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- 1. Urbanization Urbanization Causes and Effects Causes and Effects
- 2. Urbanization Urbanization Urbanization Urbanization refers to a process in which an refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of a society live in cities and the increasing proportion of a society live in cities and the suburbs of suburbs of cities. cities. Historically Historically, , it has bee it has been closely n closely connected with industrialization. connected with industrialization. Industrialization is a process that Industrialization is a process that extensively uses extensively uses inanimate sources of energy to enhance inanimate sources of energy to enhance human human productivity. productivity. ollowing ollowing industrialization, industrialization, surpluses surpluses increased increased in in both both agriculture and agriculture and industry industry. . !arger and !arger and larger proportions larger proportions of of a a population population could could live live in in cities. cities. Economic Economic forces forces were such that cities became the ideal places to locate were such that cities became the ideal places to locate factories and their wor"ers. factories and their wor"ers.
- 3. City or Urban #ettlement City or Urban #ettlement $ $ % %city city% refers to a place of relatively % refers to a place of relatively dense settlement && dense enough so dense settlement && dense enough so that city residents can that city residents can not grow their not grow their own own food food resources. resources. $ $ city city population, therefore, is population, therefore, is always always dependent upon its % dependent upon its %hinterlands hinterlands% to % to provide it with food resources. provide it with food resources.
- 4. Causes of Urbanization Causes of Urbanization Industrial 'evolution Industrial 'evolution Industrialization following the Industrial Industrialization following the Industrial 'evolution 'evolution Emergence of large manufacturing Emergence of large manufacturing centers centers (ob )pportunities (ob )pportunities $vailability $vailability of easy transportation of easy transportation *igration *igration
- 5. Chicago in +- Chicago in +- /opulation +0 /opulation +0
- 6. Chicago in +1 Chicago in +1 /opulation +2,1,030 /opulation +2,1,030
- 7. Effects of Urbanization Effects of Urbanization 4 4 /ositive /ositive 4 4 5egative 5egative
- 8. /luses /luses 6enefits include reduced 6enefits include reduced transport transport costs, exchange of ideas, and sharing costs, exchange of ideas, and sharing of natural resources. of natural resources. Cities act as beacons for the rural Cities act as beacons for the rural population because they represent a population because they represent a higher standard of living higher standard of living Cities offer opportunities to people not Cities offer opportunities to people not available in the available in the countryside countryside
- 9. /luses /luses #ocial 7 'eligious taboos8 sanctions #ocial 7 'eligious taboos8 sanctions disappearing disappearing Education is a tool to eradicate social Education is a tool to eradicate social evils evils Industrialization, Urbanization, Industrialization, Urbanization, Education, !egislation, Education, !egislation, #ecularizat #ecularization& ion& se9uence of development se9uence of development :iffusion of urban culture to rural areas :iffusion of urban culture to rural areas
- 10. *inuses *inuses Industrial cities were difficult places to live Industrial cities were difficult places to live in due to; in due to; /ublic health issues resulting /ublic health issues resulting from contaminated water from contaminated water and air and the spread communicable diseases due to and air and the spread communicable diseases due to overcrowding. overcrowding. Unemployment and under employment Unemployment and under employment #evere shortage of housing #evere shortage of housing <ran <ransportation&commuting issues, lac" sportation&commuting issues, lac" of public of public transport, no ade9uate investment transport, no ade9uate investment #ocial effects & #ocial effects & poverty poverty, lac" of opportunities, , lac" of opportunities, psychological problems, alcoholism, drugs, crime, psychological problems, alcoholism, drugs, crime, violence and other deviant behaviors violence and other deviant behaviors
- 11. /ublic health /ublic health #anitation & the settlements were ill e9uipped to #anitation & the settlements were ill e9uipped to handle large populations and their sanitation needs handle large populations and their sanitation needs /ollution = Caused by effluents, smo"e and smog /ollution = Caused by effluents, smo"e and smog ire hazards = due to ire hazards = due to use of flammable materials use of flammable materials and proximity8 congestion and proximity8 congestion Epidemics & due to spread of Epidemics & due to spread of communicable communicable diseases diseases caused caused by co by contaminated ntaminated water water 7 7 air air
- 12. Unemployment Unemployment Unemployment Unemployment is the condition of is the condition of willing wor"ers lac"ing >obs or %gainful willing wor"ers lac"ing >obs or %gainful employment%. 6efore industrialization employment%. 6efore industrialization unemployment has been said not to unemployment has been said not to have been recognized as an issue in have been recognized as an issue in rural areas, despite the %disguised rural areas, despite the %disguised unemployment% of rural laborers having unemployment% of rural laborers having little to do, especially in conditions of little to do, especially in conditions of overpopulation overpopulation
- 13. Impact of unemployment on Impact of unemployment on society society Individual = failure to meet financial Individual = failure to meet financial obligations such as purchasing food to obligations such as purchasing food to feed oneself and one?s family, and feed oneself and one?s family, and paying one?s bills, failure to paying one?s bills, failure to ma"e ma"e mortgage payments or to pay rent mortgage payments or to pay rent may lead to homelessness. may lead to homelessness. #ocietal & rising #ocietal & rising unemployment unemployment increases the crime rate increases the crime rate
- 14. Housing Housing )vercrowding )vercrowding !oss of privacy !oss of privacy !ac" of housing contributes directly to !ac" of housing contributes directly to crime, stress, and family brea"down crime, stress, and family brea"down #hortage of livable housing leading to #hortage of livable housing leading to growth of slums growth of slums Human beings have a right to lead a Human beings have a right to lead a life of dignity life of dignity
- 15. <ransportation <ransportation Transport Transport or or transportation transportation is the is the movement of people and goods from movement of people and goods from one place to another. one place to another. 6ecause of the much higher densities 6ecause of the much higher densities of people and activities in cities, of people and activities in cities, transportation is a "ey issue. transportation is a "ey issue. Inade9uate8 lac" of public Inade9uate8 lac" of public transport transport creates commuting problems leading creates commuting problems leading to loss of efficiency. to loss of efficiency.
