Learning through play

166 Aplis 25(4) December 2012
LEARNING THROUGH PLAY: GAMES AND CROWDSOURCING FOR
ADULT EDUCATION
Ellen Forsyth Consultant Public Library Services, State Library of New South Wales
There is a growing number of ways games can be used as part of lifelong learning opportunities within libraries. At present
it is an area more focused on children, but the opportunities for adults are significant. Science games such as EteRNA and
Fold.it where actual science takes place in a game offer great opportunities. Crowdsourcing such as the text correctors hall
of fame on Trove, Digitalkoot (from Finland) and Old Weather show the popularity of a games like interface. Libraries can
be a pointer to online collaboration and opportunities through games. Libraries can also be the creators of games, skilling
the community in games design as well as local storytelling. This is an area public libraries are not exploring enough, and
which has almost endless possibilities. Edited version of a paper presented at the conference ‘Learning for all: public
libraries in Australia and New Zealand Melbourne 13-14 September 2012’.
ames are a powerful to engage people with
ideas and with each other. They are a way
to learn new skills, and to interact with
other people. This interaction can be with other
people in the same room or with people
online. Games are fun. This is obvious, but
sometimes it can become forgotten about in the
discussion.
In research in 2011 by Bond University for the
Interactive Games & Entertainment Association
 pcs are in 98% of game households with 62%
of game households using a pc for games.
Game consoles are in 63% of game households,
dedicated handheld consoles in 13%. Mobile
phones are used to play games in 43% of game
households, tablet computers in 13%
 43% of people aged 51 or over are gamers
 most gamers play between half an hour and an
hour at a time and most play every other day
59% play for up to an hour at one time and just
3% play for five or more hours in one sitting
57% of all gamers play either daily or every
other day.
 83% of parents play video games.1
Comparable statistics are not available for board,
tabletop and card games. This is unfortunate as,
from word of mouth, board games are very
popular. The German, or European, style games
have strong appeal for adults. Games in this
category include Settlers of Catan2
and
Carcassone.3
Board games can be used as part of
an education program exploring games, game
design, history, and strategy. They could also be
used to introduce adults to games they did not play
when they were growing up ‒ and that is just the
start of what is possible.
Ann Arbor District Library
Ann Arbor District Library is successfully running
a summer game instead of a summer reading
program.4
The target group is anyone who is a
member of the library. The game play involves
many different elements. You can earn points if
you
 attend an AADL Event, get a code, and redeem
the code for 200 - 500 points, depending on the
event
 add tags to any item in our catalog for 10 points
 give a star rating to any item in our catalog for
10 points. Get 50 points for rating items that are
in your checkout history!
 write a review of any item in our catalog for 50
points
 create and share a new public list for 50 points
 add an item to one of your public lists for 10
points
 comment on any aadl.org blog post for 50
points.5
There are other ways of earning points, some to do
with local studies collections, others to do with
reading, others to do with visiting exhibitions at
the library and commenting on them. This game
encourages people to engage fully in interacting
with the library because of the opportunity to earn
points which lead to real world rewards. They also
lead to people being more engaged in their library,
and in their community. This is a game of
learning. In 2011 the active participants aged from
about six through to people in their seventies, and
there were thousands of people playing this
game. It also means that more of the community is
learning and is engaged with their library.
G

Aplis 25(4) December 2012 167
This is a model other libraries can learn from. Ann
Arbor District Library uses Drupal to run the
game, and staff expertise in game design. This
game has no stated age limits on play, and the
interactions are designed to appeal to a wide range
of people in the community. People will enjoy
different parts of the game. This is an important
element as it means you can play the game the way
you want, and there are not barriers to
participation. This is a game designed for the
whole community.
By week six of the game in 2012
14,626 BADGES this year! And this is only week 6!
In addition to all those badges, you’ve all earned
27.5 million points in this year’s summer game.
which highlights the enthusiasm for this
game.6
The Ann Arbour game, with its badges, is
reflective of GetGlue.7
However, it has library
specific quests to help people explore collections
and services.
