1. At destructive plate boundaries like subduction zones, denser oceanic plates descend under lighter continental plates, melting due to friction and forming volcanoes.
2. At collision boundaries, continental plates collide and buckle upwards, forming features like the Himalayas.
3. At constructive boundaries like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, plates move apart and molten rock rises to fill the gap, creating new seabed and occasional low-strength volcanoes and earthquakes.