1. IBA Executive MBA
IBA Executive MBA
Session 1
Session 1
Accounting in Action
By
Prof. Dr. Md. Mohiuddin
2. • Accounting is an information
system that
• Identifies
• Records
• Communicates the economic
events of an organization to
interested users
WHAT IS ACCOUNTING?
WHAT IS ACCOUNTING?
5. -Monetary Unit
-Economic Entity
-Going Concern
-Periodicity
-Accrual
THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF
THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF
ACCOUNTING: Assuptions
ACCOUNTING: Assuptions
6. Five Types of Accounts
• Asset
• Liability
• Owner’s Equity
• Revenue
• Expense
8. ASSETS AS A BUILDING
ASSETS AS A BUILDING
BLOCK
BLOCK
• Assets are resources owned by a
business.
• They are used in carrying out such
activities as production,
consumption and exchange.
9. LIABILITIES AS A
LIABILITIES AS A
BUILDING BLOCK
BUILDING BLOCK
• Liabilities
• are creditor claims against assets
• are existing debts and obligations
10. • Owner’s Equity = total assets minus
total liabilities. (A - L = O.E.)
• Owner’s Equity represents the
ownership claim to total assets.
• Subdivisions of Owner’s Equity:
1 Capital or Investments by Owner (+)
2 Drawing (-)
3 Revenues (+)
4 Expenses (-)
OWNER’S EQUITY AS A
OWNER’S EQUITY AS A
BUILDING BLOCK
BUILDING BLOCK
11. INVESTMENTS BY OWNERS AS A
INVESTMENTS BY OWNERS AS A
BUILDING BLOCK
BUILDING BLOCK
• Investments
• are the assets the owner puts in
the business
• increase owner’s equity
12. • Drawings
• are withdrawals of cash or other
assets by the owner for personal
use
• decrease owner’s equity
DRAWINGS AS A BUILDING
DRAWINGS AS A BUILDING
BLOCK
BLOCK
13. REVENUES AS A
REVENUES AS A
BUILDING BLOCK
BUILDING BLOCK
• Revenues
• gross increases in owner’s equity from
business activities entered into for the
purpose of earning income
• may result from sale of merchandise,
services, rental of property, or lending
money
• usually result in an increase in an asset
14. EXPENSES AS A
EXPENSES AS A
BUILDING BLOCK
BUILDING BLOCK
Expenses
• decreases in owner’s equity that result from
operating the business
• cost of assets consumed or services used in the
process of earning revenue
• examples: utility expense, rent expense, supplies
expense, and tax expense
15. INCREASES AND
INCREASES AND
DECREASES IN OWNER’S
DECREASES IN OWNER’S
EQUITY
EQUITY
•INCREASES DECREASES
Investments
by Owner
Revenues
Owner’s
Equity
Withdrawals
by Owner
Expenses
17. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 1 SOLUTION
• Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
Cash R. Neal, Capital
+ 15,000 Investment + 15,000
$15,000 = $15,000
There is an increase in the asset Cash,
$15,000, and an equal increase in the owner’s
equity, R. Neal, Capital, $15,000.
19. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 2 SOLUTION
• Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
• Cash + Equipment = + R. Neal, Capital
• Old
• $15,000 = $15,000
• (2) - 7,000 + 7,000______________________________
• New
• $ 8,000 + $7,000 = $15,000
Cash is decreased by $7,000 and the asset
Equipment is increased by $7,000.
20. • Softbyte purchases (on credit) supplies
expected to last for several months for
$1,600.
Softbyte
Acme Supply
Company
TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION 3
3
21. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 3 SOLUTION
• Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
• Cash + Supplies + Equip. = Accts. Pay. + R. Neal, Capital
• Old $8,000 + $7,000 = $15,000
• (3) _____ + $1,600 _______ + $1,600 ________
• New $8,000 + $1,600 + $7,000 = + $1,600 + $15,000
•
• $16,600 $16,600
The asset Supplies is increased by $1,600,
and the liability Accounts Payable is
increased by the same amount.
22. • Softbyte receives $1,200 cash from
customers for programming services it has
provided.
Softbyte
TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION 4
4
23. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 4 SOLUTION
• Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
• Cash + Supplies + Equip. = Accts. Pay. + R. Neal, Capital
• Old $8,000 + $1,600 + $7,000 = $1,600 + $15,000
• (4) + 1,200 _____ _____ _______________ + 1,200
• New $9,200 + $1,600 + $7,000 = $1,600 $16,200
• $17,800 $17,800
Cash is increased by $1,200 and R. Neal,
Capital is increased by $1,200.
24. •Softbyte receives a bill for $250
from the Daily News for advertising
but postpones payment of the bill
until a later date.
TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION 5
5
Softbyte
News
Bill
Daily
25. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 5 SOLUTION
• Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
• Cash + Supplies + Equip. = Accts. Pay. + R. Neal, Capital
• Old $9,200 + $1,600 + $7,000 = $1,600 + $16,200
• (5) ___Advertising Expense__ + 250 _- 250
• New $9,200 + $1,600 + $7,000 = $1,850 + $15,950
• $17,800 $17,800
Accounts Payable is increased by $250 and R.
Neal, Capital is decreased by $250.
26. • Softbyte provides $3,500 of
programming services for customers.
• Cash of $1,500 is received from
customers, and the balance of $2,000 is
billed on account.
