LaTeX_tutorial_Syed_Jan09.ppt

Most of the material taken from
Monash University
Online material available from Googling…

Preface
 LaTeX is a typesetting system (not a word
processor).
 It is most suited to producing scientific and
mathematical documents of high
typographical quality.

Advantages and Disadvantages (1)
 Advantages of LaTeX over WYSIWYG:
 professionally crafted layouts are available
 the typesetting of mathematical formulae is
supported in a convenient way
 users need only to learn a few simple commands,
which specify the logical structure of a document.

 Advantages of LaTeX over WYSIWYG:
 complex structures such as footnotes, references,
table of contents, and bibliographies can be generated
easily
 for many typographical tasks not directly supported by
basic LaTeX, there exist free add-on packages
 LaTeX is highly portable and free

 LaTeX also has some disadvantages:
 What you see is not what you get.
 Is this really a disadvantage? Why are you thinking about
layout instead of content?
 The design of a whole new layout is difficult and takes
a lot of time.
 Templates help you here

LaTeX Input Files
 The input for LaTeX is a plain ASCII text file.
 You can create it with any text editor.
 It contains
 the text of the document
 commands which tell LaTeX how to typeset the text.
 Spaces
 Special Characters
 LaTeX Commands
 Comments

Spaces
 Whitespace characters (e.g. blank, tab, single
linebreak) are treated uniformly as “space” by
LaTeX.
 Several consecutive whitespace characters are
treated as one “space”.
 An empty line between two lines of text
defines the end of a paragraph.
 Several empty lines are treated in the same way
as one empty line.
It does not matter whether you
enter one of several spaces after a
word.
An empty line starts a new
paragraph.
It does not matter whether you enter one or
several spaces after a word.
An empty line starts a new paragraph.

Spaces
It does not
matter whether
you enter one of
several spaces
after a word.
An empty line
starts a new
paragraph.
It does not matter
whether you enter one
or several spaces
after a word.
An empty line starts a
new paragraph.

Special Characters
 The following symbols are reserved
characters, that
 have a special meaning in LaTeX
$ & % # _ { } ~ ^
 Some of these characters can be used in
your documents by adding a prefix backslash
(escape character):
$ & % # _ { } $ & % # _ { }
 The other symbols (and many more!) can be
printed with special commands in
mathematical formulae.

LaTeX Commands (1)
 LaTeX commands are case sensitive and
take one of two formats:
 They start with a backslash and have a name
consisting only of letters.
 They consist of a backslash and exactly one special
character.

LaTeX Commands (2)
I read that Knuth divides
people working with TeX
into TeXnicians and
TeXperts. Today is March
25th, 2004.
I read that Knuth
divides people
working with
TeX{} into
TeX{}nicians and
TeX perts. Today
is today.

LaTeX Commands (3)
 Some commands take a parameter which has to be
given between curly braces { } after the command
name.
 Some commands support optional parameters
which are added after the command name in
square brackets [ ].
 The next example uses some LaTeX commands.

LaTeX Commands (4)
This is emphasized
text.
Please start a new line
right here!
Thank you!
This is
emph{emphasized} text.
Please start a new line
right here!linebreak
Thank you!

Comments
 When LaTeX encounters a % character while
processing an input file, it ignores the rest of
the present line.
 This is useful for adding notes to the input
file, which will not show up in the printed
version.
This text is
processed.
This text is processed. % A comment
isn’t

Input File Structure (1)
 When LaTeX2e processes an input file it expects it
to follow a certain structure. Every input file starts
with the command:
documentclass{...}
 This specifies what sort of document you intend to write
(article, letter, book, cssethesis, etc.)
 After that, you can include global style commands or
you can load packages which add new features to
the LaTeX system. To load a package you use the
command:
usepackage{...}

Input File Structure (2)
 When all the setup work is done, you start the
body of the text with the command:
begin{document}
 Now you enter the text mixed with some
useful LaTeX commands.
 At the end of the document you use the
end{document}
command, which tells LaTeX to finish.
Anything which follows this command will be
ignored by LaTeX

Parts of a LaTeX Document:
documentclass
 First line of all LaTeX documents specifies
the {type} of the document and the
[stylesheet] used.
{article}
{report}
{book}
{letter}
Basic Classes
documentclass[ieee]{article}

A Simple LaTeX Document
documentclass{article}
begin{document}
This is some sample text.
end{document}

A more realistic LaTeX file
documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article}
usepackage{latexsym}
author{S.~Shazli}
title{Dependable Nanocomputing Lab}
begin{document}
maketitle
tableofcontents
section{Introduction}
Here begins my first article ldots
section{Conclusions}
ldots{} and here it ends.
end{document}

Sections
section{Section Title}
subsection{Title}
subsubsection{Title}

Font size
tiny scriptsize footnotesize
small normalsize
large Large
LARGE huge
Huge

Page Styles
 LaTeX supports three predefined header/footer
combinations. These are known as page styles.
 The style parameter of the pagestyle{style}
command defines which one to use:
 plain prints the page numbers on the bottom of the page
in the middle of the footer (default page style)
 headings prints the current chapter heading and the page
number on each page. Footer is empty
 empty - both header and footer empty
 More elaborate headers and footers can be created
using the fancyheadings package

