![Rydberg Equation 1/ λ = R H [1/n 1 2 - 1/n 2 2 ] R H = 1.09678 x 10 -2 nm -1 Solve the equation for an electron moving from level 4 to 2.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lab9-100222132012-phpapp02/85/Lab-8-atomic-structure-46-320.jpg)
Lab 8 atomic structure
- 1. Lab 9 Atomic Structure Emission Spectrum Electron Configuration
- 2. HISTORY OF THE ATOM 460 BC Democritus develops the idea of atoms he pounded up materials in his mortar and pestle until he had reduced them to smaller and smaller particles which he called ATOMS ( greek for indivisible )
- 3. Development of the Model of an Atom 400 BC Democritus – Particle Model Ancient Greek philosopher Proposes that matter is composed of smallest particles called atoms An idea with no evidence Aristotle – Continuous Model Alternative idea Continuous model of matter- no smallest piece
- 4. HISTORY OF THE ATOM 1808 John Dalton suggested that all matter was made up of tiny spheres that were able to bounce around with perfect elasticity and called them ATOMS
- 5. Dalton proposes Atomic Theory in 1803 Based upon experimental evidence All matter composed of atoms Atoms of same element have same mass and properties Atoms are neither created nor destroyed, they are rather simply rearranged in chemical reactions Evidence – Lavoiser- Conservation of Mass Compounds are composed of elements in simple whole number ratios Evidence – Proust
- 6. HISTORY OF THE ATOM 1898 Joseph John Thompson found that atoms could sometimes eject a far smaller negative particle which he called an ELECTRON
- 7. Thomson and the Discovery of Electrons
- 9. J. J. Thomson’s Experiment Devised an experiment to find the ratio of the cathode ray particle’s mass ( m e ) to the charge ( e ) m e / e = –5.686 x 10 –12 kg C –1
- 10. Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model Based upon the charge to mass ratio, the electron must be much smaller than the atom Proposed negative electrons embedded in positive matrix of atom
- 11. HISTORY OF THE ATOM Thomson develops the idea that an atom was made up of electrons scattered unevenly within an elastic sphere surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electron's charge 1904 PLUM PUDDING MODEL
- 12. Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment Measuring the Charge on an electron
- 13. Unstable Atoms and Radioactivity Atoms are not indestructible Atoms are composed of smaller particles Alpha particles – positively charged Beta particles – negatively charged Gamma rays – no charge
- 14. Radioactivity
- 15. Goldstein’s Discovery of Protons
- 16. Mass Spectrometer- Determining the Percent Abundance of Different Isotopes of same element
- 17. Mass Spectrometer If a stream of positive ions having equal velocities is brought into a magnetic field, the lightest ions are deflected the most, making a tighter circle
- 18. Mass Spectrometry EOS A record of the separation of ions is called a mass spectrum
- 19. Isotopes of Neon Neon-20 10 protons 10 neutrons Neon-21 10 protons 11 neutrons Neon-22 10 protons 12 neutrons
- 21. HISTORY OF THE ATOM 1910 Ernest Rutherford oversaw Geiger and Marsden carrying out his famous experiment. They fired Helium nuclei at a piece of gold foil which was only a few atoms thick. They found that although most of them passed through. About 1 in 10,000 hit
- 22. Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
- 23. Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment gold foil helium nuclei They found that while most of the helium nuclei passed through the foil, a small number were deflected and, to their surprise, some helium nuclei bounced straight back.
- 24. Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of the Atom Most the alpha particles (helium nuclei) pass through the gold foil Atom mostly empty space Alpha particles did not hit anything A very few deflected straight back Alpha particles deflected by a dense positive nucleus
- 25. Visualizing the Pathway of Alpha Particles through a Gold Atom
- 28. Electromagnetic Radiation Most subatomic particles behave as PARTICLES and obey the physics of waves.
- 31. Wave Model of Light Wavelength measured in meters (m) Frequency ƒ measured in waves per second (Hz) Energy E measured in Joules (J)
- 32. Wavelength, Frequency and Energy Wavelength inversely related to frequency Increasing wavelength decreasing frequency Decreasing wavelength increasing frequency Wavelength x frequency = speed of light c = ƒ c = speed of light = 3.00 x 10 8 m/s Frequency directly related to energy Increasing frequency increasing energy Energy = Planck’s constant x frequency E = h ƒ h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 x 10 -34 J/Hz
- 33. Electromagnetic Radiation wavelength Visible light wavelength Ultaviolet radiation Amplitude Node
- 34. Electro magnetic Spectrum In increasing energy, R O Y G B I V
- 36. Sunlight viewed through a spectroscope
- 37. Prisms and diffraction grating bend light Red light with longer wavelengths bend less Violet light with shorter wavelengths bend more Separates white light into ROYGBIV Red – Orange – Yellow – Green – Blue – Indigo – Violet long waves short waves low frequency high frequency low energy high energy
- 39. Photoelectric Effect Bright red light shined on the photocell has no effect- regardless of intensity or time Dim green light shined on the photocell causes electrons to be emitted and flow through the wire Brighter green light emits more electrons per second- greater current
- 40. Explaining the Photoelectric Effect ONLY the photon or particle model can be used to explain these results Energy is required to pull off negative electrons attracted to positive protons in nucleus- breaking attraction Each red photon does not have enough energy to pull off an electron – regardless of how long the light is shined Each green photon has more energy and can pull off the electron when the green photon collides
- 41. Light Spectrum Lab! Slit that allows light inside Line up the slit so that it is parallel with the spectrum tube (light bulb)
- 42. The Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen- Discrete Bands of Colored Light
- 43. Excited Gases & Atomic Structure
- 44. Emission Spectra of Different Atoms: A Fingerprint to Identify
- 45. Rydberg and Balmer (1886) Independently develop mathematical equations that fit the data for hydrogen emission spectrum The electron had no yet been discovered Neither had a model to explain the observed wavelengths Just an equation that worked
- 46. Rydberg Equation 1/ λ = R H [1/n 1 2 - 1/n 2 2 ] R H = 1.09678 x 10 -2 nm -1 Solve the equation for an electron moving from level 4 to 2.