- 16. #ocial Effects & /overty #ocial Effects & /overty /overty is generally defined at the /overty is generally defined at the individual or family level as not having individual or family level as not having enough money to buy basic necessities. enough money to buy basic necessities. /overty is caused by lac" of opportunities /overty is caused by lac" of opportunities /overty causes malnutrition and illness@ it /overty causes malnutrition and illness@ it is a ma>or source of mental stress and is a ma>or source of mental stress and loss of self&esteem which may lead to loss of self&esteem which may lead to depression, and have a further negative depression, and have a further negative impact on health. impact on health.
- 17. #ocial Effects & Crime #ocial Effects & Crime inancial insecurity inancial insecurity 5o welfare systems in place 5o welfare systems in place !ac" of meaningful wor" A!ow importance !ac" of meaningful wor" A!ow importance to meaningful wor" and high importance to meaningful wor" and high importance to higher profits and to higher profits and greater efficiencyB greater efficiencyB $nonymity &direct correlation between $nonymity &direct correlation between higher crime rate and higher rootlessness higher crime rate and higher rootlessness
- 18. Urbanization in India Urbanization in India
- 19. In India, about D of In India, about D of the population the population lives in cities. lives in cities. <he process of urbanization is still <he process of urbanization is still nascent in the Indian context. nascent in the Indian context.
- 20. $ncient India was a civilized society with $ncient India was a civilized society with many urban centers and centers of learning. many urban centers and centers of learning. Early Urbanization & *ohen>odaro Early Urbanization & *ohen>odaro Harappa Harappa C Ca ap pi it ta al ls s & & a an na au u> > & & U>>ain U>>ain 'eligious Centers & 6odh Faya 'eligious Centers & 6odh Faya & & Ga Garanash ranashi i Univer University sity towns towns & & < <a a"shas "shasila ila 5alanda 5alanda
- 21. *ughal Cities *ughal Cities $gra $gra !ahore !ahore atehpur #i"ri atehpur #i"ri <he seven cities of :elhi <he seven cities of :elhi
- 22. Colonial Cities = :elhi, /ondicherry, Colonial Cities = :elhi, /ondicherry, Foa Foa Cantonment Cantonment < <o owns = wns = 6angalore, 6angalore, #ecunderabad, 5agpur,!uc"now #ecunderabad, 5agpur,!uc"now Hill 'esorts = #himla, 5ainital, Hill 'esorts = #himla, 5ainital, :ar>eeling, )oty, odai"anal :ar>eeling, )oty, odai"anal /orts = #urat, *umbai, Calicut, /orts = #urat, *umbai, Calicut, ol"atta, Gizag, Chennai ol"atta, Gizag, Chennai
- 23. Effects of Colonization Effects of Colonization Introduction of estern systems of Introduction of estern systems of education education *acaulization Aafter !ord *acaulayB of *acaulization Aafter !ord *acaulayB of Indian Education Indian Education :evelopment of labor force& s"illed8 :evelopment of labor force& s"illed8 uns"illed uns"illed
- 24. Independent India Independent India $dministrative capitals = C $dministrative capitals = Center 7 enter 7 #tate #tate Industrial <owns = 6hilai, 'our"ela, Industrial <owns = 6hilai, 'our"ela, (amshedpur, $hmedabad, #urat, (amshedpur, $hmedabad, #urat, olar olar
- 25. <oday <oday *egacities = *umbai, :elhi, ol"atta, *egacities = *umbai, :elhi, ol"atta, Chennai, 6angalore, Hyderabad Chennai, 6angalore, Hyderabad 'apid Urbanization& rate of 'apid Urbanization& rate of urbanization increasing urbanization increasing
- 26. <he process of urbanization is still <he process of urbanization is still nascent in the Indian context. nascent in the Indian context. <his explains the focus of <his explains the focus of global global attention on the attention on the developing nations. developing nations. <here are huge profits to be made in <here are huge profits to be made in the process of development. the process of development.