KSG.OITfinal.9.10.10lr

Knowledge and Skill Guidelines for Marine Science and Technology
Oceanographic Instrumentation
Technicians play an important
role in the collection of scien-
tific measurements that allow us
to understand how the oceans
work and to use the ocean and
its resources more safely and
wisely.
Historically, most ocean
measurements were made
from ships, but increasingly
they are being made from
unmanned platforms such as
moorings, drifters, and autono-
mous underwater vehicles. The
earliest of these measurements
or observations were made in
the spirit of pure exploration:
to describe what the ocean floor
looks like, where the strongest
currents are, how salty the
water is, etc. As new technolo-
gies were invented and new
theories advanced, targeted
ocean measurements were made
to try to understand ocean
dynamics and biological and
geological interactions: why the
strongest currents are along the
western boundaries of oceans,
why the biological productiv-
ity is greatest along the eastern
boundaries of oceans, how life
is sustained in the deep ocean.
Today, while ocean mea-
surements are still made for
exploration and for research,
more and more data are being
collected continuously in
near real-time and are used
to support operational mis-
sions, including governmental
and commercial uses such as
optimizing shipping routes,
managing fisheries, mitigating
oil spills, and forecasting storm
surge. The advent of ocean
observing systems that take an
integrated long-term approach
to observing the ocean can
be used to address a number of
societal issues, and are impor-
tant to research, education,
and commercial enterprises.
One could consider any
ongoing real-time or routine-
ly repeated measurements
intended for widespread
timely distribution for the pur-
poses of monitoring pollution,
ecosystem health, fisheries
management, climate change,
etc., to be examples of ocean
observing systems.
The goal of ocean observ-
ing systems is to pull together
data from various sources to
present a cohesive picture of
the oceans, and its biology,
chemistry, geology, and physics
that can be used for decision-
making. Like the global network
of weather stations that monitors
the atmosphere, ocean observ-
ing systems provide current
conditions and contribute to
short- and long-term ocean
and atmospheric forecasts for
the public; including pollution
alerts for beachgoers, ocean
temperatures for recreation
and fishing, harmful algal
bloom warnings for shellfish
Volume 4
C o n t e n t s
The Importance of Oceanographic Instrumentation
Technicians and Ocean Observing Systems
Oceanographic
Instrumentation Technician
www.marinetech.org
Page 2: Introduction to MATE’s
Knowledge and Skills Guidelines
Page 3: Knowledge and Skills Guidelines
for Oceanographic
InstrumentationTechnicians
Definitions
Page 4: Knowledge and Skill Overview
for an Oceanographic
InstrumentationTechnician
Page 5: Personal Characteristics
Page 7: OccupationalTitles
Page 9: Common Platforms
Salary Range
Page 11: Educational Background
Page 12: Basic Courses
Page 13: ComponentsTypically
Operated and Maintained
Page 15: Tools and Equipment
Page 16: Relevant Conferences
Page 17: FutureTrends
Professional Societies
Important Publications
HowThese Guidelines are
Developed
Page 19: Demographics
Page 20: MATE Center Focus
Ocean Drifter Project
(continued on page 18)
Mike Kelley, Ocean Observing Supervisor, works on a mooring observing
system in Monterey Bay.
This project is supported in part
by the
National Oceanographic Partnership
Program award number N00014-06-0833
and NOAA NOS & OAR contract number
DG133C-06-SE-5009
MBARI
© MATE Center 2010

Introduction to MATE’s Knowledge and Skill Guidelines
The process of developing a competent ocean workforce that
is well prepared for employment requires collaborating with
a wide range of people and organizations. One of the major tasks
of the Marine Advanced Technology Education (MATE) Center
is to identify and define marine technical occupations and the
abilities that men and women need in order to perform well in
these occupations. The major product that results from this work
is a set of occupational Knowledge and Skill Guidelines (KSGs)
for technical marine occupations. These guidelines describe what
workers need to know and be able to do in order to perform
their jobs well and they are different for each occupation. The
KSGs developed by the MATE Center include those for marine
technicians, remotely operated vehicle (ROV) technicians, hydro-
graphic survey technicians, aquarists, aquaculture technicians,
oceanographic instrumentation technicians, and operational
marine forecasters. All the KSGs developed by the MATE Center
can be found at www.marinetech.org/marineworkforce, or
printed copies can be requested from the MATE Center.

—Deidre Sullivan, MATE Center Director
About the MATE Center
The Marine Advanced Technology Education (MATE) Center
is a national partnership of organizations working to improve
marine technical education and in this way help to prepare
America’s future workforce for ocean occupations. Head-
quartered at Monterey Peninsula College (MPC) in Monterey,
California, the MATE Center has been funded as a National
Science Foundation (NSF) Advanced Technological Education
(ATE) Center of Excellence since 1997. The MATE Center
works with community colleges, high schools, universities,
research institutions, marine industries, professional societies,
and working professionals to facilitate the development of courses
and programs based on industry-established guidelines. In this
way, the Center is working with industry to create an education
system that meets the needs of employers and students, is flexible,
and provides employers with direct access to students. The Center
is also actively working to increase the awareness of ocean-related
careers and provide students, educators, workers, and employers
with up-to-date information to assist them in making informed
choices concerning their education and future.
The Importance of MarineTechnology
The ocean economy is large and diverse, accounting for twenty
percent of our national economy and supporting one in six jobs
in the country. Marine technology plays a vital role in supporting
the ocean economy, from national security to transportation and
commerce, energy and exploration activities, telecommunications,
recreation and tourism, fisheries and aquaculture, search and
recovery, environmental assessment and regulation, and research.
Although these economic sectors are diverse, the technology
supporting them has many similarities. These similarities include
the collection and use of remotely sensed data; the use of advanced
computing systems, such as GIS, for organizing and managing
data; and the use of electronics and microelectronics for power,
controls, and miniaturization in a remote, harsh environment.
The need for highly qualified technical professionals who can
design, build, operate, and maintain this technology has never
been greater. A concerted effort is required to ensure that our
workforce is prepared for an economy currently and increasingly
dependent on ocean activities and the technologies that make
these activities feasible.
2
MATE Strategy for Improving the MarineTechnical Workforce
PRODUCTS DESCRIPTION
Needs identification List of critical workforce needs from employer queries
Occupational definitions Employer recognized occupational categories
Occupational knowledge and skill guidelines Employee identified knowledge and skills for specific occupations
Competencies Knowledge and skills grouped by subject area
Instructional materials and services Competency-based assessments, modules, courses, faculty development
workshops, competitions, and internships
Educational programs Degree and certificate programs aligned with workforce needs
Career management programs Job placement programs, professional development courses

