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Geography notes5 themes, Location and Region

5 Themes of Geography LocationWhere is it?RegionsAreas that share at least 1 common featurePlace Natural and human features that make it differentMovementHow do people, goods, and ideas move from place to placeInteractionHuman-environment interaction, each change and affect each other

5 Themes of Geography Questions

LocationEarth, globes, maps etc.

LocationAbsolute locationStreet AddressLongitude and latitude in degreesRelative locationReferring to a location based on knowledge of its position in comparison to another location

LocationHemispheresNorthern and SouthernWestern and Eastern

Location0° E-180° E0° W-180° W0° N-90° N0° S-90° S

LocationSpecial latitude linesArctic CircleTropic of Cancer0° Equator Tropic of CapricornAntarctic CircleSpecial longitude lines0° Prime meridian

LocationHow to use a mapBack bulletin boardM8-9

RegionsCommon climate, physical features, culture, government (politics), or history The same area can be in more than 1 region

RegionsPolitical regions: countries, states, providences, counties, cities

Unit 1: Toward CivilizationPrehistory-500 BCChapters 1-2

Beginnings of Human SocietyChapter 1

Geography and History C1S1I. Intro – IcemanAlps mountain pass, Italian-Austrian border 1991Scientists studied skeleton and possessions to learn about how he livedDated the Iceman to about 3,000 BCCopper axe was the key to dating, Europeans first used it in 4,000 BCIceman must be from after that time

Geography and History cont.II. Understanding History: Humans are curious about our originsBefore and After Writing5,000 years ago history started in Southwest Asia and AfricaHistory is the written and other recorded events of people Prehistory is the time before historyPrehistory: Digging Up the PastArcheologists must dig up the past to learn about past peoplesSift through dirt in prehistoric camps to find tools and other objectsObjects help them learn about the people who lived there

Geography and History cont.II. Understanding History cont.History: A Record in WritingWith the aid of archaeologists, historians examine written records from humans of that society They also consult records from other societies that refer to themA Record of the Spoken Oral traditions are stories passed down in families and societies by word of mouthNot all are historically accurate, but many are based on factsTend to change with each retelling Describe how a society lived and what was important to them

Geography and History cont.III. Linking Geography and HistoryKnowing when something happened is importantGeography is the study of the Earth’s surface and the processes that shape itIt also refers to the features of a placeClimate/weatherLandscape Location etcEgypt for exampleLast paragraph p.9

PrehistoryC1S2I. Intro A. Discusses a volcanic eruption B. Humans walked on the thick ash mud, leaving their footprints C. In 1972 scientists found the footprintsMillions of years ago?

PrehistoryC1S2 cont.II. Stone Age Hunting and Gathering A. Earliest Human Culture 1. During the Stone Age humans made lasting tools and weapons from stone, wood, and animal bones 2. The Stone Age continued until humans began using metal for tools 3. Stone Age divides into 3 periods a. Old (hunter gatherers rather than farmers) b. Middle c. New

PrehistoryC1S2 cont.II. Stone Age Hunting and Gathering cont. B. Fire! 1. No one knows how humans began using fire 2. We do know that they were terrified by it until they could control it 3. This was an important step because people could move to colder climates C. Settling New Areas 1. With the development of tools, humans moved from Africa, spreading over the whole Earth 2. These wanderers were called nomads, people with no settled home

Prehistory C1S2 cont.Nomads were hunter –gatherersP. 18-19III. The Beginning of Farming A. Early Farmers 1.Those who began farming entered the New Stone Age (Old Stone Age continued in some places until the 1900s) 2. They realized they could not only gather food, but also replant the seeds a. Women gardened b. Men hunted 3. This allowed them to stay in one place 4. Pastoral nomads remained nomads, but raised livestock to eat

Prehistory C1S2 cont.III. The Beginning of Farming cont. B. Farming Around the World 1. Some places in the world are more fertile, rich in substances that plants need to grow, than others a. warmth, light, rain, growing seasons 2. Plants grow best in certain places a. Rice in China b. Corn, beans, and squash in Central America

PrehistoryC1S2 cont.III. The Beginning of Farming cont. C. Plant Selection 1.Plants were domesticated, wild plants that have been adapted for human use 2. they looked for the biggest, best tasting plants and used their seeds D. Raising Animals 1. Animals were domesticated, taming wild animals for human use a. dogs, sheep, goats, pigs b. hunting, wool, meat, milk, skins (hides) E. The Challenge of Domestication 1. Sometimes animals that have been domesticated do not breed well in captivity a. Elephants for battle use b. Cheetahs for hunting

The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 I. Intro A. Early communities built irrigation systems, supplying water from another place using canals B. This allowed them to dam up the spring flood waters, release the gates to irrigate crops during the dry season

The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 cont. II. Advantages of Settled Life A. The Population Grows 1. Surplus is having more than what is needed 2. Important for population growth a. hunter-gatherers had only a few children b. farming families could have more 3. Population exploded!! B. Early Villages and Towns 1. As the food surpluses continued, towns grew 2. People could do other jobs a. artisan: skilled worker who made items by hand b. artisans made baskets, leather goods, tools, pottery, or cloth

The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 cont.III. The Growth of Cities A. Earliest Cities 1. Surplus food + dependable water source + building materials = good location for a city 2. Many began next to large rivers: Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Huang, and Indus 3. Cities have public buildings for worship, storage, or sales 4. People contributed in many ways instead of just farming B. Government Forms 1. As population grew, governments formed to keep order in society and provide services 2. Governments also settled disputes and managed public building projects