There is a limited number of libraries exploring
this kind of learning ‒ one is Pierce County
Library in Washington State. It has a teen summer
challenge,8
targeting one element of the
community. One of the aims of this game is to
teach teenagers about their library is a fun way,
and encourage interactions with library staff.
The Ann Arbor District Library experience
highlights something important in games related
programs, and it is an idea which Scott Nicholson
has written about as well.9
It is that of not having
state age limited on games related programs so that
people can self select based on their interest in
games. Reading Everyone plays at the library by
Scott Nicholson is an excellent introduction to
games programming in libraries.
Find the future
New York Public Library received much coverage
for its 2011 game Find the future10
which ran as
part of their centenary celebrations as a way for
people to discover and explore the collection. The
game was deliberately designed with an education
focus. The first night of the game was run as an
event for five hundred people. After this people
could play this game at their own pace and in their
own time, at the library.
Changing thinking about games
There is still reluctance, despite the overwhelming
statistics, for many libraries to admit how many of
the adults who use their collections and services
probably play games. Earlier this year Heikki
Holmas, the new Norwegian minister for
international development, was given media
coverage because of his public statements about
his own playing of Dungeons and Dragons, and
how skills are learned in games which have real
world applications. This means that his tabletop
games skills will help him in parliament.11
Adam
Grimm highlights some of the skills and attributes
gained or developed by playing Dungeons and
Dragons which include imagination, structure,
performance and problem solving.12
People like
Heikki Holmas and Adam Grimm are using our
libraries and we are rarely giving them a way to
engage ‒ or may be guilty of making judgments
about them because of the games they play.
The Central Arkansas Library System ran
programming for adults teaching people about
playing World of Warcraft. This may seem an
unusual game to be part of a library education
program. However, the aim of this education
program was social inclusion, and it was thought
that playing a game like World of Warcraft may be
one way to assist in this locally. Library staff were
pleased with the outcomes.13,14
There are many opportunities in libraries using
games for education Some of these can be done by
showing how exciting games can be and by having
people realise that the boardgames they may have
played as children, or even have played with their
children have developed and new possibilities
target adult players. Playing Carcassonne could be
used as part of an adult education program on
medieval history, so people could be discussing the
history they are reading, but also play a game
constructing a medieval town and so apply the
ideas they have learned from reading or hearing
about the medieval world. Games can allow a
different angle on creativity in education
programming. Brian Mayer and Christopher
Harris in their book Libraries got game: aligned
learning through modern board games have
written about this from a primary school aged
perspective, but many of their ideas apply to
learning through games at any age.15
They also
make the point strongly that a game has to really
be a game. This sounds obvious, yet people forget
this point surprisingly often.
There is a lot of tools to help with boardgames.
BoardGameGeek16
is an invaluable online resource
with detailed reviews about boardgames as well as

walk throughs of the different games. TableTop
with Wil Wheaton by Geek & Sundry17
is an
excellent video channel to learn how different table
top games are played ‒ so you can start thinking
about their place in educational programming, and
not simply programs about learning to play games.
The Game Library for the School Library System
of Genesee Valley Educational Partnership18
has
some useful resources for games targeting infants
and primary aged children.
Science games
There are also ways to draw in the community
through games. A game like Fold.it19
a University
of Washington initiative which is about folding
proteins has resulted in scientific breakthroughs.20
It was designed to trigger scientific discovery, but
the game is also an experiment. Fold.it could be
used as part of a series of science talks, with
visiting or local scientists, at a library where the
participants could join in with others who are
contributing to scientific discoveries. Then people
could be working in a collaborative space in the
library, folding proteins together interacting with
the other people also in the library space as well as
others online in Fold.it. This could appeal to a
wide range of ages, from students considering
science careers, to adults wanting creative and
puzzle solving options. It is a free, social, online
game.