Knowledge and Skill Guidelines for an Oceanographic InstrumentationTechnician
On March 18-20, 2009, the Marine
Advanced Technology Education
(MATE) Center hosted a workshop
to define the occupational parameters
associated with an oceanographic
instrumentation technician (OIT). The
workshop panel (on right) combined
their individual expertise with results
from a pre-workshop survey of techni-
cians and their supervisors working in
the marine environment to develop
an occupational definition and outline
the job functions and tasks for an OIT.
The workshop panel also identified the
knowledge, skills, and performance indi-
cators for an OIT. Additional information
collected from the panel and survey respondents included the personal characteristics,
occupational titles, salary ranges, educational backgrounds, and desired course work
for an OIT. An initial step in developing the knowledge and skills guidelines was
defining some relevant terms related to the technology and platforms used by OITs.
Commonly used sensors, instruments, platforms, tools, and related technology are
included within this document. The panel also identified the professional societies,
conferences/symposiums, and professional publications that are relevant to OITs.
Finally, future trends for the occupation were identified within this document.
3
Introduction
Workshop Participants:
Workshop Organizers: Deidre Sullivan,
Shawn Smith, Leslie Rosenfeld,
and Tom Murphree
Workshop Facilitator:
Deidre Sullivan
Workshop Recorder:
Jill Zande
Panel Members:
Fred Bahr CeNCOOS
Raymond Boone National Data Buoy
Center
Mark Bushnell National Ocean
Service
Lynne Butler University of Rhode
Island
Chip Haldeman Rutgers University
Kevin Hart Naval
Oceanographic
Office
Steven Hartz University of Alaska
Cheryl Hickey National Data Buoy
Center
Mike Kelley Monterey Bay
Aquarium Research
Institute
Erich Rienecker Monterey Bay
Aquarium Research
Institute
Leslie Rosenfeld Naval Postgraduate
School
Shawn Smith Florida State
University
Jan van Smirren Fugro GEOS
Phil White NOAA Marine and
Aviation Operations
Definitions:
The following terms are defined and used throughout this guide.
Sensor – technology that measures a desired parameter
Instrument – a sensor or collection of sensors
Components – instruments, positioning systems, data loggers, communications
equipment, power supplies, ancillary cables, mounting hardware, etc.
Platform – physical structure on which components are deployed in the field
(e.g., ship, mooring, etc.)
System – components plus deployment platform
Users/Customers – persons who have commissioned/caused the data to
be collected and to whom the data are to be delivered
Overview of the Oceanographic Instrumentation
Technician
OITs make possible the collection of data from the sea. The ocean is a harsh environ-
ment, and deploying and maintaining equipment there requires skilled and dedicated
professionals. These individuals must be able to interface instrumentation to a wide
variety of platforms including ships, moorings, drifters, autonomous underwater
vehicles, etc. In many organizations, these technicians are responsible for all aspects
of data collection and management, from the deployment of the instrument to the
delivery of documented data to the end user. In many applications, the data are
required in near real-time, so OITs may be responsible for operating data communica-
tions equipment as well. Overall, these technicians provide onshore and offshore
laboratory, field, and technical support for in situ marine instrumentation and data
derived from those instruments.
OITs servicing a buoy.
MATECenter

Oceanographic InstrumentationTechnician Job Description
OITs are responsible for the installation, maintenance, troubleshooting, repair, engineering, and operation of instrumentation
and systems used for the collection of oceanic and marine atmospheric observations. They collect reliable, quality data using
in situ ocean observing instrumentation to meet user needs for government, industry, academia, and the public.
Knowledge and Skill Overview Chart for Oceanographic InstrumentationTechnicians
A.
Apply environ-
mental, safety,
quality, and
technical standards
(e.g., ISO)
A1
Properly handle
hazardous
materials
A2
Understand and
comply with
established safety
regulations
A3
Comply with
technical and
quality procedures
B.
Communicate
effectively (oral
and written)
B1
Produce
technical and
standard operating
procedures (SOP)
B2
Present results
B3
Coordinate
with personnel
(including ship’s
crew)
B4
Relate problems in
timely fashion
B5
Mentor less
experienced
personnel
B6
Interact with
vendors and
suppliers
B7
Maintain good
customer relations
C.
Prepare for
deployment
C1
Understand
observational
requirements
C2
Obtain permits
C3
Identify instru-
ment requirements
and select
instruments
C4
Procure
instruments
C5
Verify calibrations
or calibrate
sensors
C6
Instrument (hard-
ware and software)
setup and imple-
mentation
of modifications
C7
Conduct end
user acceptance
test (known as the
factory acceptance
test, FAT)
C8
Package and ship
instruments
C9
Coordinate
logistics
(e.g., travel)
C10
Maintain records
D.
Integrate
components
with platform
D1
Test instruments
on site
D2
Install instruments
on platform
D3
Test system
end-to-end or
conduct site
acceptance test
(SAT)
E.
Deploy and recover
system
E1
Develop a deploy-
ment and recovery
plan
E2
Locate site
E3
Communicate
plan
E4
Implement plan
E5
Verify system
operation and
position
E6
Conduct
post-recovery
inspection and
documentation
F.
Operate,
monitor, maintain,
and troubleshoot
system
F1
Monitor
instrument
performance
F2
Clean instruments
F3
Identify failures
F4
Make repairs
F5
Document actions
G.
Manage and quality
control data
G1
Retrieve data
G2
Backup data files
G3
Convert raw data
to end user units
G4
Visualize and
scrutinize raw data
G5
Flag or edit data
G6
Transfer data and
metadata
H.
Manage and
maintain computers
and networks
H1
Use software
programs
H2
Perform system
administration
H3
Perform scripting
or programming
H4
Operate computer
hardware
Job Function Task Areas
4

