Krok 1 2014 - path physiology
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A woman experienced an allergic reaction after dropping penicillin eye drops. Her symptoms included itching, burning skin, swollen lips and eyelids, wheezing cough, and decreased blood pressure. This reaction was caused by IgE and IgG antibodies. A cyst surgery patient later developed hemorrhagic syndrome due to activation of the fibrinolytic system. A 43-year-old patient presented with thrombocytopenia, reduced fibrinogen, blood coagulation abnormalities, petechiae, and septic shock, indicating disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome.
Krok 1 2014 - path physiology
- 1. Krok 1 Medicine 6.0 Патологічна фізіологія 1 A 27- year-old woman has dropped penicillin containing eye drops. In few minutes there appeared feeling of itching, burning of the skin, lips and eyelids edema, whistling cough, decreasing of BP. What antibodies take part in the development of this allergic reaction? A IgE and IgG * B IgM and IgG C IgA and IgM D IgM and IgD E IgG and IgD 2 A patient underwent a surgery for excision of a cyst on pancreas. After this he developed haemorrhagic syndrome with apparent disorder of blood coagulation. Development of this complication can be explained by: A Activation of fibrinolytic system * B Insufficient fibrin production C Reduced number of thrombocytes D Activation of anticoagulation system E Activation of Christmas factor 3 A 43-year-old patient has thrombopenia, reduction of fibrinogen, products of degradation of fibrin presented in the blood, petechial haemorrhage along with septic shock. What is the most likely cause of the changes? A DIC-syndrom * B Autoimmune thrombocytopenia C Haemorrhagic diathesis D Disorder of thrombocytes production E Exogenous intoxication 4 Person has stable HR, not more than 40 bpm. What is the pacemaker of the heart rhythm in this person? A Atrioventricular node * B Sinoatrial node
- 2. C His' bundle D Branches of His' bundle E Purkinye' fibers 5 A 32-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital with gross bloodloss due to auto accident trauma. Ps - 110Bpm, RR- 22 pm, BP- 100/60mm Hg. What changes in the blood will occur in an hour after the bloodloss? A Hypovolemia * B Erythropenia C Hypochromia of erythrocytes D Leukopenia E Hypoproteinemia 6 A 70-year-old patient suffers from atherosclerosis complicated by the lower limb thrombosis that has caused gangrene on his left toes. What is the most likely cause of the thrombosis origin? A Thrombocyte adhesion * B Prothrombinase activation C Transformation of prothrombin into thrombin D Transformation of fibrinogen into fibrin E Impaired heparin synthesis 7 ECG of a 44-year-old patient shows signs of hypertrophy of both ventricles and the right atrium. The patient was diagnosed with the tricuspid valve insufficiency. What pathogenetic variant of cardiac dysfunction is usually observed in case of such insufficiency? A Heart overload by volume * B Heart overload by resistance C Primary myocardial insufficiency D Coronary insufficiency E Cardiac tamponade 8 Shock and signs of acute renal failure (ARF) developed in the patient due to permanent injury. What is the leading cause of development of ARF in the case?
- 3. A Decreased arterial pressure * B Urine excretion violation C Increased pressure in the nephron capsule D Increased pressure in the renal arteries E Decreased oncotic BP 9 Substitution of the glutamic acid on valine was revealed while examining initial molecular structure. For what inherited pathology is this typical? A Sickle-cell anemia * B Thalassemia C Minkowsky-Shauffard disease D Favism E Hemoglobinosis 10 Inflamation is characterised by increasing penetration of vessels of microcirculation stream, increasing of their fluid dynamic blood pressure. Increasing of the osmotic concentration and dispersity of protein structures present in the intercellular fluid. What kind of edema will appear in this case? A Mixed * B Hydrodynamic C Colloid-osmotic D Lymphogenic E Membranogenic 11 Disorder of the airways passage in small and middle bronchi was revealed in the patient. What disorder of the acid-base equilibrium can be detected in the blood? A Respiratory acidosis * B Metabolic acidosis C Respiratory alkalosis D Metabolic alkalosis E -- 12 A 62-year-old patient was admitted to the neurological department due to cerebral haemorrage.
- 4. Condition is grave. There is observed progression of deepness and frequency of breath that turnes into reduction to apnoea,and the cycle repeates. What respiration type has developed in the patient? A Cheyne-Stockes respiration * B Kussmaul respiration C Biot's respiration D Gasping respiration E Apneustic respiration 13 In a 45-year-old patient on ECG it was revealed: sinus rhythm, the number of auricular complexesexceeds number of ventricular complexes; progressing extension of the P-Q interval from complex to complex; fallout of some ventricular complexes; Р waves and QRST complexes are without changes. Name the type of heart rhythm disfunction. A Atrioventricular block of the II degree * B Synoauricular block C Atrioventricular blockade of the I degree D Intraatrial block E Complete atrioventricular block 14 Upper neck node of sympathetic trunk was removed from the rabbit on experiment. Reddening and increased temperature of the skin of head is observed. What form of peripheral circulation of the blood developed in the rabbit? A Neuroparalytic arterial hyperemia * B Neurotonic arterial hyperemia C Metabolic arterial hyperemia D Venous hyperemia E Stasis 15 In result of the damage of one of the Atomic Power Plant reacttor the run-out of radioelements happened. People in the increased radiation zone were radiated with approximately 250-300 r. They were immediately hospitalized. What changes in the blood count would be typical? A Lymphopenia * B Leukopenia