The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 cont. IV. The First Civilizations: a society that has cities, central governments, workers who specialize, and have forms of writing, art, and architecture A. The Bronze Age 1. In 3000 BC, artisans figured out how to strengthen copper by adding tin to make bronze 2. This allowed them to make more durable tools, weapons, helmets, and shields

The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 cont. IV. The First Civilizations cont. B. Trade and the Spread of Ideas 1. With the surplus of food, artisans were able to sell their goods 2. This allowed trade between cities to develop a. people were able to get items not grown or created in their cities 3. Around 3500BC the wheel and axle were invented 4. People also began trading goods over water 5. This trade also allowed ideas to travel as well

C. Social Classes Develop 1. A social class is a group of people having similar backgrounds, incomes, and ways of living

Geography of Mesopotamia Mesopotamia means “land between two rivers”Tigris & Euphrates Rivers were their life sourceRivers were also terribly destructive Part of the Fertile Crescent:region in SE Asia site of the world’s 1st civilizationsMajor seas in the area:Mediterranean Sea & Persian Gulf1st civilization: Sumer

Schools and Writing1st school: 4,oo0 years ago in Sumer Boys (and a few girls) were taught to writeScribes: professional writers/recorders 10 years to graduateWorked for kings and priests

Sumerian CivilizationCities shared a common language and culture, but not a common rulerCity-state: city that is a separate, independent stateEach city had its own god/goddess, government, and leader (king)Tour of SumerPublic squares filled with activityMusicians, acrobats, beggars, scribesMarket places filled with merchants and their wares to sellHouses faced inner courtyards where they would eat, play, gather, and sleep on hot nights

Sumerian Religion Polytheism: belief in many gods/goddesses A temple was called a ziggurat The giant brick building in the middle of the cityRamps and stairs for the gods to descend to earthAll religious, social, and economic activities met hereMyths: stories about gods that explain their beliefsGods were honored with ceremonies with meals as offerings music and incense filled the air

Fall of SumerWealthCity-states fought over land and waterConquered by Akkadia and King Sargonbut only united for 100 more yearsIn the 1700s BC, Babylonia took control

Mesopotamia Filled with stories of conquest“You go and carry off the enemy’s land; the enemy comes and carries off your land” Those in control of the area gained great wealth from trade and agriculture2 major civilizations fought over the areaThe Empires of Babylonia and Assyria An empire is an area of many territories and peoples controlled by the same government

The Two Empires of Mesopotamia

Babylon Rises AgainUnder Chaldeans the empire was rebornKing Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt the destroyed city of Babylon and made it even greaterThe Hanging Gardens Astronomers charted star paths to discover the length of the yearRaised honey beesWas later destroyed by the Persian Empire

The Legacy of Mesopotamia C2S3

Hammurabi’s CodeHammurabi: ruled Babylonia from 1792-1750Created Hammurabi’s codeCode: organized list of laws and punishments Not the first attempt at lawsFirst organized, recorded set archeologists have found

Art of WritingTraced back to SumerRecord in clayWet clay was shaped into smooth, flat tabletsLetters were carved with sharp toolsWhen the clay dried, the record was permanent Larger tablets were reference materialsSmaller tablets were personal messagesScript formed from symbols to depict objectsLater ideas were expressed

CuneiformGroups of wedges and lines used by scribesUsed to express different languagesSumerians did not borrow writing ideas from othersSymbols set in rowsRows read left to rightPage read top to bottom

Mediterranean CivilizationsC2S4

Phoenicia Coastal regionGrew rich by gathering snailsTyreProduced a purple dyeHighly valued by the rich Also had dense cedar forestsControlled trade in the Mediterranean Sea (1100-800BC)Even sailed into the Atlantic OceanBut told stories of sea monsters to keep others from attempting to compete for Atlantic trade routesTyre and Sidon had massive bazaars filled with expensive and exotic wares from Africa and Europe

Phoenician Alphabet Relied on writing in tradeCreated an alphabet (symbols that represent the sounds of a language) system with 22 symbolsBasis for alphabets in many languages including EnglishEach symbol stood for one consonant soundMuch easier to learn than cuneiformTrade allowed the language to spread

Israelites/HebrewsNever built a large empire, but greatly influenced civilizationHistory is told in the Torah, Hebrew BibleAlso supported with archeological evidence and other recordsMonotheistic: belief in one godFamine: time with so little food that many people starveExile: force people to live in another place or country

BeliefsHistory and religion are connected, shows God’s planGod is present everywhereGod knows everythingGod has complete powerCovenant: promise made by GodAbraham and later Moses

Beliefs10 CommandmentsDuties toward GodRules for correct behaviorThe Torah had other laws tooEveryday matters like food preparation, crimes, etc.Justice with mercySome laws protected women, but women were their husband or father’s propertyProphets: religious teachers who spoke for GodExpressed how God wanted them to liveWarned the people to not disobey, bringing on disaster All people were equal in God’s sight no matter what they did for a job

EffectsDiaspora: the scattering of a group of peopleThe Assyrians and Babylonians (Chaldeans) began this process, it continued with the RomansWhere ever the Jews settled, they took their faith and culture with themEven today they celebrate the Passover which began when they were slaves in EgyptBoth Christianity and Islam are affected by the Jewish faith because their roots are JewishMonotheistic Honor Abraham, Moses, and the prophetsSame moral point of view

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