Knowledge and Skill Chart for Oceanographic InstrumentationTechnicians
Function A: Apply environmental, safety, quality, and technical standards (e.g. ISO)
Task
Performance Indicators
How do we know when the task is performed well?
Technical Knowledge and Skills
What oceanographic instrumentation technicians
need to know and/or be able to do in order to
perform this task well.
A1.
Properly handle
hazardous materials
• All agency rules are complied with
• No incident reports are required
• MSDS sheets are readily available
• Materials are properly stored, per regulations
• Materials are properly inventoried, per
regulations
• Appropriate containment procedures are in effect
• Safety protocol is in place
• Spills are cleaned up quickly and properly
• All required documentation is completed
• Ability to read MSDS sheets
• Knowledge of and ability to apply appropriate
state, federal, institutional, and international
regulations, such as DOT, OSHA, and IAT
• Ability to respond to accidents
• Knowledge of basic chemistry and hazardous
materials
• Knowledge of basic radioisotope safety, such as
lab procedures and isolation
A2.
Understand and
comply with
established safety
regulations
• Accidents and need for workers’ compensation
claims are minimized
• Safety procedures are in place and implemented
• All persons are familiar with safety procedures
• Safety briefings are well-documented
• All required documentation is completed
• Knowledge of first aid, CPR
• Seamanship/rigging skills
• Situational awareness
• Survival skills
• Ability to make decisions quickly and effectively
• Ability to conduct job safety analysis and
briefings
A3.
Comply with technical
and quality procedures
• Complete and well-written reports are on hand
when requested
• Required reports and documentation are
completed on time
• Corrective actions are minimized
• Ability to communicate clearly orally and in
writing
• Knowledge of technical terms
• Ability to meet deadlines
5
• Knack for troubleshooting
• Delight in knowing how things work
• Enjoy fixing things
• Mechanical aptitude
• Electrical and electronic aptitude
• Ability to operate and maintain
complex electronic equipment
• Ability and willingness to read
technical manuals
• Commitment to excellence in data
acquisition (care about data)
• Willingness to seek technical advice
from diverse sources
• Ability to multitask
Successful OITs are also:
• Organized
• Assertive
• Self-motivated
• Proactive
• Diplomatic
• Good listeners
• Physically fit
• Comfortable with heights
and confined spaces
• Quick learners
• Ability to work in high stress, sleep-
or food-deprived environment
• Ability to get along with others
• Ability to maintain focus
• Ability to learn from mistakes
• Willingness to travel, fly, and be away
from home for extended periods
• Pride in the job
• Passion for the job
• Patience
• Flexibility
• Creativity
• Adaptability
• Good sense of humor
Personal Characteristics of an Oceanographic Instrumentation Technician
An OIT tends to be a “jack of all trades.” Often, OITs must function as their own boss, or as a one-person department, yet they
also need to be able to work in a team. Successful OITs have the following characteristics:

Function B: Communicate effectively (oral and written)
Task
B1.
Produce technical and
standard operating
procedures (SOP)
• SOPs are in place and implemented
• Equipment damage and loss is minimized
• Personnel injury is minimized
• Ability to write in technical style
• Knowledge of operating procedures
• Knowledge of appropriate technical terms
B2.
Present results
• Audience understands information presented • Ability to effectively communicate to an
audience
• In-depth knowledge of the subject
B3.
Coordinate with
personnel (including
ship’s crew)
• Briefings accomplish objectives
• Miscommunications are minimal
• Hand signals are used properly
• Debriefings provide good, positive feedback
• Mission is successful
• Ability to conduct a briefing/debriefing (e.g.,
communicate mission and clarify terminology)
• Knowledge of chain of command
• Ability to use hand signals
• Knowledge of platform procedures
• Knowledge and ability to use wireless
communications (radio)
B4.
Relate problems in a
timely fashion
• Hazards are avoided because they are known • Ability to make decisions quickly and effectively
• Knowledge and ability to use wireless
communications (radio)
B5.
Mentor less
experienced personnel
• Trainees perform tasks correctly and efficiently
• Trainees perform operations properly, with
minimal assistance and oversight
• Data and equipment integrity are maintained
• Knowledge of training procedures
• Ability to assess trainees’ skills
• Ability to communicate clearly, both orally and
in writing
• Ability to maintain data and equipment in good
condition
B6.
Interact with vendors
and suppliers
• Systems (hardware, software, firmware, and
documentation) are current
• System performance is optimized
• Rapport is established and maintained
• Vendor makes contact to provide updates on
existing products and information
• Organizational skills to keep track of updates
• Interpersonal communication
• Ability to conduct market research
• Ability to keep abreast of current and emerging
technologies
B7.
Maintain good
customer relations
• Customer is satisfied
• Customer objective is completed
• Information is recorded accurately and legibly
• Logs and other records are current, correct,
and well-documented
in writing
• Ability to solve problems
• Good customer relation skills
6

