KEROSENE.ppt
- 2. 2 KEROSENE ► Highly refined transparent fuel derived from crude oil distillation and from secondary processes ► Boiling range 140-300ºC ► Carbon number ~ C10 TO ~ C17 ► Average molecular weight~150 ► Source - straight run distillates - middle distillates from thermal and catalytic cracking operations ( coker, visbreaker, fcc, hydro cracker)
- 3. 3 PROCESS EMPLOYED TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY ►Solvent extraction ►Hydrostablisation ►Sweetening
- 5. 5 Contd. Miscellaneous ►Cleaning fluid for degreasing ►Solvent in paints ►Raw material for manufacturing of printing ink
- 6. 6 QUALITY REQUIRMENTS ►Safe to handle ►Capable of burning without smoke for high initial illumination ►Not to leave bloom on chimney, No unpleasant odour ►No harmful fumes ►Consistency in feeding to wick ►No corrosive effect on metals
- 7. 7 COMPOSITION Main constituents ►Paraffins straight chain & iso paraffins. ►Napthenes cyclo paraffins, single ring c5 or c6 with alkyl chain fused rings (2 or 3) to relatively smaller extend . ►Olefins straight chain iso & cyclic. ►Aromatics mono nuclear, condensed (naphthalene) uncondensed biphenyl.
- 8. 8 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMPONENTS Paraffins ► Thermally stable ► High smoke point ► High calorific value Napthene ► Thermally & chemically stable having Medium smoke point ► Complete combustible , intermediate smoke point & high calorific value
- 9. 9 Contd. Olefins ►Poor storage stability ►Poor colour stability ►Poor combustion Aromatics ►Lowest smoke point ►High solvency ►Good incadescence
- 10. 10 SPECIFICATION OF KEROSENE IS 1459-74 Characteristics Requirement Method Acidity inorganic Nill P:2 Burning Quality Char value mg / Kg, max oil consumed Bloom on chimney 20 to be reported not darker than grey P:5 Colour (saybolt) , min +10 P:14 Copper strip corrosion 3hrs. At 50°C, min 1 P:15 Distillation % recovered below 200 C, min Final boiling pt max 20 300 P:18 Flash point (Able),°C 35 P:20 Smoke point mm, min 18* P:31 Sulphur, total, %wt, max 0.25 P:34 *22 mm for Defence and railways
- 11. 11 Physico – Chemical Characteristics The analysis of petroleum products are to be carried out as per the std. methods in order to get the results in repeatability/reproducibility range and to get the consistency in the results. Acidity P:2 Measure of acidic characteristics Burning quality P:5 Possible causes of calorific value& bloom on
- 12. 12 Contd. Chimney. ►Improper refining ►Contamination of higher fraction ►Presence of S,N,& O compound ►Bloom is only due to “ S “ compound
- 13. 13
- 14. 14 Contd. Smoke point:-P:31 Depends upon the composition ►Paraffins have high smoke point ►Aromatics the lowest ►Napthenes the intermediate . Colour:-P;14 Indicative degree of refinment/cotamination. (measured by saybolt colorimeter)
- 15. 15 APPARATUS
- 16. 16 Contd :- Copper strip corrosion:-p:15 It signifies the corrosiveness of the product as copper is sensitive to sulphur compound Distillation:-P:18 IT control the flash point & viscosity,10% chiefly effect the flash point & ease of ignition while mid point is more relevant to viscosity. High B.P. indcates contamination
- 17. 17 Contd Flash point :P:20 Safety in handeling and storage, can be used to detect contamination. Sulphur :P:34 Small amount of Sulphur compounds remains in Kerosine after refining i.e Hydrogen Sulphide , thiophene, free Sulphur is removed during the refining process. Hydrogen Sulphide and mercaptans gives objectionable order. High Sulphur causes high Char and chimney deposit.