- 5. C Anemia D Thrombopenia E Neutropenia 16 Dystrophic changes of the heart muscle are accompanied with cardiac cavity enlargement, decrease of the strength of heart contraction, increased amount of blood, which remains in the heart during systolic phase, overfilled veins. For what state of heart is it characteristic? A Myogenic dilatation * B Tonogenic dilatation C Emergency stage of hyperfunction and hypertrophy D Cardiosclerosis E Tamponage of the heart 17 Transmural myocardial infarction in the patient was complicated with progressive acute left ventricle insufficiency. What is the most typical for this state? A Edema of the lungs * B Edema of the extremities C Cyanosis D Ascites E Arterial hypertension 18 Arterial hypertention is caused by the stenosis of the renal arteries in the patient. Activation of what system is the main link in the pathogenesys of this form of hypertension? A Renin-angiotensin * B Sympathoadrenal C Parasympathetic D Kallikrein-kinin E Hypothalamic-pituitary 19 A 12-year-old boy often suffers from virus and bacterial infections and eczematous skin lesions. Enlargement of T-lymphocytes and IgM with normal IgA and IgG was revealed on examination. What type of immune system pathology is presented in the patient? A Composite immunedefficiency * B Hypoplasia of thymus
- 6. C Bruton's hypogammaglobulinemia D Turner's syndrome E Hereditary immundeficiency of the complement system 20 Patient with diabetes didn't get insulin injection in time that caused hyperglycemic coma (glucose in the blood 50mmol/L). What mechanism is prevalent in the development of the coma? A Hyperosmia * B Hypokaliemia C Hypoxia D Hyponatremia E Acidosis 21 Necrosis focus appeared in the area of hyperemia and skin edema in few hours after burn. What mechanism strengthens destructive events in the inflammation area? A Secondary alteration * B Primary alteration C Emigration of lymphocytes D Diapedesis of erythrocytes E Proliferation of fibroblasts 22 Processes of repolarisation are disturbed in ventricular myocardium in examined person. It will cause amplitude abnormalities of configuration and duration of the wave: A Т * B Q C R D S E P 23 A boy referred to a genetics clinic was found to have 1 drumstick in blood neutrophils. The boy is likely to have the following syndrome: A Klinefelter's * B Down's C Turner's D Edwards'
- 7. E Trisomy X 24 After a serious psycho-emotional stress a 45-year-old patient suddenly felt constricting heart pain irradiating to the left arm, neck and left scapula. His face turned pale, the cold sweat stood out on it. The pain attack was stopped with nitroglycerine. What process has developed in this patient? A Stenocardia * B Myocardial infarction C Stroke D Psychogenic shock E Stomach ulcer perforation 25 While having the dinner the child choked and aspirated the food. Meavy cough has started, skin and mucose are cyanotic, rapid pulse, rear breathing, expiration is prolonged. What disorder of the external breathing developed in the child? A Stage of expiratory dyspnea on asphyxia * B Stage of inspiratory dyspnea on asphyxia C Stenotic breathing D Alternating breathing E Biot's breathing 26 Chronic glomerulonephritis was diagnosed in a 34-year-old patient 3 years ago. Edema has developed in the last 6 monthes. What caused it? A Proteinuria * B Hyperproduction of vasopressin C Disorder of albuminous kidneys function D Hyperosmolarity of plasma E Hyperaldosteronism 27 While playing volleyball a sportsman made a jump and landed on the outside edge of his foot. He felt acute pain in the talocrural joint, active movements are limited, passive movements
- 8. are unlimited but painful. A bit later there appeared a swelling in the area of external ankle, the skin became red and warm. What type of peripheral circulation disturbance is the case? A Arterial hyperemia * B Stasis C Embolism D Venous hyperemia E Thrombosis 28 Having helped to eliminate consequences of a failure at a nuclear power plant, a worker got an irradiation doze of 500 roentgen. He complains of headache, nausea, dizziness. What changes in leukocytes quantity can be expected 10 hours after irradiation? A Neutrophilic leukocytosis * B Lymphocytosis C Leukopenia D Agranulocytosis E Leukemia 29 A 12 y.o. boy who suffers from bronchial asthma has an acute attack of asthma: evident expiratory dyspnea, skin pallor. What type of alveolar ventilation disturbance is it? A Obstructive * B Restrictive C Throracodiaphragmatic D Central E Neuromuscular 30 A 46-year-old patient suffering from the diffuse toxic goiter underwent resection of the thyroid gland. After the surgery the patient presents with appetite loss, dyspepsia, increased neuromuscular excitement. The body weight remained unchanged. Body temperature is normal. Which of the following has caused such a condition in this patient? A Reduced production of parathormone * B Increased production of thyroxin C Increased production of calcitonin D Increased production of thyroliberin E Reduced production of thyroxin
- 9. 31 To prevent the transplant rejection after organ transplantation it is required to administer hormonotherapy for the purpose of immunosuppression. What hormones are used for this purpose? A Glucocorticoids * B Mineralocorticoids C Sexual hormones D Catecholamines E Thyroid 32 A patient caught a cold after which there appeared facial expression disorder. He cannot close his eyes, raise his eyebrows, bare his teeth. What nerve is damaged? A Facial * B Vagus C Trigeminus D Glossopharyngeal E Infraorbital 33 A patient with a history of chronic glomerulonephritis presents with azotemia, oliguria, hypo- and isosthenuria, proteinuria. What is the leading factor in the pathogenesis of these symptoms development under chronic renal failure? A Mass decrease of active nephrons * B Intensification of glomerular filtration C Tubular hyposecretion D Disturbed permeability of glomerular membranes E Intensification of sodium reabsorption 34 After an attack of bronchial asthma a patient had his peripheral blood tested. What changes can be expected? A Eosinophilia * B Leukopenia C Lymphocytosis D Thrombocytopenia E Erythrocytosis
