Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market?
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The document analyzes the labor market experiences of women in transitioning economies compared to EU-15 countries, highlighting challenges in measuring gender equality. It discusses women's empowerment, labor market activity rates, and evolving attitudes towards gender roles across generations. The findings indicate that while progress has been made in EU-15 countries, the situation remains complicated in transition economies, with younger cohorts experiencing greater empowerment yet facing similar or increased gender disparities in labor market participation.
![Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market?
Data and methodology
Deaton decomposition
allows to separate age, birth cohort and year effects
birth cohort is just the difference between current year and age, the
inclusion of the three variables in a regression results in perfect collinearity
→ year effects are assumed to be orthogonal to a time trend and to add
up to zero
new year variable constructed as follows:
dt = yeart − [(t − 1)year2 − (t − 1)year1]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/kgorausaiel2015-170215041052/85/Women-in-transition-and-today-what-do-they-want-realize-and-experience-in-the-labor-market-12-320.jpg)
Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market?
- 1. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? (with Magdalena Smyk and Lucas van der Velde) Karolina Goraus PhD Candidate Faculty of Economic Sciences University of Warsaw AIEL Conference 17 September 2015
- 2. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Table of contents 1 Motivation and insights from literature 2 Data and methodology 3 Results 4 Conclusions
- 3. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Motivation and insights from literature Motivation Women’s empowerment on the labor market has impact on: investment in children human capital and health (Attanasio et al. 2002, Doss 2006, Schady et al. 2006, Schady et al. 2009, Rubalcava et al. 2009, Luke and Munschi 2011) the empowerment of future generations of women (Fortin 2005, Farre and Vella 2013) overall economic development (Klasen 2000, Klasen et al. 2009, Duflo 2008) Trends in the world Gender inequalities in activity rates are universally decreasing around the world, both in advanced and developing countries (World Development Report, World Bank, 2012). Situation in transition countries Transition economies are the exception where the situation over the last 20 years in same cases stagnated, and in some even worsened.
- 4. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Motivation and insights from literature Gender difference in activity rates in EU-15 and transition countries Data: Eurostat
- 5. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Motivation and insights from literature Goals and expectations I Challenges in accurate measurement of progress in gender equality on the labour market: 1 labor market outcomes of women that are more similar to men can reflect less discrimination, but can also be fully or partially related to differences in characteristics 2 positive (or negative) changes might be underestimated because they affect only some generations, while the outcomes are often measured for the whole labour force 3 it is difficult to disentangle the impact of women’s preferences from some external factors influencing their decisions
- 6. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Motivation and insights from literature Goals and expectations II Contribution 1 controlling for individual characteristics when comparing women and men 2 implementing decomposition techniques to extract the cohort effects for analysed changes of selected measures 3 constructing the measures that have a potential to reflect the willingness and possibilities of women to work, as well as their attitudes towards equal positions of women and men on the labour market Analysed indicators Willingness to work Access to jobs Preference for equal access to jobs
- 7. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Data and methodology 1 Motivation and insights from literature 2 Data and methodology 3 Results 4 Conclusions
- 8. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Data and methodology Data European Union Labor Force Survey (EU LFS) compiled by the Eurostat on the basis of Member States LFS available not only for the post-accession years, but also covers the longest possible pre-accession period World Values Surveys (WVS) collected within a global research project concentrated on people’s values and beliefs contains very rich information concerning gender equality not collected regularly for all the selected countries
- 9. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Data and methodology Transition countries EU LFS Western Europe countries EU LFS Bulgaria 2000-2012 Austria 1995-2012 Czech Republic 1998-2012 Belgium 1992-2012 Estonia 1997-2012 Denmark 1992-2012 Hungary 1997-2012 Finland 1995-2012 Latvia 1998-2012 France 1993-2012 Lithuania 1998-2012 Germany 2002-2012 Poland 1997-2012 Greece 1992-2012 Romania 1997-2012 Ireland 1992-2012 Slovakia 1998-2012 Italy 1992-2012 Slovenia 1996-2012 Luxembourg 1992-2012 Netherlands 1996-2012 Portugal 1992-2012 Spain 1992-2012 Sweden 1995-2012 United Kingdom 1992-2012
- 10. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Data and methodology Transition WVS Western Europe WVS countries countries Bulgaria 1997,2005 Austria Czech Republic 1991 Belgium Estonia 1996, 2011 Denmark Hungary 1982,1998,2009 Finland 1981,1996,2005 Latvia 1996 France 2006 Lithuania 1997 Germany 1997,2006,2013 Poland 1989,1997,2005, 2012 Greece Romania 1998,2005,2012 Ireland Slovakia 1990,1998 Italy 2005 Slovenia 1995,2005,2011 Luxembourg Netherlands 2006,2012 Portugal Spain Sweden 1981,1996,1999,2006,2011 United Kingdom 1998,2005