- 47. Bohr’s Model of the Atom (1910) Assumed electrons orbit the nucleus in circular orbits Proposed the energy of the orbit is proportional to the distance from the nucleus (increasing distance – increasing energy) Assumed only certain allowable energies Used angular momentum to calculate the allowable energy
- 48. Bohr’s Model of the Atom (1910) When the atom absorbs energy Electron moves up to higher energy with more potential energy farther away from nucleus Unstable with higher PE Electron falls back down to lower levels Energy released PE converted to KE as electron fall The color of light observed reflects the energy released in the fall
- 49. Bohr’s Calculations of the Energy Δ E = -2.18 x 10 -18 J (1/n f 2 – 1/n i 2 ) n = the energy level Δ E = positive when electron climbs up levels absorbing energy increasing PE Δ E = negative when e- falls down levels releasing energy decreasing PE
- 50. Niels Bohr (1885-1962) Δ E = -2.18 x 10 -18 J (1/n f 2 – 1/n i 2 ) Calculate the energy as an electron drops from level 6 down to level 2. Calculate the frequency and wavelength of this photon.
- 52. Visualizing the Movement of the Electron
- 54. Line Spectra of Other Elements Oops. Bohr’s equation does NOT predict these wavelengths.
- 56. Visualizing the “falling” e- Where does the electron have more potential energy?
- 57. Electron is a wave - De Broglie De Broglie Since light is both particle and wave, perhaps so is matter both particle and wave Wavelength depends upon mass and velocity Objects with large mass have negligible, so small we can ignore Electrons with very small mass have wave properties that cannot be ignored λ = h/p
- 58. Quantum Mechanics Heisenberg Uncertainty principle Given the wavelike nature of electron Impossible to know both location and energy of electron Can only calculate the probable location Schrodinger Used calculus to “locate” the electron within orbital Orbitals – regions of space representing the most probable location of electron
- 59. E. Schrodinger 1887-1961 W. Heisenberg 1901-1976 Wave Functions: Calculating the Probability of locating an electron in a region of space The Uncertainty Principle: Cannot both determine location and energy of electron
- 60. The Wave Function and Orbitals
- 61. The region near the nucleus is separated from the outer region by a spherical node - a spherical shell in which the electron probability is zero EOS
- 63. Quantum Numbers Values that emerge from the wave functions of Schrodinger 1 st n = energy level 2 nd ℓ = shape of orbital (s, p, d or f) 3 rd m ℓ = orientation (diff versions) 4 th m s = magnetic spin of electron
- 64. Increasing Radius of s-orbital with higher values of n
- 65. s orbital p orbital d orbital
- 68. f Orbitals
- 72. The s-orbital Spherical shaped orbital ℓ = 0 m ℓ = 0 Only one s-orbital in any energy level
- 73. The p-orbital Double-lobe shaped orbital ℓ = 1 mℓ = -1 or 0 or +1 Only three p-orbitals in any energy level- except for level one
- 74. Planes of zero probability
- 76. Only electrons with opposite spins can be in the same orbital
- 77. Electron Configurations Show the electrons in orbitals Box used to represent orbital Half arrow used to represent e- with opposite spins Electrons are placed in orbitals of lowest energy first
- 78. Use sum of first two quantum numbers to determine which orbital fills first
- 90. Nickel Electron Configuration and quantum numbers 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 1 0 0 ½ 2 0 0 ½ 2 1 -1 ½ 2 1 0 ½ 3 0 0 ½ 3 1 0 ½ 2 1 0 ½ 3 1 -1 ½ 3 1 0 ½ 4s 3d 4 01 0 ½ 3 2 -2 ½ 3 2 -1 ½ 3 2 0 ½ 3 2 1 ½ 3 2 1 ½ 1 st # indicates energy level n = 1 1 st level n = 2 2 nd level 2 nd # type of orbital l = 0 is s-orbital l = 1 is p-orbital l = 2 is d-orbital