Kubernetes Operators Automating The Container Orchestration Platform Jason Dobies
Kubernetes Operators Automating The Container Orchestration Platform Jason Dobies
Kubernetes Operators Automating The Container Orchestration Platform Jason Dobies
Kubernetes Operators Automating The Container Orchestration Platform Jason Dobies
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6. Praise for KubernetesOperators
“Kubernetes has emerged as the world’s most powerful container orchestration platform,
but its true power is hidden behind an extensible API and automation framework that
will redefine how future platforms are built and operated; this book is the missing manual.”
—Kelsey Hightower, Technologist, Google Cloud
“The Kubernetes Operators book by Jason and Josh is something that should not be
missing on your (digital) bookshelf, if you’re serious about Kubernetes. It’s hands-on,
covers the why and the how, and enables you to successfully apply the operator pattern in
your environment. I’d consider this book the perfect followup to Programming Kubernetes.”
—Michael Hausenblas, Amazon Web Services
“This book is essential for anyone looking to adopt the Operator Paradigm for their
critical workloads. It provides a comprehensive overview of design principles,
implementation paths and traps, and utilization of the existing ecosystem.”
—Anish Asthana, Software Engineer, Red Hat
“Working with Jason over the past several years, I have always wanted a dump of what’s in
his head, and now I have it! Josh and Jason have created an essential guide for anyone
creating operators, and it will be a significant advantage for us as we look to mature our
operator into the Auto Pilot phase with the goal of becoming a true ‘Kubernetes
Application Reliability Engineering’ function for our customers.”
—Dave Meurer, Technical Global Alliances, Synopsys, Inc.
“Another brilliant publication by Josh and Jason that provides market-leading data
for Kubernetes Operators.”
—Joe Gomes, Global Alliances, Synopsys, Inc.
8. Jason Dobies and Joshua Wood
Kubernetes Operators
Automating the Container
Orchestration Platform
Boston Farnham Sebastopol Tokyo
Beijing Boston Farnham Sebastopol Tokyo
Beijing
10. To my kids, Leanne and Austin, know that it is never easy to have to tell you “No, daddy
has to work.” Realize that all of it—the meetings, the trips, the book—all of it is for you
two. I have your backs in whatever the future holds for you, and I can’t wait to see the
awesome things you two do.
—Jason
To Shayna.
—Joshua
12. Table of Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
1. Operators Teach Kubernetes New Tricks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
How Kubernetes Works 1
Example: Stateless Web Server 3
Stateful Is Hard 4
Operators Are Software SREs 4
How Operators Work 5
Kubernetes CRs 6
How Operators Are Made 6
Example: The etcd Operator 6
The Case of the Missing Member 7
Who Are Operators For? 7
Operator Adoption 8
Let’s Get Going! 8
2. Running Operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Setting Up an Operator Lab 9
Cluster Version Requirements 9
Authorization Requirements 10
Standard Tools and Techniques 11
Suggested Cluster Configurations 11
Checking Your Cluster Version 12
Running a Simple Operator 13
A Common Starting Point 13
Fetching the etcd Operator Manifests 14
CRs: Custom API Endpoints 14
Who Am I: Defining an Operator Service Account 15
vii
18. Preface
Kubernetes is a popular container orchestrator. It harnesses many computers together
into one large computing resource and establishes a means of addressing that
resource through the Kubernetes application programming interface (API). Kuber‐
netes is open source software with origins at Google, developed over the last five
years by a large group of collaborators under the auspices of the Cloud Native Com‐
puting Foundation (CNCF).
An Operator extends Kubernetes to automate the management of the entire lifecycle
of a particular application. Operators serve as a packaging mechanism for distribut‐
ing applications on Kubernetes, and they monitor, maintain, recover, and upgrade the
software they deploy.
Who This Book Is For
If you’ve deployed applications on a Kubernetes cluster, you’ll be familiar with some
of the challenges and aspirations that forged the Operator pattern. If you’ve main‐
tained foundation services like databases and filesystems in their own ghetto outside
your orchestrated clusters, and you yearn to bring them into the neighborhood, this
guide to Kubernetes Operators is for you.
What You Will Learn
This book explains what an Operator is and how Operators extend the Kubernetes
API. It shows how to deploy and use existing Operators, and how to create and dis‐
tribute Operators for your applications using the Red Hat Operator Framework. We
relate good practices for designing, building, and distributing Operators, and we
explain the thinking that animates Operators with Site Reliability Engineering (SRE)
principles.
After describing Operators and their concepts in the first chapter, we’ll suggest ways
to get access to a Kubernetes cluster where you can do the exercises in the rest of the
xiii
19. book. With a cluster running, you’ll deploy an Operator and observe its behavior
when its application fails, scales, or gets upgraded to a new version.
Later, we will explore the Operator SDK and show you how to use it to build an
Operator to naturalize an example application as a first-class Kubernetes citizen. With
that practical foundation in place, we will discuss the SRE ideas from which Opera‐
tors derive and the goals they share: reducing operations effort and cost, increasing
service reliability, and spurring innovation by freeing teams from repetitive mainte‐
nance work.
Operator Framework and SDK
The Operator pattern emerged at CoreOS as a way to automate increasingly complex
applications on Kubernetes clusters, including managing Kubernetes itself and the
etcd key-value store at its heart. Work on Operators continued through an acquisition
by Red Hat, leading to the 2018 release of the open source Operator Framework and
SDK. The examples in this book use the Red Hat Operator SDK and the distribution
mechanisms that join it in the Operator Framework.
Other Operator Tools
A community has grown up around Operators, with more than a hundred Operators
for an array of applications from many vendors and projects available in Red Hat’s
distribution channels alone. Several other Operator construction tools exist. We won’t
discuss them in detail, but after you read this book you’ll be able to compare any of
them with the Operator SDK and Framework. Other open source tools available for
building Operators include Kopf for Python, Kubebuilder from the Kubernetes
project, and the Java Operator SDK.
Conventions Used in This Book
The following typographical conventions are used in this book:
Italic
Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file extensions.
Constant width
Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer to program ele‐
ments such as variable or function names, databases, data types, environment
variables, statements, and keywords.
Constant width bold
Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user.
xiv | Preface
20. Constant width italic
Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values or by values deter‐
mined by context.
This element signifies a tip or suggestion.
This element signifies a general note.
This element indicates a warning or caution.
Using Code Examples
Supplemental material (code examples, exercises, etc.) is available for download at
https://github.com/kubernetes-operators-book/.
If you have a technical question or a problem using the code examples, please send
email to bookquestions@oreilly.com.
This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, if example code is offered
with this book, you may use it in your programs and documentation. You do not
need to contact us for permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of
the code. For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this
book does not require permission. Selling or distributing examples from O’Reilly
books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting
example code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of
example code from this book into your product’s documentation does require
permission.
We appreciate, but generally do not require, attribution. An attribution usually
includes the title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Kubernetes Operators by
Jason Dobies and Joshua Wood (O’Reilly). Copyright 2020 Red Hat, Inc.,
978-1-492-04805-3.”
If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given
above, feel free to contact us at permissions@oreilly.com.
Preface | xv
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