To find the square of
the hypotenuse, add a
squared to b squared
to find c squared,
e.g. .
It’s as easy as that!
Typesetting Mathematics
 LaTeX has a special mode for typesetting
mathematics, called “math mode”.
 Within a paragraph, math mode is entered
between $ characters, or by using the
begin{math} and end{math} commands
To find the square of
the hypotenuse, add a
squared to b squared to
find c squared, e.g.
$a^2 + b^2 = c^2$. It’s
as easy as that!
2
2
2
c
b
a 


Greek Symbols
alpha, beta, gamma
Superscript, Subscript
x^y x_y x_y^z
Calculus
int_0^infty int{int}
frac{partial u}{partial x}

x = frac{-b pm sqrt{b^2-4ac} } {2a}

 In a research paper or thesis, you will often want to number
equations and refer to them in the text
 This is done using the equation environment, and the
commands label and ref
 (note that label and ref are used with figures and tables too)
… it is clear that
e > 0. (1)
From Equation 1 it follows that
...
ldots it is clear
that
begin{equation}
epsilon > 0.
label{eq:eps}
end{equation}
From
Equation~ref{eq:eps}
it follows that
ldots

 Matrices are produced using the textbf{array}
environment. Example:
The emph{characteristic polynomial} $chi(lambda)$ of the
$3 times 3$~matrix
[ left( begin{array}{ccc}
a & b & c
d & e & f
g & h & i end{array} right)]
is given by the formula
[ chi(lambda) = left| begin{array}{ccc}
lambda - a & -b & -c
-d & lambda - e & -f
-g & -h & lambda - i end{array} right|.]

Including Graphics
 LaTeX2e includes a standard package for
including PostScript graphics in your
document. Load it using
usepackage{graphics}
 A figure can be included using, for example,
begin{figure}[ht]
begin{center}
includegraphics[width=140mm]{mypic.ps}
end{center}
caption{An example of a figure.}
label{fig:example}
end{figure}

Figures and Tables
 Figures & Tables cannot be broken between
pages
 They are “floated”
begin{figure}
includegraphics{sample}
caption{A sample figure.}
end{figure}

 Columns
 begin{tabular}{|…|…|}
 end{tabular}
 Rows
 & - Split text into columns
 - End a row
 hline - Draw line under row
 e.g. 123123 & 34.00 hline
Two Columns
l = automatically adjust
size, left justify
r = automatically adjust
size, right justify
p = set size
e.g p{4.7cm}
c = centre text
Tabular

Example of table
begin{tabular}{|l|r|c|} hline
Date & Price & Size hline
Yesterday & 5 & Big hline
Today & 3 & Small hline
end{tabular}
Date Price Size
Yesterday 5 Big
Today 3 Small

Cross-referencing
label{marker}
ref{marker}
pageref{marker}
 Example:
section{Introduction}
label{intro}
…
As mentioned in section ref{intro} in page pageref{intro}

Bibliographies
 Articles can be referred to in the text using
the cite command
 The details of the cited articles are stored in
BibTeX format, in a “.bib” file.
 BibTeX resolves the citations in the LaTeX file
and generates the required bibliography

Bibliographies
By far the most
commonly used feature
is color (e.g.
[1,2,3]), usually
computed in a colour
space thought to be
“perceptually
accurate” (e.g. HSV
[3] or CIE [4].
By far the most
commonly used feature
is color (e.g.
cite{NBE1993,JaV1996
,SmC1996a}), usually
computed in a color
space thought to be
``perceptually accurate''
(e.g. HSV
cite{SmC1996a} or CIE
cite{STL1997}).

Bibliographies
 Example BibTeX entries from a .bib file:
@book{AhR1975,
author = {N. Ahmed and K. Rao},
title = {Orthogonal transforms for digital signal
processing},
publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
year = {1975},
address = {New York},
}
@inproceedings{Aus1989,
author = {James Austin and A. Phantom and
Also Phantom},
title = {High Speed Invariant Recognition Using
Adaptive Neural Networks},
booktitle = {IEE 3rd International Conference on Image
Processing and its Applications},
year = {1989},
pages = {28--32},
abstract = {A method is described which...},
}

Running LaTeX
 The simplest way to run LaTeX on a source
document is to do so at the UNIX command
line:
 These will be:
>latex test.tex
test.aux # the auxiliary file that LaTeX will use in subsequent
passes to resolve references to figures, tables, citations etc.
test.log # a log file that contains information about the LaTeX
run
test.dvi # the DeVice Independent output file. This is the
typeset document, ready for conversion to postscript or other printable
formats

Running LaTeX
 We can view the document we have
created using a DVI viewer. The most
common one under UNIX is xdvi. Type
>xdvi test
to see the typeset document
 It is important to realise that LaTeX
sometimes needs to be run several times to
resolve all references.

Your Latex File Your Bibtex File
Latex compile x3
Bibtex compile x2
Latex compile x3
Your Postscript File
dvips compile x1
Device independent
output .dvi
(a text file)
Creating Latex Files

Output Formats
 .dvi Device Independent
 .ps Post Script
 .pdf PDF
 .rtf Rich Text Format
 .html HTML
 .xml XML
1

Further reading
 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/
 Google

LaTeX_tutorial_Syed_Jan09.ppt

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