Function C: Prepare for deployment
Task
C1.
Understand
observational
requirements
• Project plan developed and accepted • Knowledge of project objectives
• Understanding of the project environment
• Familiarity with instrument capabilities and
limitations
• Understanding of platform capabilities and
limitations
• Understanding of financial constraints
• Knowledge of the scientific method
C2.
Obtain permits
• Proper permit(s) obtained • Knowledge of regulations
• Knowledge of regulating authorities
C3.
Identify instrument
requirements and
select instruments
• Proper instrument is identified and selected
• Proper instrument options/configuration are
specified
• Familiarity with instrument capabilities and
limitations
• Understanding of platform capabilities and
limitations
• Understanding of financial constraints
• Ability to read and comprehend technical
specifications
• Knowledge of galvanic properties
C4.
Procure instruments
• Equipment and supplies are ordered in a timely
manner
• Proper instrument arrives in a timely fashion
• Equipment works properly
• Adequate equipment and supplies are on hand
• Proper inventory of equipment and supplies is
maintained
• Ability to maintain an inventory of equipment
and supplies
• Knowledge of inventory systems
• Ability to locate and contact vendors and
manufacturers
• Knowledge of purchasing procedures
• Ability to use the Internet, web browsers, and
search engines
• Written, oral, customer relations, and communi-
cation skills
• Electronics Equipment Specialist
• Electronics Technician
• Engineer (oceanographic and
others)
• Field Technician/Researcher/
Service Lead
• Physical Scientist
• Physical Science Technician
• Research Technician
• Ship Technician
• Survey Technician
• IT Specialist
• Marine Technician
• Mooring Technician
• Oceanographer
• Oceanographic Technician
• Offshore Technician
Occupational Titles for Oceanographic Instrumentation Technicians
Based on the workshop and survey results, the following titles are currently in use for the occupation we define here as an OIT:
7

Function C: Prepare for deployment (continued)
Task
C5.
Verify calibrations or
calibrate sensors
• Equipment/instrumentation functions within
manufacturer’s specifications
• Equipment/instrumentation complies with
current calibration standards
• Calibration records are complete, current, and
documented
• Log book is current
• Familiarity with calibration procedures and
standards
• Ability to apply calibration according to manu-
facturer specifications
• Ability to perform field calibrations
• Ability to maintain calibration records
• Computer skills
• Basic understanding of scientific notation
• Knowledge of and ability to apply mathematical
skills, including statistics, algebra, and geometry
• Knowledge of sensor operation
in writing
C6.
Instrument (hardware
and software) setup
and implementation
of modifications
• Instrument performs as planned • Knowledge of electronic and mechanical test
• Ability to troubleshoot systems
• Ability to use computer diagnostics
• Ability to read schematics and mechanical
drawings
• Time management skills
• Ability to use vendor and other supplied software
• Ability to write software (an advanced skill)
• Computer skills
C7.
Conduct end user
acceptance test (known
as Factory Acceptance
Test, FAT)
• End user satisfied that instrument is within
specifications
• Knowledge of electronic and mechanical test
equipment
• Ability to troubleshoot instruments
• Ability to perform relevant computer, electronic,
and mechanical repairs on equipment
in writing
• Ability to maintain calibration records
C8.
Package and ship
instruments
• Instruments arrive on time and in working
condition at anticipated cost
• Ability to pack, secure, and ship equipment/
instrumentation
• Knowledge of shipping procedures and time lines
• Ability to operate a forklift
• Knowledge of domestic and foreign customs
regulations
• Knowledge of export restrictions (e.g., ITAR,
CCL)
• Knowledge of hazmat and other shipping
regulations
8

Function C: Prepare for deployment (continued)
Task
C9.
Coordinate logistics
(travel, spare parts/
instuments, etc.)
• All personnel/equipment arrives at intended
destination on time and within budget
• Travel documents obtained
• Necessary immunizations and medications
obtained
• Required permits obtained
• Knowledge of organizational procedures and
timelines
• Knowledge of local customs and regulations
• Ability to obtain necessary documents/permits
C10.
Maintain records
• Records are current
• Information is recorded accurately and legibly
• Logs are current, correct, and well-documented
• Knowledge of and ability to perform record
keeping
• Knowledge of logs (e.g., maintenance, inven-
tory, finance, customer, event)
Salary Range for Oceanographic Instrumentation Technicians
Entry level OITs, with Associate’s degree and 0-5 years experience, typically earn ~ $27,000 - $50,000 per year.
Additional education will add to this base salary:
• Bachelor’s degree typically adds $5,000 - $10,000 per year
• Master’s degree typically adds $10,000 - $15,000 per year
Salary for a senior technician (more than 15 years experience) ranges from $60,000 to over $100,000.
9
• Ships and boats (including packages lowered or towed from them)
• Moorings (surface buoys, subsurface moorings, and bottom mount
platforms such as tripods)
• Surface drifters
• Profiling floats
• Autonomous/unmanned underwater vehicles (AUVs/UUVs)
including gliders
Common Platforms Used by Oceanographic Instrumentation Technicians
• Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)
• Fixed coastal sites (lighthouses, docks, piers etc.)
• Offshore structures
• Cabled observatories
• Submarines/submersibles
• Aircraft

Function D: Integrate components with platform
Task
D1.
Test instruments
on site
• Instrument performs as planned
• Equipment/instrumentation functions within
manufacturer’s specifications under field
conditions
• Equipment/instrumentation complies with
current calibration standards
• Calibration records are complete, current, and
documented
• Log book is current
• Familiarity with calibration procedures and
standards
• Knowledge of electronic and mechanical
test equipment
• Computer skills
• Mechanical aptitude and dexterity
• Ability to communicate clearly, both orally
and in writing
D2.
Install instruments on
platform
• Instrument and related components are appro-
priately positioned and properly secured
• Mounting systems meet the observational and
environmental requirements
• Mounting system works
• Proper materials are used
• Operation of components meets observational
requirements
• Components meets applicable standards
• Log book is filled out
• Ability to design and fabricate mounting
hardware (advanced skill)
• Knowledge of proper materials to use
• Knowledge of basic wiring – what equipment
draws and how to get power to it
• Ability to interface components
• Ability to secure equipment safely
• Ability to locate and comply with relevant
standards, policies, applicable laws, and
regulations
drawings
• Ability to obtain SCUBA dive certification
• Ability to safely work at height, in confined
spaces, and in other adverse conditions to
secure components
• Knowledge of platform layout and capabilities
• Ability to operate crane
D3.
Test system
end-to-end/
conduct site
acceptance test (SAT)
• System performs as planned
• System functions within manufacturer’s specifi-
cations under field conditions
• Log books and documentation are complete
• Knowledge of electronic and mechanical test
equipment
and mechanical repairs on the system
• Computer skills
• Ability to communicate clearly, both orally
and in writing
10