EteRNA,21
a collaboration between Stanford
University and Carnegie Mellon University has
similar concepts. This is a game about RNA
molecules, and again serious science is being done
through playing games.22
This would also make for
interesting library programming. These games
could be part of a series about science, but equally
they could be part of a series about games to help
more people understand the range of options
available to people who play games exploring
creative problem solving, and helping to do science
at the same time. Both Fold.it and EteRNA would
be useful inclusions with library based science
programming, and could provide a useful tie in to
your library collection, including databases. The
Science Museum in London has a significant
collection of online games about science, which
could be used to help people learn more about
specific ideas, as well as to explore ideas of game
design and engagement.23
Through all this science
it is important to remember the ideas of Mayer and
Harris, that first and foremost the games have to be
fun.
Zombie Climate Apocalypse24
run by The Edge at
the State Library of Queensland may seem an
unusual inclusion for science games ‒ however the
game is about survival. The players have to
problem solve a vast range of survival skills
(including water purification) so science is really
important. A game like Zombie Apocalypse taps
into many library collections (books, dvds and
databases with information about the idea of
zombies and survival), and can help bring a new
range of clients to the library. A game like this can
also be used to bring in ideas from places like the
USA Centre for Disease Control and its web pages
about zombie preparedness25
which they created as
a different way for people to think about disaster
preparedness. If you are ready to survive zombies
you are probably ready for other natural disasters
as well.
Science is well suited to education programs
involving games, using ideas for partnerships
mentioned above. Unlike Orange County Library
Service we are not all going to have Otronicon in
our area. Otronicon explored the science, art,
technology, careers and fun behind videogames,
simulation and digital media. Each year, multiple
industry partners join the Orlando Science Center
to celebrate how digital media technologies impact
the way we live, learn, work and play.26
Orange
County Library Service has also been highlighting
games as part of its services, and as part of the
education program. They have classes teaching
game design, but also educating people about the
employment possibilities presented by games.27
We
will all have scientists in our communities, no
matter how small. It just requires some creative
thinking to explore partnerships, and to consider
who you might invite to your library as part of a
science education program including games,
collections and science databases.
Museum games
The games that the Smithsonian Museum run may
also inspire libraries such as its game Smithsonian
Art Adventure: O’ Brother, Where ART Thou?28
which is an art discovery scavenger hunt across
several of the Smithsonian museums. The
Smithsonian has been active in the games area for
a while with a range of mobile games such as
different kinds of scavenger hunt related games,
targeting adults as often as children. Go
Smithsonian ran in 201029
and led the way for
other museums to use games (with SCVNGR30
) as
part of education programs. The Royal Ontario
Museum is using SCVNGR as part of an education

program to conduct a treasure hunt through their
museum. It is running over several months this
year.31
Games design for all ages
This is an area of potential partnership with
universities which teach game design (if they are
local to your area) or with local games groups. It
is a specialist area of education. Some public
libraries and museums have been running
programs on game design, mainly targeting
children and teenagers. There is much
underexplored potential for running this kind of
education program for adults.
It also might be about seeing if you can create a
game to help people explore the history of their
area so the education elements would be around
research (so that the history of the area can be
explored), and games design (to see if a
meaningful game can be created for the
community). This is a specialist area, needing
specialist trainers. Be open to the formats you are
considering, as the games do not need to be made
on computers or even for computers. Board games
are a very popular format, as are large scale games
outdoors.
Crowdsourcing
What is crowdsourcing? Crowdsourcing is getting
others to do the work for you in a way which they
benefit from as well. Wikipedia32
is an example of
crowdsourcing. The previously mentioned Fold.it
and EteRNA as well as being games are also
crowdsourced science research. Thousands of
people are playing both of these games for fun, and
for science. This highlights the fun element being
in the eye of the player or the crowdsourcer. We
will like different games, and different
crowdsourcing opportunities.