- 10. 35 After the traumatic tooth extraction a patient is complaining of acute, dull, poorly- localized pain in gingiva, body temperature rise up to 37,5o C. The patient has been diagnosed with alveolitis. Specify the kind of pain in this patient: A Protopathic * B Epicritic C Visceral D Heterotopic E Phantom 36 A 50 year old patient suffers from essential hypertension. After a physical stress he experienced muscle weakness, breathlessness, cyanosis of lips, skin and face. Respiration was accompanied by distinctly heard bubbling rales. What mechanism underlies the development of this syndrome? A Acute left-ventricular failure * B Chronic right-ventricular failure C Chronic left-ventricular failure D Collapse E Cardiac tamponade 37 A patient with obliterating endarteritis underwent ganglionic sympathectomy. What type of arterial hyperaemia should have developed as a result of the surgery? A Neuroparalytic * B Neurotonic C Metabolic D Functional E Reactive 38 A group of mountain climbers went through the blood analysis at the height of 3000 m. It revealed decrease of HCO3 to 15 micromole/l (standard is 22-26 micromole/l). What is the mechanism of HCO3 decrease? A Hyperventilation * B Intensification of acidogenesis C Hypoventilation
- 11. D Decrease of ammoniogenesis E Decrease of bicarbonate reabsorption in kidneys 39 ECG of a patient shows such alterations: P-wave is normal, P-Q-interval is short, ventricular QRST complex is wide, R-wave is double-peak or two-phase. What form of arrhythmia is it? A WPW syndrome (Wolff-Parkinson-White) * B Frederick's syndrome (atrial flutter) C Atrioventricular block D Ventricular fibrillation E Ciliary arrhythmia 40 A patient who suffers from pneumonia has high body temperature. What biologically active substance plays the leading part in origin of this phenomenon? A Interleukin-I * B Histamine C Bradykinin D Serotonin E Leukotrienes 41 A 34 year old woman was diagnosed with hereditary microspherocytic hemolytic anemia (Minkowsky-Shauffard disease). What mechanism caused haemolysis of erythrocytes? A Membranopathy * B Enzymopathy C Hemoglobinopathy D Autoimmune disorder E Bone marrow hypoploasia 42 2 years ago a patient underwent resection of pyloric part of stomach. He complains of weakness, periodical dark shadows beneath his eyes, dyspnea. In blood: Hb - 70 g/l, erythrocytes - 3,0*1012 /l, colour index - 0,7. What changes of erythrocytes in blood smears are the most typical for this condition? A Microcytes * B Megalocytes C Schizocytes D Ovalocytes E Macrocytes
- 12. 43 During a prophylactic medical examination a 7-year-old boy was diagnosed with daltonism. His parents are healthy and have normal colour vision, but his grandfather on his mother’s side has the same abnormality. What is the type of the abnormality inheritance? A Recessive, sex-linked * B Dominant, sex-linked C Semidominance D Autosomal recessive E Autosomal dominant 44 A 27 y.o. patient put eye drops that contain penicillin. After a few minutes she felt itching and burning of her body, there appeared lip and eye-lid edemata; arterial pressure began to drop. What immunoglobulins took part in the development of this allergic reaction? A lgE and lgG * B IgM and IgG C IgA and IgM D IgM and IgD E IgG and IgD 45 Inflammation of a patient's eye was accompanied by accumulation of turbid liquid with high protein at the bottom of anterior chamber that was called hypopyon. What process underlies the changes under observation? A Disturbance of microcirculation * B Primary alteration C Secondary alteration D Proliferation E - 46 A 48 y.o. patient was admitted to the hospital with complaints about weakness, irritability, sleep disturbance. Objectively: skin and scleras are yellow. In blood: conjugated bilirubin, cholalemia. Feces are acholic. Urine is of dark colour (bilirubin). What jaundice is it?
- 13. A Mechanic * B Hemolytic C Parenchymatous D Gilbert's syndrome E Crigler-Najjar syndrome 47 A 41-year-old male patient has a history of recurrent attacks of heartbeats (paroxysms), profuse sweating, headaches. Examination revealed hypertension, hyperglycemia, increased basal metabolic rate, and tachycardia. These clinical presentations are typical for the following adrenal pathology: A Hyperfunction of the medulla * B Hypofunction of the medulla C Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex D Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex E Primary aldosteronism 48 A patient who suffers from severe disorder of water-salt metabolism experienced cardiac arrest in diastole. What is the most probable mechanism of cardiac arrest in diastole? A Hyperkaliemia * B Hypernatremia C Organism dehydratation D Hypokaliemia E Hyponatremia 49 A patient who suffers from heart failure has enlarged liver, edemata of lower extremities, ascites. What is the leading mechanism in the development of this edema? A Hydrodynamic * B Colloid osmotic C Lymphogenous D Membranogenic E - 50 Two weeks after lacunar tonsillitis a 20-year-old man started complaining about general weakness, lower eyelid edemata. After examination the patient was diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis. What are the most likely pathological changes in the urine formula?
- 14. A Proteinuria * B Cylindruria C Presence of fresh erythrocytes D Pyuria E Natriuria 51 A 32 y.o. man is tall, he has gynecomastia, adult woman pattern of hair distribution, high voice, mental deficiency, sterility. Provisional diagnosis is Klinefelter's syndrome. In order to specify diagnosis it is necessary to analize: A Caryotype * B Leukogram C Spermatogenesis D Blood group E Genealogy 52 Examination of a miner revealed pulmonary fibrosis accompanied by disturbance of alveolar ventilation. What is the main mechanism of this disturbance? A Limitation of respiratory surface of lungs * B Constriction of superior respiratory tracts C Disturbance of neural respiration control D Limitation of breast mobility E Bronchi spasm 53 After transfusion of 200 ml of blood a patient presented with body temperature rise up to 37,9o C. Which of the following substances is the most likely cause of temperature rise? A Interleukin-1 * B Interleukin-2 C Tumour necrosis factor D Interleukin-3 E Interleukin-4 54 A 49 y.o. woman consulted a doctor about heightened fatigue and dyspnea during physical activity. ECG: heart rate is 50/min, PQ is extended, QRS is unchanged, P wave quanity exceeds