Function E: Deploy and recover system
Task
E1.
Develop a deployment
and recovery plan
• Standard operating proceedures (SOPs) and
safety considerations are incorporated
• Plan is executable with available personnel
• Contingency plans are included
• Knowledge of rigging equipment (e.g., shackles,
eyes, snatch blocks, bridles, slings)
• Knowledge of salvage equipment
• Knowledge of trigonometry
• Knowledge of physics
• Knowledge of ship’s procedures
• Knowledge of safety procedures
E2.
Locate site
• Site meets mission and permit requirements • Knowledge of navigation systems
• Knowledge of trigonometry (visual sighting)
• Ability to communicate with ship’s crew
• Knowledge of surveying
• Knowledge of environmental conditions
• Knowledge of platform limitations
• Ability to come up with contingency plan on
short notice
E3.
Communicate plan
• Team goals are accomplished
• Mission is successful
• Communications are clear and concise
• Scientists are well-informed as to the capabilities
and limitations of the platform
• All parties are informed of plan of action, time
line, and individual roles
• Platform operator has been briefed on scientific
mission
in writing
• Ability to conduct briefings
• Ability to solve problems
• Knowledge of platform procedures
• Ability to focus on team goals
• Ability to get along with fellow team members
Associate’s (2-year) degree
• Biology
• Computer technology
• Electronics
• Instrumentation
• Marine science
• Marine technology
• Oceanographic technology
Master’s degree
• Applied ocean science
• Computer science
• Engineering (all types)
• Hydrography
• Marine science
• Meteorology
• Ocean observing systems
• Oceanography (physical or other)
• Operational oceanography
• Physics
Bachelor’s (4-year) degree
• Computer science
• Electrical engineering
• Marine science
• Marine technology
• Mechanical engineering
• Ocean engineering
• Oceanography
• Physical/earth sciences
Educational Background for Oceanographic Instrumentation Technicians
Persons entering into the occupation of an OIT can have a wide range of educational experience. In some cases, OITs enter
the field with a high school diploma and some specialized work experience (e.g., military service focused on a technical field).
Common formal educational backgrounds include the following degree programs:
11

Function E: Deploy and recover system (continued)
Task
E4.
Implement plan
• Knots, gear, and rigging equipment are used
properly
• Rigging is accomplished safely, correctly, and in
a timely manner
• Items are moved or secured safely and without
damage
• Hand signals are used properly
• Personal floatation devices and safety gear are
used properly
• Environmental concerns are addressed adequately
• Overhead loads and other hazards are assessed
properly
• Knowledge of rigging equipment (e.g., shackles,
eyes, snatch blocks, bridles, slings)
• Knowledge of salvage equipment
• Knowledge of trigonometry
• Ability to operate launch and recovery equip-
ment (e.g., pelican hooks, happy hooker ring)
• Ability to operate winches, cranes, and frames
safely
• Ability to operate a forklift
• Knowledge of seamanship, rigging, knot tying
• Understanding of, and ability to, apply safety
protocols
• Ability to recognize unsafe conditions and react
swiftly and appropriately
• Ability to operate small boats
E5.
Verify system operation
and position
• System in position and data coming through
(if applicable)
• Knowledge of navigation systems
• Computer/software skills
• Ability to communicate with ship’s crew
• Knowledge of system communication protocols
(e.g., satellite telemetry, RF, cabled, etc.)
E6.
Conduct post-recovery
inspection and
documentation
• Component condition properly assessed and
noted
• Mission completed successfully
• Documentation completed
• Ability to operate photo and video documenta-
tion equipment
• Knowledge of and ability to perform record
keeping
• Algebra
• Chemistry
• Communication systems
• Computer networking
• Computer programming
• Data analysis
• Data loggers and sensor
integration
• Electrical engineering
Desired Basic Courses
• Electronics (2 courses minimum)
• Fabrication
• First aid
• Mechanics
• Meteorology
• Oceanographic instrumentation/
sensors
• Oceanography
• Photo documentation
• Physics
• Project management
• Public speaking
• Scientific/working diving
• Seamanship/navigation
• Statistics
• Technical writing
• Trigonometry
• Web programming
Internships related to any of the above fields of study and/or basic course options are very beneficial for persons interested in
working as an OIT.
12