Astronomy has been using crowdsourcing for
years, long before it was given this name as
distributed networks of scientists and keen
amateurs were involved in exploring space either
looking directly into space, or looking at the vast
number of images from space. The newspapers on
Trove33
use crowdsourcing for text
corrections. The text correctors hall of fame is a
games leader board,34
but that is the only games
like element within this crowdsources project. The
California Digital newspaper collection35
has a
similar model. Digitalkoot36
from the National
Library of Finland is a game, played within
facebook. The purpose of this game is newspaper
text correction. This is a crowdsourced solution,
and it is a game.
The next examples have some game, or
gamification, elements, but function more
effectively as crowdsourced projects with some
reward elements. The reward elements are not to
be underrated as people play games for many
reasons.
Old Weather
Old Weather37
is a collaboration between a number
of agencies including the Citizen Science Alliance,
University of Oxford, Atmospheric Circulation
Reconstructions over the Earth (ACRE), the Met
Office (UK), Naval-History.Net of Penarth, UK,
the National Maritime Museum (England), JISK
and the National Archives (England). The project
is to transcribe records from Royal Navy ships
around 1914 - 1918 to study the weather at that
time. People from all around the world are
involved in the transcriptions as they use digitised
records which can be accessed via the
internet. Over 28,000 people have been involved,
with over one million pages from over 286 ships
already transcribed. There are some game
elements to the transcription so that your progress
can serve to inspire and others progress may spur
one on to more transcripts. These transcripts are
done for purposes of scientific research on climate
change. Logs from more ships are being released
over time, and new people sign on to join the
transcription team. Old Weather would be an
interesting inclusion in a library education
program. The ships whose logs are being
transcribed ranged all around the world, including
our part of it, so there are possible local links. Even
without this there could be interest in participating
in an international science collaboration. The
education sessions could include information about
local shipping history or current climate change
research, tying in with a session where people sign
up for accounts and start transcribing in a local
community, and through the transcriptions
becoming part of an international
collaboration. Old Weather has moved into a
second phase with records from ships around the
Arctic being transcribed.
Old Weather is one in a series of crowdsourced
science related projects coordinated by
Zooinvers.38
If it seemed a better fit for your
library you could combine a talk or information
session from a local astronomer with people
joining the over 650,000 people who are involved

in helping with research about the Milky
Way. Workshops in the UK are being run by
Zooinverse, and they may be interested in
providing distance education sessions to Australia,
or local astronomers could be approached. There
could be strong ties back to local collections and
content creation for libraries through these
international projects. There are several other
crowdsourced astronomy projects which you could
encourage your library patrons to participate in,
and be educated by. Astronomy projects lend
themselves well to crowdsourcing because of the
high volume of data collected which can be made
accessible. There is also a Greek language
transcription project which involves recognition of
shape of letters rather than transcription, so this
could appeal to someone wanting to match
patterns, or be part of an education session linking
Greek ideas or archaeology. You do not need to
read Greek to participate in this project. You may
not want to use some of these crowdsourced
projects as standalone adult education programs,
although it would seem that they could be effective
as this way. They could also fit as part of social
media education sessions, or by being linked to
whatever the core idea within them are. You could
even use Trove newspaper transcription as a way
of locating and improving the newspaper articles
which relate to your council area, but engaging
with different interest groups. This has the
potential for local studies related education
programs. Do not underestimate the enthusiasm
people have for the text correction on Trove. It has
a fiercely contested leaderboard.
Other crowdsourcing ideas to consider
including in education programs
The University of Iowa is crowdsourcing the
transcription of the Civil War Diaries.39
As well as
showing the progress of transcription on its
website, it is tweeting extracts from some of the
transcriptions. People from all over the world can
participate in this, highlighting one of the
interesting elements of crowdsourcing, it does not
have to be local. This may be a crowdsourced
project to consider using as part of an adult
education program on library resources, history,
Civil War and many other areas as well.40
The Bodleian Library is seeking help with music
scores. It describes the project as follows
What’s the score at the Bodleian? is a project which
aims to enlist the wider community’s help in
describing a selection of digitised scores from the
Bodleian Library’s extensive music collections,
thereby facilitating access to valuable and interesting
material which has not been catalogued and is
therefore difficult to find.41
This project, which is mainly about contributing
metadata could be an interesting inclusion in a
range of education projects to do with music or
history, or on other topics as well.