- 15. quantity of QRS complexes. What type of arrhythmia does the patient have? A Atrioventricular block * B Extrasystole C Sinus bradycardia D Ciliary arhythmia E Sinoatrial block 55 A woman has been applying a new cosmetic preparation for a week that resulted in eye-lid inflammation accompanied by hyperemia, infiltration and painfulness. What type of allergic reaction was developed? A ІV * B I C II D III E V 56 A patient is followed up in an endocrinological dispensary on account of hyperthyreosis. Weight loss, tachycardia, finger tremor are accompanied by hypoxia symptoms - headache, fatigue, eye flicker. What mechanism of thyroid hormones action underlies the development of hypoxia? A Disjunction, oxydation and phosphorilation * B Inhibition of respiratory ferment synthesis C Competitive inhibition of respiratory ferments D Intensification of respiratory ferment synthesis E Specific binding of active centres of respiratory ferments 57 A 56 y.o. patient has been suffering from thyreotoxicosis for a long time. What type of hypoxia can be developed? A Tissue * B Hemic C Circulatory D Respiratory E Mixed 58
- 16. An animal with aortic valve insufficiency got hypertrophy of its left heart ventricle. Some of its parts have local contractures. What substance accumulated in the myocardiocytes caused these contractures? A Calcium * B Potassium C Lactic acid D Carbon dioxide E Sodium 59 A girl is diagnosed with adrenogenital syndrome (pseudohermaphroditism). This pathology was caused by hypersecretion of the following adrenal hormone: A Androgen * B Estrogen C Aldosterone D Cortisol E Adrenalin 60 A patient has extrasystole. ECG shows no P wave, QRS complex is deformed, there is a full compensatory pause. What extrasystoles are these? A Ventricular * B Atrial C Atrioventricular D Sinus E - 61 After a serious psychoemotional stress a 48 year old patient suddenly developed acute heart ache irradiating to the left arm. Nitroglycerine relieved pain after 10 minutes. What is the leading pathogenetic mechanism of this process development? A Spasm of coronary arteries * B Dilatation of peripheral vessels C Obstruction of coronary vessels D Compression of coronary vessels E Increase in myocardial oxygen consumption
- 17. 62 A 12-year-old teenager has significantly put off weight within 3 months; glucose concentration rose up to 50 millimole/l. He fell into a coma. What is the main mechanism of its development? A Hyperosmolar * B Hypoglycemic C Ketonemic D Lactacidemic E Hypoxic 63 A 43-year-old-patient has arterial hypertension caused by an increase in cardiac output and general peripheral resistance. Specify the variant of hemodynamic development of arterial hypertension in the given case: A Eukinetic * B Hyperkinetic C Hypokinetic D - E Combined 64 As a result of increased permeability of the erythrocyte membrane in a patient with microspherocytic anaemia (Minkowsky-Shauffard disease) cells receive sodium ions and water. Erythrocytes take form of spherocytes and can be easily broken down. What is the leading mechanism of erythrocyte damage in this case? A Electrolytic osmotic * B Calcium C Acidotic D Protein E Nucleic 65 Examination of a 52-year-old female patient has revealed a decrease in the amount of red blood cells and an increase in free hemoglobin in the blood plasma (hemoglobinemia). Color index is 0.85. What type of anemia is being observed in the patient? A Acquired hemolytic * B Hereditary hemolytic
- 18. C Acute hemorrhagic D Chronic hemorrhagic E Anemia due to diminished erythropoiesis 66 A 56 year old patient suffering from cardiac insufficiency has edema of feet and shins, edematous skin is pale and cold. What is the leding mechanism of edema pathogenesis? A Rise of hydrostatic pressure in venules * B Drop of oncotic pessure in capillaries C Increase of capillary permeability D Disorder of lymph outflow E Positive water balance 67 Prophylactic medical examination of a 36 year old driver revealed that his AP was 150/90 mm Hg. At the end of working day he usually hears ear noise, feels slight indisposition that passes after some rest. He was diagnosed with essential hypertension. What is the leading pathogenetic mechanism in this case? A Neurogenetic * B Nephric C Humoral D Endocrinal E Reflexogenic 68 Blood analysis of a patient with jaundice reveals conjugated bilirubinemia, increased concentration of bile acids. There is no stercobilinogen in urine. What type of jaundice is it? A Obstructive jaundice * B Hepatocellular jaundice C Parenchymatous jaundice D Hemolytic jaundice E Cythemolytic jaundice 69 Violation of safety rules resulted in calomel intoxication. Two days later the daily diuresis was 620 ml. A patient experienced headache, vomiting, convulsions, dyspnea, moist rales in lungs. What pathology is it?
- 19. A Acute renal insufficiency * B Chronic renal insufficiency C Uraemic coma D Glomerulonephritis E Pyelonephritis 70 A newborn child with pylorostenosis has often repeating vomiting accompanied by apathy, weakness, hypertonicity, sometimes convulsions. What disorder form of acid-base balance is it? A Nongaseous alkalosis * B Gaseous alkalosis C Gaseous acidosis D Metabolic acidosis E Excretory acidosis 71 The development of both immune and allergic reactions is based upon the same mechanisms of the immune system response to an antigen. What is the main difference between the immune and allergic reactions? A Development of tissue lesion * B Amount of released antigen C Antigen structure D Routes by which antigens are delivered into the body E Hereditary predisposition 72 24 hours after appendectomy blood of a patient presents neutrophilic leukocytosis with regenerative shift. What is the most probable mechanism of leukocytosis development? A Amplification of leukopoiesis * B Redistribution of leukocytes in the organism C Decelerated leukocyte destruction D Deceleratied emigration of leukocytes to the tissues E Amplification of leukopoiesis and decelerated emigration of leukocytes to the tissues 73 A 59 year old patient is a plant manager. After the tax inspection of his plant he felt intense pain behind his breastbone irradiating to his left arm. 15 minutes later his condition came to normal.