Function F: Operate, monitor, maintain, and troubleshoot system
Task
F1.
Monitor instrument
performance
• Problems are identified in a timely manner
• Results are within expected limits
• Data are validated (e.g. inter-comparison
between sensors)
in writing
• Knowledge of system and environment
• Data visualization and analysis skills
F2.
Clean instruments
• Scheduled cleaning is performed
• Environmental regulations are followed
• Data quality is maintained
• Sensor meets or exceeds expected life span
• Ability to delegate
• Knowledge of hazardous materials regulations
• Knowledge of appropriate materials and
methods
Components Typically Operated and Maintained by Oceanographic Instrumentation Technicians
Environmental sensors and instruments
• CTD/XBT/thermosalinograph/
other conductivity and temper-
ture sensors
• Current profilers and meters (all
types)
• Standard meteorological sensors
(humidity, air temperature,
pressure, wind)
• Inherent optical sensors (transmis-
someter, fluorometer, attenuation
meter, etc.)
• Apparent optical sensors (atmo-
spheric radiation, PAR, radiance/
irradiance sensor)
• SONAR (sidescan, multibeam,
echosounder, sub-bottom
profiler)
• Pressure sensors (ocean)
• Dissolved gas sensors (oxygen,
CO2, freon)
• Other meteorological sensors
(precipitation, lightning, CO2,
cloud height or ceiling, visibility)
• Tide gauges and other water
level sensors
• Wave sensors
• Biological sampling devices (video
plankton recorders, UBAT)
• Magnetometers
• Gravity meters
• Radioactivity meters
Position and orientation devices
• Global Positioning Systems
(e.g., DGPS, WAAS, GCGPS,
RTK)
• Compasses (magnetic, gyro)
• Chart plotters/navigational
software
• Inertial navigation systems
(e.g., POS-MV)
• Pitch/roll/heave sensors
• Doppler velocity logs
• Acoustic positioning systems
(pingers, USBL, transponders,
etc.)
• Automatic Identification Systems
(AIS) (ship positioning,
transponder)
• Location finders (e.g., Radio
direction finder, ARGOS beacon,
IALA (visual)
Data loggers/acquisition systems
• COTS (commercial off the shelf)
or custom design
• Stand alone and networked
• Integrated marine management
systems
13

Task
F3.
Identify failures
• Correct test equipment is chosen for each task
• Test equipment is used properly to accomplish
required task(s)
• Tests are conducted in a safe manner
• Test and measurement data are used to
troubleshoot and resolve problems successfully
• Knowledge of and ability to use electronic and
mechanical test equipment (e.g., oscilloscope,
megohmmeter, multimeter)
• Ability to determine proper equipment for test
• Ability to use computer diagnostics software
• Ability to inspect components (e.g., for
corrosion, wear, damage)
• Knowledge of system and environment
• Data visualization and analysis skills
• Ability to make and use flow charts
drawings
F4.
Make repairs
• Relevant repairs are coordinated with
manufacturer
• Repairs are completed safely (lockout, tagout),
correctly, and in a timely manner
• System demonstrates increased reliability
• Logs are current
and mechanical repairs on equipment
• Ability to replace parts to board level
• Knowledge of electronics
• Ability to solder
• Ability to take apart and rebuild instruments
• Knowledge of safety (lockout, tagout)
procedures
drawings
• Time management skills
F5.
Document actions
• Problem and solution clearly documented,
disseminated, and filed
with technical writing
Function F: Operate, monitor, maintain, and troubleshoot system (continued)
14
Components Typically Operated and Maintained by Oceanographic Instrumentation Technicians
Telemetry (communications) equipment
• Acoustic modems
• RF systems (subsea, line of sight)
• Cables (fiberoptic, copper, wave
guide)
• Infrared technology
• Satellites (lower earth
orbit [ARGOS, IRIDIUM],
geostationary earth orbit
[INMARSAT,VSAT,GOES])
• Cell phones
• Microwave transmitters/receivers
• Inductive modems
Power types
• Solar
• Battery (primary and secondary)
• Generator
• Wind turbine
• Kinetic
• Inverter and rectifier (AC/DC)
• UPS
Cables/connectors
• Wet pluggable
• Underwater splices
Associated equipment
• Mounting brackets, etc.
• Shackles, chain, wire rope
(rigging)
(continued from page 13)

Task
G1.
Retrieve data
• Data are recovered from instruments successfully
• Files are properly named
• Documentation is completed
• Ability to operate vendor or other software
• Ability to interface equipment
• Ability to operate telemetry equipment
G2.
Back up data files
• Data are stored on appropriate media with
sufficient copies to meet observational
requirements
• All data arrive at “home base” in good order
• Computer skills
G3.
Convert raw data to
enduser units
• Data are converted properly • Computer skills
• Ability to operate vendor or other software
• Ability to apply computer scripting
• Knowledge of software programming
G4.
Visualize and scrutinize
raw data
• Plots created are clear and well documented
(e.g., axes are labeled, correct units are used).
• Potential problems are correctly identified
• Anomalies are properly identified
• Interesting physical features are correctly
identified
• See G3
• Understanding of visualizations
• Knowledge of environment (e.g., oceanography,
meteorology, chemistry, physics)
• Understanding of instrument performance in
environment
G5.
Flag or edit data
• Suspect data are flagged correctly
• Invalid data are properly rejected
• Anomalous data are properly documented
• Data quality objectives meet observational
requirements
• See G4
G6.
Transfer data and
metadata
• Data distribution requirements are met in a
timely manner
• Metadata allows data discovery
• Data are transferred to archive as per observa-
tional requirements
• Documentation of data transmittal is accurate
and complete
• Computer skills
• Ability to post data and/or metadata to
appropriate electronic forums (e.g. the web,
data servers)
Function G: Manage and quality control data
15
• Multimeter and oscilloscope
• Spectrum analyzer
• Fox and hound
• Network tools
Tools Typically Used by Oceanographic Instrumentation Technicians
• Serial communication
• Termination and cable crimping
tools (e.g. RJ45)
• Solder station
• Hand tools
• Power tools
• Welding equipment