Whale sounds can be categorised,42
you can look
for bubbles in the Milky Way43
People can identify
things which computers cannot which is why
crowdsourcing is being used in this broad range of
areas. You could run an education program
matching people to crowdsourcing project of
interest, or tailor your training to complement the
crowdsourcing. You might want to create your
own crowdsourcing opportunities, but connecting
with a global project has appeal too because of the
social nature of some crowdsourcing. While there
is not a crowdsourcing project for every interest
there is a wide range available, many with some
really strong education elements which can be
included for adult learners, and which can tie to
local library collections and services as well as
linking to other organisations in other states and in
other countries.
The British Museum used crowdsourcing to place
historic maps on a Google maps interface so that
the maps were put in context. This project is
finished but it sounds like it is likely to explore this
method further.44
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is
using crowdsourcing to identify children in
photographs in their collection45
They are using
crowdsourcing for other information collecting as
well.46
The Museum of the Future blog has brought
together excellent examples of museum
crowdsourcing which has some useful ideas for
libraries to consider.47
The USA National Archives is using
crowdsourcing for quite a few areas relating their
collections. They are encouraging people to share
their digital images of the archives as this makes
items available which do not yet have digital
records. You can tag images and records in the
collection, index the 1940 census, and help
transcribe records.48
They are also asking for
people to add to and edit content on their archives

wiki. Exploring some of these options could be of
a lot of interest in an education program for people
who are interested in the history of the US, and are
interested in contributing as well.
Distributed Proofreaders,49
is a crowdsource
program which connects with Project Gutenburg.50
This has potential for inclusion in a library
education program. It encourages a diversity of
reading, and uses basic skills. It could be part of a
reading program, or it could be part of a program
relating specific writers just for a start. Distributed
Proofreaders is about people proofreading the
Project Gutenburg titles which is contributing the
global store of free ebooks. It could be regarded as
a revolutionary action.
Duolingo51
is a crowdsourcing translation program
where you learn a language as you go. It has
received a lot of very positive comments52
and
could be a very interesting inclusion in a library
education program relating to language learning, or
social media. It has great tie in potential with
library collections about learning languages or
different countries.
Gooseberry Patch53
is a crowdsourced recipe book
site where you contribute recipes and if your recipe
is included in a book you receive a free copy of
that book. This could be an interesting site to
explore with an education program about food or
publishing.
History pin54
where people pin photographs on a
map, and other people can contribute information
to the photographs, can be viewed as a
crowdsourcing tool. History Pin could be part of a
local studies education program encouraging
people to pin their images of your area.
You can find out about even more crowdsourcing
ideas from Wikipedia which has very effectively
brought a large list together.55
Sites such as CrowdFlower56
can be used to
explore ideas of commercial
crowdsourcing. Tomnod57
has different challenges
over time so you can choose the crowdsourcing
challenge which best suits your education priorities
for the library. For example you can help find the
tomb of Genghis Khan (with National
Geographic).
Following the work of The Guardian newspaper
with crowdsourcing could also provide many
education program options. Their crowdsourcing
has included government documents about expense
claims for members of parliament.58
This could be
an interesting including for an education program
about politics and governance. Their Datablog59
has potential for crowdsourced applications as each
data set which is written about, it also included as a
link to the article.
Flickr Commons60
is also a crowdsource tool
which is great for people exploring photographs,
history and many ideas with in this. While training
in the use of Flickr is sometimes provided by
libraries, the crowdsourcing elements are often not
explored in much detail.
Education programs for adults which include
games or crowdsourcing are still rare, but have the
potential to provide exciting and diverse programs
for your library and to connect people in your
community to others with similar interests all
around the world. There are many online tools
which you could use to include games and
crowdsourcing in your programs. You could
explore working with another library in another
country with some of these tools, or with a library
in a town or suburb nearby.