- 20. Which of the possible mechanisms of stenocardia development is the leading in this case? A High catecholamine concentration in blood * B Coronary atherosclerosis C Intravascular aggregation of blood corpuscles D Coronary thrombosis E Functional heart overload 74 Arterial pressure of a surgeon who performed a long operation rised up to 140/110 mm Hg. What changes of humoral regulation could have caused the rise of arterial pressure in this case? A Activation of sympathoadrenal system * B Activation of formation and excretion of aldosterone C Activation of renin angiotensive system D Activation of kallikrein kinin system E Inhibition of sympathoadrenal system 75 A patient was ill with burn disease that was complicated by DIC syndrome. What stage of DIC syndrome can be suspected if it is known that the patient's blood coagulates in less than 3 minutes? A Hypercoagulation * B Transition phase C Hypocoagulation D Fibrinolysis E Terminal 76 In a patient elevation of body temperature takes turns with drops down to normal levels during the day. The rise in temperature is observed periodically once in four days. Specify the type of temperature curve: A Febris internuttens * B Febris continua C Febris reccurens D Febris hectica E Febris remitens
- 21. 77 A 55 y.o. woman consulted a doctor about having continuous cyclic uterine hemorrhages for a year, weakness, dizziness. Examination revealed skin pallor. Hemogram: Hb- 70 g/l, erythrocytes - 3,2*1012 /l, color index - 0,6, leukocytes - 6,0*109 /l, reticulocytes - 1%; erythrocyte hypochromia. What anemia is it? A Chronic posthemorrhagic anemia * B Hemolytic anemia C Aplastic anemia D $B_{12}$-folate-deficiency anemia E Iron-deficiency anemia 78 A 56 year old patient came to a hospital with complaints about general weakness, tongue pain and burning, sensation of limb numbness. In the past he underwent resection of forestomach. In blood: Hb- 80 g/l; erythrocytes - 2,0*1012 /l; colour index - 1,2, leukocytes - 3,5*109 /l. What anemia type is it? A B12-folate deficient * B Hemolytic C Posthemorrhagic D Aplastic E Iron-deficient 79 A 25 year old Palestinian woman complains of weakness, dizziness, dyspnea. In anamnesis: periodically exacerbating anemia. In blood: Hb - 60 g/l, erythrocytes - 2,5*1012 /l, reticulocytes - 35o /oo, anisocytosis and poikilocytosis of erythrocytes, a lot of target cells and polychromatophils. What type of anemia is it? A Thalassemia * B Sickle-cell anemia C Minkowsky-Shauffard disease D Addison-Biermer disease E Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient anemia 80 A 23 y.o. patient complains of weakness, temperature rise up to 38-40o C. Objectively: liver and spleen are enlarged. Hemogram: Hb- 100 g/l, erythrocytes - 2,9*1012 /l, leukocytes - 4,4*109 /l, thrombocytes – 48*109 /l, segmentonuclear neutrophils - 17%, lymphocytes - 15%, blast cells - 68%. All cytochemical reactions are negative. Make a hematological
- 22. conclusion: A Undifferentiated leukosis * B Chronic myeloleukosis C Acute myeloblastic leukosis D Acute lymphoblastic leukosis E Acute erythromyelosis 81 Diabetic nephropathy with uremia has developed in a patient with pancreatic diabetes. The velocity of glomerular filtration is 9 ml/min. What mechanism of a decrease in glomerular filtration velocity and chronic renal failure development is most likely in the case of this patient? A Reduction of active nephron mass * B Decrease in systemic arterial pressure C Obstruction of nephron tubules with hyaline casts D Tissue acidosis E Arteriolar spasm 82 Inflammatory processes cause synthesis of protein of acute phase in an organism. What substances stumulate their synthesis? A Interleukin-1 * B Immunoglobulins C Interferons D Biogenic amins E Angiotensin 83 A patient is diagnosed with hereditary coagulopathy that is characterised by factor VIII deficiency. Specify the phase of blood clotting during which coagulation will be disrupted in the given case: A Thromboplastin formation * B Thrombin formation C Fibrin formation D Clot retraction E - 84 A chemical burn caused esophagus stenosis. Difficulty of ingestion led to the abrupt
- 23. loss of weight. In blood: 3,0* 1012/l, Hb - 106 g/l, crude protein - 57 g/l. What type of starvation is it? A Incomplete * B Proteinic C Complete D Water E Absolute 85 A 42 year old woman with neuralgia of trifacial nerve complains about periodical reddening of the right part of her face and neck, sense of warmth gush, increased skin sensitivity. These effects can be explained by the following type of arterial hyperemia: A Neurotonic * B Neuroparalytic C Metabolic D Functional E Reactive 86 A patient who suffers from acute myocarditis has clinical signs of cardiogenic shock. What of the under-mentioned pathogenetic mechanisms plays the main part in shock development? A Disturbance of pumping ability of heart * B Depositing of blood in organs C Reduction of diastolic flow to the heart D Decrease of vascular tone E Increase of peripheral vascular resistance 87 On the 6th day of treatment a patient with acute renal insufficiency developed polyuria. Diuresis intensification at the beginning of polyuria stage of acute renal insufficiency is caused by: A Renewal of filtration in nephrons * B Volume expansion of circulating blood C Growth of natriuretic factor D Reduction of aldosteron content in plasma E Reduction of vasopressin content in plasma
- 24. 88 A 30 year old woman has face edemata. Examination revealed proteinuria (5,87 g/l), hypoproteinemia, dysproteinemia, hyperlipidemia. What condition is the set of these symptoms typical for? A Nephrotic syndrome * B Nephritic syndrome C Chronic pyelonephritis D Acute renal failure E Chronic renal failure 89 A patient with nephrotic syndrome has massive edemata of his face and limbs. What is the leading pathogenetic mechanism of edemata development? A Drop of oncotic blood pressure * B Increase of vascular permeability C Rise of hydrodynamic blood pressure D Lymphostasis E Increase of lymph outflow 90 A patient staying in the pulmonological department was diagnosed with pulmonary emphysema accompanied by reduced elasticity of pulmonary tissue. What type of respiration is observed? A Expiratory dyspnea * B Inspiratory dyspnea C Superficial respiration D Infrequent respiration E Periodic respiration 91 An unconscious young man with signs of morphine poisoning entered admission office. His respiration is shallow and infrequent which is caused by inhibition of respiratory centre. What type of respiratory failure is it? A Ventilative dysregulatory * B Ventilative obstructive C Ventilative restrictive D Perfusive E Diffusive