Task
H1.
Use software programs
• Appropriate software is selected for each task
• Desired end product is efficiently created
• Ability to use relevant software (e.g., Matlab,
SQL, Microsoft Office including macros, GIS,
CAD, Lab-view, VNC, Ocean data viewer)
• Ability to learn new software
H2.
Perform system
administration
• System functions within specifications
• System operates with high reliability
• Maintenance is performed on schedule
• Log books are current and legible
• Multiple systems are interfaced successfully
• Scientific data are recorded, backed up, and
made accessible
• Customers are satisfied
• Knowledge of and ability to install and maintain
operating systems (Windows, LINUX, MacOS),
software, hardware, and networks
• Knowledge of and ability to troubleshoot/
repair operating systems, software, hardware,
and networks
• Ability to write clear, concise log entries
• Knowledge of incremental back-up techniques
• Knowledge of storage media (e.g., DVD)
• Knowledge of computer security
• Ability to use TCP/IP, UDP, etc.
• Understanding of file structures and
permissions
H3.
Perform scripting or
programming
• Program performs planned tasks
• Program is well documented
• Source code is provided
• Knowledge of scripting languages, such as
JavaScript, PHP, Power Shell, DOS, BAT
• Knowledge of programming languages, such as
Java, C, Matlab, PERL, NET
• Knowledge of web languages, such as HTML,
XML
• bility to document program/source code in
clear, concise language
• Knowledge of version control
H4.
Operate computer
hardware
• Operates correctly
• Uninterrupted operation
• Instruments properly interfaced to computer
• Ability to install components
• Knowledge of interface ports
• Knowledge of power budgets and UPSs
• Knowledge of electronics
Function H: Manage and maintain computers and networks
• Buoy Workshop (MTS)
• Current Measurement Technology (IEEE)
• International Marine Technicians (INMARTECH) Symposium
• Ocean Optics
• Ocean Sciences (AGU/ASLO/TOS)
• Oceans (MTS/IEEE)
Relevant Conferences for Oceanographic Instrumentation Technicians
• Offshore Technology Conference
• Underwater Interventions (ADC/MTS)
• UNOLS Research Vessel Technical Enhancement
Committee (RVTEC)
• Workboat Show
• Digital Ship Conference
16

• American Geophysical Union (AGU)
• American Meteorological Society (AMS)
• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
• Marine Technology Society (MTS)
• Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (AMS)
• Journal of Oceanic and Atmospheric Technology (AMS)
• Marine Technology Reporter
• Ocean News and Technology
• Sea Technology
• Marine Electronics (official journal of the NMEA)
• Experienced workers aging out of the system
• Higher data rates and larger data volume
• Higher personnel turnover rates
• Increase in real-time data delivery
• Increase in international interaction
• Increasingly complex systems
• More autonomous platforms deployed with increasing numbers
of instruments
• More computerized automation
• More data management requirements (standardization)
• More remotely controlled systems
• More technicians will be needed (numbers depend on funding)
• Technicians will need to be more versatile
• Technicians will need to be more interdisciplinary
• Technicians will need to deal with research to operations issue
• Technicians will need to function on a higher level
• Technicians will need to more frequently learn new technologies
Professional Societies Relevant to Oceanographic Instrumentation Technicians
Important Publications for Oceanographic Instrumentation Technicians
Future Trends Likely to Affect Oceanographic
Instrumentation Technicians
• Society for Underwater Technology (SUT)
• The Oceanography Society (TOS)
• National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA)
• Technical reports (e.g., those produced by the
Alliance for Coastal Technology)
• Vendor newsletters
• Digital Ship newsletter/magazine
• Computer magazines, websites, email newsletters
and blogs
17
The process used by the MATE Center closely follows
that outlined in the Skill Standards Guidebook I
(October 1996) prepared by the Boeing Company,
the Center for Career and Work-Related Education,
and the Washington State Board for Community
and Technical Colleges. Very simply, MATE selects
a marine occupation based on employer surveys, the
advice of experts in the field, and other labor market
information. A highly-structured workshop (modified
DACUM1 – Developing A CUrriculuM) is then
conducted with a group of eight to twelve technical
professionals. These professionals work with a trained
facilitator for two days to define the job functions
and tasks associated with their specific occupation.
The information gathered during the workshop is
used to develop draft guidelines, which are then
sent out to hundreds of technical professionals,
representing large and small organizations from the
public and private sector, for validation. The resulting
guidelines represent the consensus of hundreds of
professionals on the breadth of the occupation.
No one technician would be expected to master all
knowledge and skills and some may specialize in a
subset of the job functions.
1Norton, R.E. 1996. DACUM Handbook. Center on
Education and Training for Employment, College of
Education, The Ohio State University, 1900 Kenny Road,
Columbus, Ohio 43210
How these Guidelines are
Developed

18
harvesters, wave conditions for surfers,
and impending El Niño conditions for
farmers and others. Long time-series
observations, a central part of many
ocean observing systems, are essential
for effective policy planning regarding
issues such as sea level rise and ocean
acidification.
Many ocean observing systems in
the U.S. fall under the umbrella of the
government sponsored Integrated Ocean
Observing System (IOOS). Other ocean
observing systems are privately funded
by charitable foundations, sponsored by
consortia of local governments and/or
public utilities, or funded by industries
needing the information for commercial
operations. In practice, funding from all
these sources may be used together to
support ocean observing systems.
As described on the IOOS website,
“The IOOS is a multidisciplinary system
designed to enhance our ability to col-
lect, deliver, and use ocean information.
The goal is to provide continuous data on our open oceans, coastal waters, and
Great Lakes in the formats, rates, and
scales required by scientists, manag-
ers, businesses, governments, and the
public to support research and inform
decision-making.”2
The IOOS is expected to contribute
to improvements in at least seven areas:
• predictions of climate change and its
socio-economic consequences;
• the safety and efficiency of maritime
operations;
• the mitigation of effects of natural
hazards such as storms;
• national and homeland security;
• reduction of public health risks;
• protection and restoration of healthy
marine ecosystems; and
• ecosystem-based management of
natural resources.
The goal of the Ocean Observatories
Initiative (OOI), the National Science
Foundation’s contribution to IOOS, is
“to install transformational technol-
ogy in ocean observatories where it can
serve researchers, policymakers and the
public.”3 The OOI “will construct a
networked infrastructure of science-
driven sensor systems to measure the
Ocean instrumentation technicians
work in a variety of academic, gov-
ernment, environmental, and for-
profit organizations; and through
their efforts reliable, quality, in situ
ocean data are obtained to support:
• ocean and coastal resource
managers;
• emergency responders, including
search and rescue operations
and planning for coastal storms;
• scientists studying ocean and
coastal ecosystems and
phenomena;
• policy makers at the national,
state, and local levels;
• educators seeking to convey the
complexity and importance of
ocean resources; and
• members of the general public,
including anyone who uses oceans
for their livelihood or recreation.1
1, 2 http://ioos.gov
3 http://www.oceanleadership.org/programs-and-partnerships/ocean-observing/ooi/
A MATE student intern prepares a CTD for
deployment.
Diagram of an example of a modern ocean observing system.
IllustrationbytheUniversityofWashington
MATECenter