- 18. 18 Test procedure in brief on Manual/Automatic Apparatus
- 19. 19 Acidity P:2 1. Take 10 gm sample in titrating flask 2. Add 120 ml titrating solvent (T.S 500ml toluene+495 ml IPA +5 ml water ) +methyl orange indicator 3. Titrate with N/10 alcoholic KOH or by potetiometrically to pH 11. Calculate 4 Acidity mg, KOH / gm of sample= 56.1xNxvol of KOH Wt. of sample19
- 20. 20 Colour saybolt P:14 1. It consists of two quartz tubes, one hollow in which std. coloured disc is placed & other being sample tube having mark up to 30 2. Fill sample tube up to mark 30 3. Place the colour disc in hollow tube 4. Match the colour of the sample with std. disc in hollow tube by taking out sample from the tube 5. Note down the height of the sample in tube where it matched 6. Height of sample corresponds to the colour which is found out from the table 7. Height at 30 corresponds to water white colour
- 21. 21 Burning quality P:5 1. Dry the wick at 105˚C for 1 hr. 2. Soak it in oil when it is hot & fix it in the wick guide 3. Rinse the reservoir 2-3 times with sample 4. Put 900 ml of filtered sample in reservoir 5. Trim wick with sharp scissor to produce smooth flame 6. Resaturate the wick, weight the lamp, light the lamp ,adjust the flame with in 1.5 mm std. flame dimension 7. Allow flame to burn for 1 hr. , adjust flame if necessary 8. Allow the lamp to burn for 23 hrs. 9. Put off the lamp, weigh it 10. Cut off approx. 13 mm charred end in beaker. 11. Wash it with petroleum eather to free from oil 12. Transfer charred content on watch glass, remove unburned pieces with foresep , dry it in oven 13. Weigh it 7 determine char value in mg / kg. 14. Record total consumption & calculate Avg. consumption g / hr
- 22. 22 Smoke point P:31 1. Introduce 20 ml of dry sample in dry oil container 2. Wick minimum 125mm to be soaked in oil sample & insert in wick holder 3. Cut the wick smoothly & project it 6mm from the holder 4. Place the wick holder in the container 5. Insert into lamp & light it 6. Adjust the flame to 10 mm height & allow to burn for 5 min. 7. Raise the wick until Smokey flame is produced, lower it until smoke tail just disappear, note down the height at which oil burns without smoke. 8. It is smoke point
- 23. 23 Copper strip corrosion P:15 1. Surface finishing followed by polishing of the copper strip having dimention75mm L ,12.5 mm W ,1.5-3.0 T 2. Wash it with solvent, dry it with filter paper , use foresep , should not be hold by finger 3. Take 30 ml of sample in clean test tube 4. Slide copper tube in to the tube & stopper tube with vent corck 5. Keep it n water bath at 100˚C for 3 hrs. 6. Take out the strip ,wash with iso-octane 7. Dry it on the pad of filter paper, examine for tarnish/ corrosion by comparing with ASTM copper strip corrosion std. & report
- 24. 24 Distillation P:18 1. Take 100ml of sample in 125 ml distillation flask 2. Fit IP 5/6 C thermometer in the flask in such a way that bulb of the thermometer is in the center of the neck 3. Fit the flask into the distillation apparatus having requisite dia. of the flask support 4. Apply heat in such a manner that 1st drop falls from the condenser in measuring cylinder with in 5-10 min. It is IBP 5. Note temp. after every 10% recovery 6. Do not change rate of heating during till 90% is recovered, At this point give max. heat to get FBP 7. FBP is the highest temp. reached during the experiment & then fall in temp. takes place due to cracking 8. Record the residue left in the flask & evaporation loss
- 25. 25 Flash point P:20 1. Fill the sample in the brass cup to the inside mark of the cup 2. Put the cup in a heating bath 3. Fit the cover having test flame device 4. Insert the proper thermometer in sample & water bath 5. Heat the sample at a slow uniform rate 6. Test flame is directed into the cup at a regular interval say a rise of 1˚C 7. Note down the temp. at which momentary flash occurs on the introduction of test flame 8. This is the flash point of the sample
- 26. 26