- 25. 92 A patient complaining of pain in the left shoulder-blade region has been diagnosed with miocardial infarction. What kind of pain does the patient have? A Radiating * B Visceral C Phantom D Protopathic E Epicritic 93 A patient has been diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis that developed after he had had streptococcal infection. It is most likely that the affection of basal glomerular membrane is caused by an allergic reaction of the following type: A Immune complex * B Anaphylactic C Cytotoxic D Delayed E Stimulating 94 Examination of patients with periodontitis revealed the interdependence between the rate of affection of periodontal tissues and the amount of lysozymes in saliva and gingival liquid. These results can be obtained during studying the following protection system of an organism: A Non-specific resistance * B Humoral immunity C Cellular immunity D Autoresponsiveness E Tolerance 95 A 62 year old patient who previously worked as stoker was admitted to a hospital with complaints about general weakness, abrupt weight loss, hoarse voice, dyspnea, dry cough. Laryngoscopy revealed a tumour in the pharynx that invaded vocal cords and epiglottis. What is the most probable cause of tumour development? A Polycyclic aromatic carbohydrates * B Nitrosamines
- 26. C Aromatic amines and amides D Retroviruses E Ionizing radiation 96 A married couple came to the genetic counseling. The husband suffers from the insulin-dependant diabetes, the wife is healthy. What is the probability that this couple will have an insulin-dependant child? A Higher than throughout the population * B The same as throughout the population C Lower than throughout the population D 100% E 50% 97 A patient who had been working hard under conditions of elevated temperature of the environment, has now a changed quantity of blood plasma proteins. What penomenon is the case? A Relative hyperproteinemia * B Absolute hyperproteinemia C Absolute hypoproteinemia D Disproteinemia E Paraproteinemia 98 An experimental rat with extremity paralysis has no tendon and cutaneous reflexes, muscle tone is decreased, but muscles of the affected extremity maintain their ability to react with excitation to the direct action of continious current. What type of paralysis is it? A Flaccid peripheral * B Flaccid central C Spastic peripheral D Spastic central E Extrapyramidal 99 A 28 year old man had a gunshot wound of shin that resulted in an ulcer from the side of the injury. What is the main factor of neurodystrophy pathogenesis in this case? A Traumatization of peripheral nerve * B Psychical stress
- 27. C Microcirculation disturbance D Infection E Tissue damage 100 Blood test of a patient suffering from atrophic gastritis gave the following results: RBCs - 2,0*1012 /l, Hb- 87 g/l, colour index - 1,3, WBCs - 4,0*109 /l, thrombocytes - 180*109 /l. Anaemia migh have been caused by the following substance deficiency: A Vitamin B12 * B Vitamin A C Vitamin K D Iron E Zinc 101 A 45 year old patient was admitted to the cardiological department. ECG data: negative P wave overlaps QRS complex, diastolic interval is prolonged after extrasystole. What type of extrasystole is it? A Atrioventricular * B Sinus C Atrial D Ventricular E Bundle-branch 102 A 37-year-old female patient complains of headache, vertigo, troubled sleep, numbness of limbs. For the last 6 years she has been working at the gas-discharge lamp-producing factory in the lead-processing shop. Blood test findings: low hemoglobin and RBC level, serum iron concentration exceeds the norm by several times. Specify the type of anemia: A Iron refractory anemia * B Iron-deficiency anemia C Minkowsky-Shauffard disease D Hypoplastic anemia E Metaplastic anemia 103 A rabbit's nerve that innervates the right ear was cut and its right superior cervical
- 28. ganglion was removed. Immediately after operation the temperature of ear skin was measured. It was revealed that the temperature of the rabbit's ear skin on the side of denervation was by 1,5o C higher than on the opposite intact side. What of the following is the most probable explanation of the above-mentioned effects? A Arterial neuroparalytic hyperemia * B Arterial neurotopical hyperemia C Atrerial hyperemia induced by metabolic factors D Reactive arterial hyperemia E Physiological arterial hyperemia 104 Two hours after an exam a student had a blood count done and it was revealed that he had leukocytosis without significant leukogram modifications. What is the most probable mechanism of leukocytosis development? A Redistribution of leukocytes in the organism * B Leukopoiesis intensification C Deceleration of leukocyte lysis D Deceleration of leukocyte migration to the tissues E Leukopoiesis intensification and deceleration of leukocyte lysis 105 A patient presents with icteritiousness of skin, scleras and mucous membranes. Blood plasma the total bilirubin is increased, stercobilin is increased in feces, urobilin is increased in urine. What type of jaundice is it? A Haemolytic * B Gilbert's disease C Parenchymatous D Obturational E Cholestatic 106 Hepatitis has led to the development of hepatic failure. Mechanism of edemata formation is activated by the impairment of the following liver function: A Protein-synthetic * B Barrier C Chologenetic D Antitoxic E Glycogen-synthetic
- 29. 107 As a result of a road accident a 26-year-old man is in the torpid phase of shock. Blood count: leukocytes - 3,2*109 /l. What is the leading mechanism of leukopenia development? A Leukocyte redistribution in the bloodstream * B Leukopoiesis inhibition C Faulty release of mature leukocytes from the bone marrow into the blood D Leukocyte destruction in the hematopietic organs E Increased excretion of the leukocytes from the organism 108 As a result of a trauma a patient has developed traumatic shock that led to the following disorders: AP is 140/90 mm Hg, Ps is 120 bpm. The patient is fussy, talkative, pale. Such state relates to the following shock phase: A Erectile * B Latent period C Terminal D Torpid E - 109 Examination of a patient admitted to the surgical department with symptoms of acute appendicitis revealed the following changes in the white blood cells: the total count of leukocytes is 16*109 /l. Leukocyte formula: basophils - 0, eosinophils - 2%, juvenile forms - 2%, stabnuclear - 8%, segmentonuclear - 59%, lymphocytes - 25%, monocytes- 4%. The described changes can be classified as: A Neutrophilia with regenerative left shift * B Neutrophilia with right shift C Neutrophilia with degenerative left shift D Neutrophilic leukemoid reaction E Neutrophilia with hyperregenerative left shift 110 A patient being treated for viral hepatitis type B got symptoms of hepatic insufficiency. What blood changes indicative of protein metabolism disorder will be observed in this case? A Absolute hypoalbuminemia * B Absolute hyperalbuminemia C Absolute hyperfibrinogenemia D Proteinic blood composition is unchanged