We surveyed 77 technicians prior to conducting the OIT workshop to understand the nature of their educational backgrounds
and experience. The following charts summarize their responses.
Figure 1: What is your highest level of education? Figure 2: How long have you worked with
ocean observing system instruments?
Figure 3: How long have you been in
your current job?
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
No.ofresponses
None
HighSchoolCertificateonly
Associate’s
Bachelor’s
Master’s
Doctorate
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
No.ofresponses
[0-5] [5-10] [10-15] [15-20] [20-25] [25-30] [>30]
Years
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
No.ofresponses
[0-5] [5-10] [10-15] [15-20] [20-25] [25-30] [>30]
Years
Figure 4: Where did you obtain your physical science technician training?
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
No.ofresponses
OnJobMentoring
VendorTraining
College
AirForce
SelfTaught
USCG
CommunityCollege
Internship
Navy
Networkw/
Colleagues
Military(general)
NOAA
Army
19
MATECenter
MATE student interns at sea.
Demographics of Oceanographic Instrumentation Technicians (OITs)

20
physical, chemical, geological and biologi-
cal variables in the ocean and seafloor.”4
The global component of OOI will include
a network of buoys measuring a variety of
atmospheric and oceanic variables. On a
regional scale, ocean floor observatories
cabled to shore will provide long term and
adaptive access to measurements of geo-
logical and oceanographic phenomena.
Coastal nodes will combine moored and
mobile assets to enable research in the
complex coastal environment.
These exciting new developments
in ocean observing systems will require
the services of many oceanographic
instrumentation technicians who will
need to be knowledgeable about a range
of instruments and platforms and how
to install, maintain and operate them in
often harsh, remote ocean environments.
knowledge and skills necessary to help their
students build and deploy ocean drifters
and analyze and visualize collected data.
This helps students prepare for jobs in the
ocean observing workforce, where technical
knowledge and skills such as gathering,
analyzing, visualizing, and sharing real-time
data are essential.
The MATE Ocean Drifter Project
was launched in 2009, with funding from
NSF and technical assistance from NOAA
(NEFSC & SWFSC) and COSEE-NOW
(Centers for Ocean Sciences Education
Excellence-Networked Ocean World,
http://coseenow.net).
MATE’s Ocean Drifter
Project illustrates its commit-
ment to helping community
colleges and universities
meet the demands of the
rapidly evolving ocean
observing system (OOS)
workforce. The project
helps high schools, commu-
nity colleges, and universities
develop curriculum and
activities that incorporate
ocean observing and data
collection technologies
that are critical to the OOS
workforce.
Ocean drifters are floating platforms
equipped with sensors and satellite commu-
nication technology that can transmit data
on a nearly continuous basis. They provide
scientists and the general public with
real-time observations relating to ocean
properties such as currents and tempera-
ture, which have widespread applications in
shipping, search and recovery, recreation,
and science.
The goal of MATE’s Ocean Drifter
Project is to incorporate ocean technology,
real-time data collection, and data sharing
into the curriculum. Faculty participants
in the Ocean Drifter Project are given the
MATE Center
Monterey Peninsula College
980 Fremont Street
Monterey, CA 93940
Ph (831) 645-1393
Fx (831) 646-3080
admin@marinetech.org
www.marinetech.org
Knowledge and Skill Guidelines for
Oceanographic Instrumentation
Technician
Managing Editor: Deidre Sullivan
Copy Editors: Caroline Brown, Jill Zande
ContributingWriters: Leslie Rosenfeld,
Deidre Sullivan, Shawn Smith,
Tom Murphree
1. Supporting institutions interested
in developing or improving ocean
technology-related programs.
2. Assessing workforce needs and devel-
oping knowledge and skill guidelines
for new and emerging occupations.
3. Developing curricula in the areas
of submersible technology, marine
data collection including real-time
data (ocean observing systems),
marine geospatial technology, and
career awareness.
4. Offering professional development
for high school, college, and univer-
sity faculty that focus on a broad
array of marine technologies,
workplace skills, and pedagogical
innovations.
5. Conducting regional and interna-
tional underwater robotics (ROVs)
competitions to increase students’
learning experiences and build aca-
demic and employer partnerships.
6. Improving student preparation for
the workplace through at-sea and
shore-based technical internships.
7. Disseminating MATE products,
including curricula, textbooks,
occupational guidelines, competen-
cies, and process guides (internship
manuals, survey materials, etc.)
both in traditional formats and
electronically though the Center’s
web site.
8. Disseminating up-to-date, compre-
hensive workforce information via
OceanCareers.com (www.oceanca-
reers.com) created in partnership
with the Centers for Ocean Sciences
Education Excellence (COSEE)
Increasing the diversity of the ocean-
related workforce is an overarching
goal of the Center’s work.
MATE Center Focuses
its Efforts in Eight
Major Areas:
Students from Cape Fear Community College of Wilmington,
NC launch a drifter that collects real-time information about
ocean currents.
The white dots above represent the path Cape Fear
Community College’s drifter followed in the Gulf
Stream (displayed in Google Earth.)
Ocean Drifter Project Provides OOS Workforce Skills
CapeFearCommunityCollege
4 http://www.oceanleadership.org/
programs-and-partnerships/ocean-observing/ooi/
MATECenter

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