- 11. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Data and methodology Analysed indicators I Willingness to work 1 measure of probability of being active P(active = 1|gender) = α+β1age+β2edum+β3eduh+β4relation+β5kid+β6urban 2 measure of relative disadvantage of each women in activity on the labor market (difference between the probability of men with the same set of characteristics to be active, and her probability to be active) Access to jobs The same procedure, but we restrict the sample to those individuals who are (1) wage-employed or (2) actively searching for a job. Preference for equal access to jobs Measure of women’s belief in equal participation: ”When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women”
- 12. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Data and methodology Deaton decomposition allows to separate age, birth cohort and year effects birth cohort is just the difference between current year and age, the inclusion of the three variables in a regression results in perfect collinearity → year effects are assumed to be orthogonal to a time trend and to add up to zero new year variable constructed as follows: dt = yeart − [(t − 1)year2 − (t − 1)year1]
- 13. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Results 1 Motivation and insights from literature 2 Data and methodology 3 Results 4 Conclusions
- 14. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Results Women’s activity rates by age in transition countries 2000: 2010:
- 15. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Results Women’s activity rates by age in EU15 countries 2000: 2010:
- 16. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Results Women’s activity rates by age in 2010 Transition: EU15:
- 17. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Results Gender differences in willingness to work: cohort effect in Western Europe countries
- 18. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Results Gender differences in willingness to work: cohort effect in Transition countries
- 19. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Results Gender differences in willingness to work: age effect in Western Europe countries
- 20. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Results Gender differences in willingness to work: age effect in Transition countries
- 21. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Results Gender differences in access to jobs cohort effect in Western Europe countries figure cohort effect in Transition countries figure age effect in Western Europe countries figure age effect in Transition countries figure
- 22. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Results Willingness to work - results summary cohort effects transition country -0.0558* born between 1937-1941 0.245*** born between 1947-1951 0.180*** born between 1952-1956 0.147*** born between 1957-1961 0.111*** born between 1962-1966 0.0780*** born between 1967-1971 0.0513*** born between 1972-1976 0.0258 born between 1937-1941 * transition -0.241*** born between 1942-1946 * transition -0.213*** born between 1947-1951 * transition -0.179*** born between 1952-1956 * transition -0.150*** born between 1957-1961 * transition -0.115*** born between 1962-1966 * transition -0.0854*** born between 1967-1971 * transition -0.0566* born between 1972-1976 * transition -0.0201 country fixed effects included constant 0.0326 Observations 219 R-squared 0.864 Note: Reference cohort group: born between 1977-1981. Standard errors in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
- 23. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Results Willingness to work - results summary age effects transition country -0.0759*** age: 30-34 -0.0233* age: 35-39 -0.0657*** age: 40-45 -0.106*** age: 45-49 -0.141*** age: 50-55 -0.175*** age: 30-34 * transition -0.00724 age: 35-39 * transition 0.0103 age: 40-45 * transition 0.0369* age: 45-49 * transition 0.0627*** age: 50-55 * transition 0.0876*** country fixed effects included constant 0.0617*** Observations 150 R-squared 0.854 Note: Reference age group: 25-29. Standard errors in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
- 24. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Results Preference for equal access to jobs Table: Percentage of females who answered ”I agree with the statement: when job are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women” - cohort patterns 1936- 1942- 1947- 1952- 1957- 1962- 1967- 1972- 1977- 1941 1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 Transition 90s 41.70% 35.10% 36.20% 33.60% 25.10% 24.90% 19.90% 23.50% 16.40% countries 2000s 33.70% 20.70% 25.00% 26.50% 22.80% 21.80% 18.70% 18.10% 18.10% 2010s 31.80% 32.10% 30.20% 24.40% 23.90% 23.70% 19.50% 21.80% 19.20% Western 90s 25.40% 27.70% 20.50% 18.20% 14.70% 10.80% 9.10% 5.40% 6.40% countries 2000s 21.20% 12.10% 14.20% 8.40% 9.50% 6.70% 9.00% 9.30% 6.70% 2010s 13.60% 12.70% 8.40% 7.90% 7.70% 4.30% 4.90% 3.70% 6.20%
- 25. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Conclusions Conclusions in EU-15 countries women born later enjoy a more equal position on the labour market women are participating more and their activity rates become more similar to men with similar characteristics women attitudes towards equal gender positions on the labour market changed in line with the labour market participation and employment rates the picture for transition economies is much more puzzling younger cohorts are more empowered in their views concerning equality on labour market gender differences in probabilities to be active are among younger generations similar or even bigger than among older generations
- 26. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Gender differences in access to jobs: cohort effect in Western Europe countries return
- 27. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Gender differences in access to jobs: cohort effect in Transition countries return
- 28. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Gender differences in access to jobs: age effect in Western Europe countries return
- 29. Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in the labor market? Gender differences in access to jobs: age effect in Transition countries return