- 30. E Absolute hyperglobulinemia 111 A patient was stung by a bee. Examination revealed that his left hand was hot, pink, edematic, there was a big red blister on the site of sting. What is the leading mechanism of edema development? A Increased vessel permeability * B Reduced vessel filling C Injury of vessels caused by the sting D Drop of oncotic pressure in tissue E Drop of osmotic pressure in tissue 112 Amniocentesis revealed two sex chromatin bodies (Barr bodies) in each cell of the sample. What disease is this character typical for? A Trisomy X * B Klinefelter syndrome C Turner's syndrome D Down's syndrome E Patau syndrome 113 A patient consulted a dentist about itching and burning in the oral cavity; high temperature. The patient was diagnosed with trichomonal gingivostomatitis. What drug should be chosen for his treatment? A Metronidazole * B Ampicillin C Doxycycline hydrochloride D Gentamicin sulfate E Nystatin 114 A patient suffering from pheochromocytoma complains of thirst, dry mouth, hunger. Blood test for sugar revealed hyperglycemia. What type of hyperglycemia is it? A Adrenal * B Hypercorticoid C Alimentary D Somatotropic
- 31. E Hypoinsulinemic 115 A patient suffering from stenocardia was taking nitroglycerine which caused restoration of blood supply of myocardium and relieved pain in the cardiac area. What intracellular mechanism provides restoration of energy supply of insulted cells? A Intensification of ATP resynthesis * B Reduction of ATP resynthesis C Increased permeability of membranes D Intensification of oxygen transporting into the cell E Intensification of RNA generation 116 A patient is diagnosed with iron-deficiency sideroachrestic anemia, progression of which is characterised by skin hyperpigmentation, pigmentary cirrhosis, heart and pancreas affection. Iron level in the blood serum is increased. What disorder of iron metabolism causes this disease? A Failure to assimilate iron leading to iron accumulation in tissues * B Excessive iron intake with food C Disorder of iron absorption in bowels D Increased iron assimilation by body E - 117 A couple had a child with Down's disease. Mother is 42 years old. This disease is most probably caused by the following impairment of prenatal development: A Gametopathy * B Blastopathy C Embryopathy D Non-specific fetopathy E Specific fetopathy 118 There are several groups of molecular mechanisms playing important part in pathogenesis of insult to cells which contributes to the pathology development. What processes are stimulated by proteinic damage mechanisms?
- 32. A Enzyme inhibition * B Lipid peroxidation C Phospholipase activation D Osmotic membrane distension E Acidosis 119 A child was born with cleft palate. Examination revealed aorta defects and reduced number of T-lymphocytes in blood. What immunodeficient syndrome is it? A DiGeorge * B Wiskott-Aldrich C Chediak-Higashi D Louis-Bar E Swiss-type 120 Examination of a child who frequently suffers from infectious diseases revealed that IgG concentration in blood serum was 10 times less than normal, IgA and IgM concentration was also significantly reduced. Analysis showed also lack of B-lymphocytes and plasmocytes. What disease are these symptoms typical for? A Bruton's disease * B Swiss-type agammaglobulinemia C Dysimmunoglobulinemia D Louis-Bar syndrome E Di George syndrome 121 A driver who got a trauma in a road accident and is shocked has reduction of daily urinary output down to 300 ml. What is the main pathogenetic factor of such diuresis change? A Drop of arterial pressure * B Drop of oncotic blood pressure C Increased vascular permeability D Decreased number of functioning glomerules E Secondary hyperaldosteronism 122 Examination of a 42 year old patient revealed a tumour of adenohypophysis. Objectively: the patient's weight is 117 kg, he has moon-like hyperemic face, red-blue striae of skin
- 33. distension on his belly. Osteoporosis and muscle dystrophy are present. AP is 210/140 mm Hg. What is the most probable diagnosis? A Cushing's disease * B Cushing's syndrome C Conn's disease D Diabetes mellitus E Essential hypertension 123 Examination of a 12 year old boy with developmental lag revealed achondroplasia: disproportional constitution with evident shortening of upper and lower limbs as a result of growth disorder of epiphyseal cartilages of long tubal bones. This disease is: A Inherited, dominant * B Inherited, recessive C Inherited, sex-linked D Congenital E Acquired 124 A patient was diagnosed with autoimmune hemolitic cytotoxic anemia. What substances are antigens in II type allergic reactions? A Modified receptors of cell membranes * B Antibiotics C Hormones D Serum proteins E Inflammation modulators 125 A patient suffers from the haemorrhagic syndrome that shows itself in frequent nasal bleedings, posttraumatic and spontaneous intracutaneous and intra-articular haemorrhages. After a laboratory study a patient was diagnosed with the type B haemophilia. This disease is provoked by the deficit of the following factor of blood coagulation: A IX * B VIII C XI D V E VII
- 34. 126 A 58-year-old patient suffers from the cerebral atherosclerosis. Examination revealed hyperlipoidemia. What class of lipoproteins will most probably show increase in concentration in this patient’s blood serum? A Low-density lipoproteins * B High-density lipoproteins C Fatty acid complexes with albumins D Chylomicrons E Cholesterol 127 A 67 year old patient complains of periodic heart ache, dyspnea during light physical activities. ECG reveals extraordinary contractions of heart ventricles. Such arrhythmia is called: A Extrasystole * B Bradycardia C Tachycardia D Flutter E Fibrillation 128 In course of a preventive examination of a miner a doctor revealed changes of cardiovascular fitness which was indicative of cardiac insufficiency at the compensation stage. What is the main proof of cardiac compensation? A Myocardium hypertrophy * B Tachycardia C Rise of arterial pressure D Dyspnea E Cyanosis 129 A 47 year old man with myocardium infarction was admitted to the cardiological department. What changes of cellular composition of peripheral blood are induced by necrotic changes in the myocardium? A Neutrophilic leukocytosis * B Monocytosis C Eosinophilic leukocytosis