Education programs for adults which include
games or crowdsourcing are still rare, but have the
potential to provide exciting and diverse programs
for your library and to connect people in your
community to others with similar interests all
around the world. You could explore working
with another library in another country with some
of these tools, or with a library in a town or suburb
nearby.
Learnings
1 Consider using a game as part of an adult
education program.
2 Think about the opportunities linking your
community to a crowdsourcing project and
tying it to information available from your
library whether in the collection, access to a
database or access to staff expertise.
3 Try a game or a crowdsourced project you have
not. If you try EteRNA or Fold.it you can try
both at once. Do not forget to have fun.
For other library and potential library uses of
games, see my paper from the Information online
conference 2011.61

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34 Trove text correctors hall of fame
http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/hallOfFame
35 California digital newspaper collection
http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cdnc accessed 20 August 2012
36 Digitalkoot http://www.digitalkoot.fi/en/splash
37 Old Weather http://www.oldweather.org/ accessed
20 August 2012
38 Zooinverse https://www.zooniverse.org/ accessed
20 August 2012
39 University of Iowa Libraries civil war diaries and
letters transcription project http://digital.lib.uiowa.
edu/cwd/transcripts.html accessed 20 August 2012
40 UI Lib transcripts https://twitter.com/
UIL_transcripts accessed 20 August 2012
41 What’s the score at the Bodleian?
http://www.whats-the-score.org/about accessed 20
August 2012
42 Hear whales communicate https://www.zoon
iverse.org/project/whalefm accessed 20 August
2012
43 The Milky Way project http://www.milkyway
project.org/ accessed 20 August 2012

44 British Library Placing historic maps
http://www.bl.uk/maps/index.html accessed 20
August 2012
45 Remember me: displaced children of the
Holocaust http://rememberme.ushmm.org/
46 Kesler, S Crowdsourcing helps Holocaust
survivors find answers Mashable 23 May 2011
http://mashable.com/ 2011/05/23/holocaust-
museum-crowdsourcing/ accessed 20 August 2012
47 Museum of the future, Crowdsourcing
http://themuseumofthefuture.com/tag/crowdsourci
ng/ accessed 20 August 2012
48 US National Archives Citizen archivist dashboard
http://www.archives.gov/citizen-archivist/
49 Distributed proofreaders http://www.pgdp.net/c/
50 Project Gutenburg http://www.gutenberg.org/
51 Duolingo http://duolingo.com/ accessed 20 August
2012
52 Duolingo review PCMag http://www.pcmag.com/
article2/0,2817,2402570,00.asp accessed 20
August 2012
53 Gooseberry patch http://www2.gooseberrypatch.
com/gooseberry/recipe.nsf/v.pages/f.archiveclub
54 HistoryPin http://www.historypin.com/map/
55 Wikipedia list of crowdsourcing projects
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcin
g_projects accessed 20 August 2012
56 CrowdFlower http://crowdflower.com/ accessed
20 August 2012
57 Tomnod http://tomnod.com/ accessed 20 August
2012
58 MPs’ expenses The Guardian http://www.
guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2009/sep/18/mps-
expenses-westminster-data-house-of-commons
59 Datablog The Guardian http://www.guardian.co.
uk/news/datablog accessed 20 August 2012
60 Flickr commons http://www.flickr.com/commons
61 Forsyth, E Playing with readers Information online
January 2011 http://www.scribd.com/doc/
102306751/Abstract-title-Playing-with-readers-
online-games-and-their-potential-for-reference-
and-readersadvisory-services-in-public-libraries
Ellen Forsyth is a consultant with the Public Library Services at the State Library of
NSW and works with public libraries across that state. Her work includes library
reviews, advice and working with statewide working groups. In 2011 Ellen was only the
second Australian to be named a Library journal (US) mover and shaker. Address:
State Library of NSW Macquarie Street Sydney NSW 2000 email
eforsyth@sl.nsw.gov.au

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