesised from glucose via glucomine, a precursor of chitin.
- 17. fats Fats are the fatty acid esters of glycerol and are the primary energy depots of shrimp. Aquatic animal ( like shrimp) are able to metabolise lipid readily, particularly when deprived of food. Dietary lipids have two major function .They are sources of energy and fatty acids. The metabolizable energy of fat is estimated to be 9.1 Kcal/g. Dietary lipids help in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and in addition play a very important role in the structure of biological membranes such as phospholipids and sterols esters. Lipids are also important in textural and flavor properties of shrimp. Fats are easily digested (digestibility about 90% or higher) and assimilated by fishes.
- 18. Contd… In shrimp the requirement of fat is lower than for fish. Recommendation are in the range of 4.0 to 10.0% for marine shrimp. The reproductive performance of shrimp is insufficient when there is lack of essential fatty acids(EFA). In the presence of phospholipids larval Penaeus japonicus required less PUFA than post larval stage. Shrimp have a dietary requirement for sterols because they are incapable of synthesising de novo sterols from acetate and mevalonic acid. Diet supplementation with o.25 to 1.0% cholesterol meets the requirements of shrimp.
- 19. vitamins Vitamins are organic compounds required in trace amounts in the function of most forms of life but which some organisms are unable to synthesize. Like other aquatic animals ,Shrimps meet their vitamin requirements from natural food in ponds. Since vitamins play a major role in maintaining most of the physiological and metabolic processes of shrimps, these are to be supplied in artificial complete feed and also supplementary feeds. Vitamin A is involved in calcium transport across some membranes, in reproduction and embryonic development. Vitamin D stimulates absorption of calcium from the intestine. Vitamin E protects highly unsaturated fatty acids in lipids of biological membranes from oxidation in the presence of molecular oxygen. Vitamin requirements of Shrimp are affected by the size, age and growth rate of fishes, environmental factors. Table-gives the quantitative requirements of vitamins in Penaeus monodon.
- 20. Vitamin Penaeus monodon (mg/kg diet) deficiency Thiamin 30-32 Nervousness, fading of body colour. Riboflavin 20-23 Skin and fin hemorrhages, mortality. Pyridoxine 50-53 Nervous disorders Pantothenic acid 75-77 Poor growth, anemia, skin hemorrhages, exophthalmia. Nicotinic acid 150 Skin hemorrhages, mortality Biotin o.5 Poor growth Folic acid 5 None detected Vitamin B12 20 None detected Choline 400 Fatty liver Inositol 300 Skin lesions Ascorbic acid 1000 Scoliosis and lordosis and impaired collagen formation Vitamin A 4000 IU Faded colour, exophthalmia, warped operculum, fin and skin hemorrhages Vitamin D 1000 IU Not tested Vitamin E 100 Muscular dystrophy, mortality Vitamin K 5-7 Not tested
- 21. minerals • Minerals are important nutrients as these are required for normal bone, tissue, exoskeleton, blood plasma and hemoglobin or hemocyanin formations and also for many enzymatic reactions. Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P) are required for the formation of skeletal tissues. • Calcium is also essential for blood clotting, muscle function, proper nerve impulse transmission, osmoregulation and for serving as a cofactor during various enzymatic processes.
- 22. Macro and trace mineral requirement of shrimp(%) Macro mineral Requirement Calcium 0.5-1.25 Phosphorus 1.0-2.0 Magnesium o.1-o.3 Sodium o.2-0.6 Potassium 0.7-o.9
- 23. Trace mineral Requirement (mg/kg) Iron 70-300 Copper 10-35 Manganese 20-45 Cobult 5-10 Zinc 90-110 Iodine 30 Selenium 0.1-o.2
- 24. Summary of nutrient requirements of shrimps for diet formulation Nutrient Growth stages requirement Protein(%) Reproductive stage 38-40 Juvenile 35-37 Adult 28-30 Carbohydrate(%) For all stages 25-35 Lipid including For all stages 3-7 phopholipids()% HUFA(%) >0.08 Cholesterol(%) For all stages 0.5-0.6 Vit.C (mg/kg) Grow out 100 Calcoum/phosphorus 1.5-2:1 Zn(mg/kg) 90 Other minerals Quantitative requirements not yet known energy Reproductive stage 3.7-4 kcal/g feed Other stages 2.9-3.2 kcal/g feed
- 25. conclusion The shrimp is one of the high value aquaculture product emerging from Asia. At present feed is the largest single cost item, as it constitute 40-60% of operational cost in shrimp production. So the knowledge about the nutritional requirement of shrimp is very significant for preparation of feed which helps in the proper growth of shrimp and other physiological and metabolic processes of shrimps. Hence feed to attain higher growth and more efficient feed conversion ratio needs proper knowledge about the nutritional requirement of shrimp. In this context , the use of feeding attractants will have relevance in improving feed intake and fed efficiency and to minimize feed wastage and water pollution.
- 26. REFERNCES BOOKS 1. FISH NUTRITION IN AQUACULTURE – Sena S.De Silva & Trevor A. Anderson 2 . Advances in shrimp aquaculture management-S.Felix WEBSITE 1.Shrimp nutrition in www.google.com 2.www.wikipedia.com