- 35. D Thrombocytopenia E Lymphopenia 130 An infectious disease unit admitted a patient with signs of jaundice caused by hepatitis virus. Select an indicator that is specific only for parenchymatous jaundice: A Increase in ALT and AST rate * B Hyperbilirubinemia C Bilirubinuria D Cholaemia E Urobilinuria 131 A patient with skin mycosis has disorder of cellular immunity. The most typical characteristic of it is reduction of the following index: A T-lymphocytes * B Immunoglobulin G C Immunoglobulin E D B-lymphocytes E Plasmocytes 132 A patient with massive burns developed acute renal insufficiency characterized by a significant and rapid deceleration of glomerular filtration. What is the mechanism of its development? A Reduction of renal blood flow * B Damage of glomerular filter C Reduction of functioning nephron number D Rise of pressure of tubular fluid E Renal artery embolism 133 A child is pale, pastose, muscular tissue is bad developed, lymph nodes are enlarged. He often suffers from angina and pharyngitis, blood has signs of lymphocytosis. The child is also predisposed to autoallergic diseases. What type of diathesis can be presumed in this case? A Lymphohypoplastic * B Exudative C Gouty
- 36. D Asthenic E Hemorrhagic 134 A 26 year old pregnant woman is under treatment at an in-patient hospital. After a continuous attack of vomiting she was found to have reduced volume of circulating blood. What kind of change in general blood volume is the case? A Polycythemic hypovolemia * B Simple hypovolemia C Oligocythemic hypovolemia D Polycythemic hypervolemia E Oligocythemic hypervolemia 135 Parents of a 3 year old child have been giving him antibiotics with purpose of preventing enteric infections for a long time. A month later the child's condition changed for the worse. Blood examination revealed apparent leukopenia and granulocytopenia. What is the most probable mechanism of blood changes? A Myelotoxic* B Autoimmune C Redistributive D Age-specific E Hemolytic 136 A patient ill with enteritis accompanied by massive diarrhea has low water rate in the extracellular space, high water rate inside the cells and low blood osmolarity. What is such disturbance of water-electrolytic metabolism called? A Hypo-osmolar hypohydration * B Hyperosmolar hypohydration C Osmolar hypohydration D Hypo-osmolar hyperhydration E Hyperosmolar hyperhydration 137 A patient with obliterating atherosclerosis underwent sympathectomy of femoral artery in the
- 37. region of femoral trigone. What type of arterial hyperemia was induced by the operation? A Neuroparalytic* B Reactive C Metabolic D Neurotonic E Functional 138 A 15 year old girl has pale skin, glossitis, gingivitis. Blood count: erythrocytes - 3,3*1012 /l, hemoglobin - 70 g/l, colour index - 0,5. Examination of blood smear revealed hypochromia, microcytosis, poikilocytosis. What type of anemia is it? A Iron-deficient * B B12-folic acid-deficient C Sickle-cell D Hemolytic E Thalassemia 139 A 70 year old man is ill with vascular atherosclerosis of lower extremities and coronary heart disease. Examination revealed disturbance of lipidic blood composition. The main factor of atherosclerosis pathogenesis is the excess of the following lipoproteins: A Low-density lipoproteins * B Cholesterol C High-density lipoproteins D Intermediate density lipoproteins E Chylomicrons 140 A patient ill with essential arterial hypertension had a hypertensic crisis that resulted in an attack of cardiac asthma. What is the leading mechanism of cardiac insufficiency in this case? A Heart overload caused by high pressure * B Heart overload caused by increased blood volume C Absolute coronary insufficiency D Myocardium damage E Blood supply disturbance 141 A 5 year old child is ill with measles. Blood analysis revealed increase of total number of leukocytes up to 13*109 /l. Leukogram: basophils - 0, eosinophils - 1, myelocytes - 0,
- 38. juvenile neutrophils - 0, band neutrophils - 2, segmented neutrophils - 41, lymphocytes - 28, monocytes - 28. Name this phenomenon: A Monocytosis * B Agranulocytosis C Lymphocytosis D Eosinopenia E Neutropenia 142 Rats being under stress have muscular hypertonia and high arterial pressure, high glucose concentration in blood and intensified secretion of corticotropin and corticosteroids. In what stress phase are these animals? A Antishock phase * B Exhaustion C Shock phase D Erectile E Terminal 143 After taking poor-quality food a patient developed repeated episodes of diarrhea. On the next day he presented with decreased arterial pressure, tachycardia, extrasystole. Blood pH is 7,18. These abnormalities were caused by the development of: A Nongaseous acidosis * B Gaseous acidosis C Nongaseous alkalosis D Gaseous alkalosis E Metabolic alkalosis 144 A patient was admitted to the infectious department. His symptoms: dry skin, decreased skin turgor, rice-water stool. The patient was diagnosed with cholera. What disorder of water-electrolytic balance is most often observed in this disease? A Isoosmotic hypohydration * B Hyperosmotic hyperhydration C Hypoosmotic hypohydration D Hyperosmotic hypohydration E Hypoosmotic hyperhydration
- 39. 145 A 45 year old woman is ill with breast cancer. Her left arm has symptoms of lymphatic system insufficiency - limb edema, lymph node enlargement. What form of lymphatic circulation insufficiency is it? A Mechanic insufficiency * B Dynamic insufficiency C Resorption insufficiency D Combined insufficiency E - 146 A 25 year old man has spent a long time in the sun under high air humidity. As a result of it his body temperature rose up to 39o C. What pathological process is it? A Hyperthermia * B Infectious fever C Hypothermia D Noninfectious fever E Burn disease 147 A 26 year old man is in the torpid shock phase as a result of a car accident. In blood: 3,2*109 /l. What is the leading mechanism of leukopenia development? A Redistribution of leukocytes in bloodstream * B Leikopoiesis inhibition C Disturbed going out of mature leukocytes from the marrow into the blood D Lysis of leukocytes in the blood-forming organs E Intensified elimination of leukocytes from the organism 148 Since a patient has had myocardial infarction, his atria and ventricles contract independently from each other with a frequency of 60-70 and 35-40 per minute. Specify the type of heart block in this case: A Complete atrioventricular * B Partial atrioventricular C Sino-atrial D Intra-atrial E Intraventricular
- 40. 149 A 54-year-old female was brought to the casualty department after a car accident. A traumatologist diagnosed her with multiple fractures of the lower extremities. What kind of embolism is most likely to develop in this case? A Fat * B Tissue C Thromboembolism D Gaseous E Air 150 A 53-year-old male patient complains of acute pain in the right hypochondrium. Objective examination revealed scleral icterus. Laboratory tests revealed increased ALT activity, and stercobilin was not detected in the stool. What disease is characterized by these symptoms? A Cholelithiasis * B Hemolytic jaundice C Hepatitis D Chronic colitis E Chronic gastritis