Softbyte
Bill
TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION 6
6
27. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 6 SOLUTION
• Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
• Cash + Accts. Rec. + Supplies + Equip. = Accts. Pay. + R. Neal, Capital
• Old
• $ 9,200 + $1,600 + $7,000 = $1,850 + $15,950
• (6)
• + 1,500 + 2,000 + 3,500
• New
• $10,700 + $2,000 + $1,600 + $7,000 = $1,850 + $19,450
• $21,300 $21,300
Cash is increased by $1,500; Accounts Receivable is increased
by $2,000, and R. Neal, Capital is increased by $3,500.
28. •Expenses paid in cash for September
are store rent, $600; employees’
salaries, $900; and utilities, $200.
Softbyte
$600
$900
$200
TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION 7
7
29. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 7 SOLUTION
• Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
• Cash + Accts. Rec. + Supplies + Equip. = Accts. Pay. + R. Neal, Capital
• Old
• $10,700 + $2,000 + $1,600 + $7,000 = $1,850 + $19,450
• (7)
• - 1,700 Rent Expense - 600
• Salaries Expense - 900
• Utilities Expense - 200
• New
• $ 9,000 + $2,000 + $1,600 + $7,000 = $1,850 + $17,750
• $19,600 $19,600
Cash is decreased by $1,700 and R. Neal, Capital is decreased
by the same amount.
30. • Softbyte pays its $250
Daily News advertising bill
in cash.
TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION 8
8
Softbyte
Daily News
31. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 8 SOLUTION
• Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
• Cash + Accts. Rec. + Supplies + Equip. = Accts. Pay. + R. Neal, Capital
• Old
• $9,000 + $2,000 + $1,600 + $7,000 = $1,850 + $17,750
• (8)- 250 - 250 .
• New
• $8,750 + $2,000 + $1,600 + $7,000 = $1,600 + $17,750
• $19,350 $19,350
Both Cash and Accounts Payable are decreased by
$250. Since the expense was previously recorded,
it is not recorded now.
32. •The sum of $600 in cash is
received from customers who
have previously been billed for
services (in Transaction 6).
TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION 9
9
Softbyte
33. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 9 SOLUTION
• Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
• Cash + Accts. Rec. + Supplies + Equip. = Accts. Pay. + R. Neal, Capital
• Old
• $8,750 + $2,000 + $1,600 + $7,000 = $1,600 + $17,750
• (9) + 600 - 600 .
• New
• $9,350 + $1,400 + $1,600 + $7,000 = $1,600 + $17,750
•
• $19,350 $19,350
Cash is increased by $600 and Accounts Receivable is
decreased by the same amount. R. Neal, Capital is not
increased because the revenue was already recorded.
34. •Ray Neal withdraws
$1,300 in cash from the
business for his personal
use.
$1,300
Softbyte
TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION 10
10
35. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
TRANSACTION 10 SOLUTION
• Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
• Cash + Accts. Rec. + Supplies + Equip = Accts. Pay. + R. Neal, Capital
• Old
• $9,350 + $1,400 + $1,600 + $7,000 = $1,600 + $17,750
• (10)
• - 1,300 Drawing - 1,300
• New
• $8,050 + $1,400 + $1,600 + $7,000 = $1,600 + $16,450
• $18,050 $18,050
Cash is decreased by $1,300 and R. Neal, Capital is
decreased by the same amount. This is not an
expense, but rather a withdrawal of owner’s equity.
36. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
•Four financial statements are prepared from
the summarized accounting data:
• Income Statement
revenues and expenses and resulting net income or net loss for
a specific period of time
• Owner’s Equity Statement
changes in owner’s equity for a specific period of time
• Balance Sheet
assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity at a specific date
• Statement of Cash Flows
cash inflows (receipts) and outflows (payments) for a specific
period of time
37. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS
$ 2,750
Net income of $2,750 shown on the income statement is added to the
beginning balance of owner’s capital in the owner’s equity statement.
SOFTBYTE, INC.
Income Statement
For the Month Ended September 30, 2024
Revenues
Service revenue $ 4,700
Expenses
Salaries expense $ 900
Rent expense 600
Advertising expense 250
Utilities expense 200
Total expenses 1,950
Net income
38. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND
THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS
THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS
SOFTBYTE, INC.
Owner’s Equity Statement
For the Month Ended September 30, 2024
Retained earnings, September 1, 2024 $ -0-
Add: Investments $ 15,000
Net income 2,750
Less: Drawings (1,300)
Retained earnings, September 30, 2024 $16,450
Net income of $2,750 carried forward from the income statement to the
owner’s equity statement. The owner’s capital of $16,450 at the end of the
reporting period is shown as the final total of the owner’s equity column of the
Summary of Transactions (Illustration 1-8).
39. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND THEIR
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND THEIR
INTERRELATIONSHIPS
INTERRELATIONSHIPS
Owner’s capital of $16,450 at the end of the reporting period shown
in the owner’s equity statement is shown on the balance sheet.
SOFTBYTE, INC.
Balance Sheet
September 30, 2024
Assets
Cash $ 8,050
Accounts receivable 1,400
Supplies 1,600
Equipment 7,000
Total assets $ 18,050
Liabilities and Owner’s Equity
Liabilities
Accounts payable $ 1,600
Owner’s equity
R. Neal, capital
Total liabilities and owner’s equity $ 18,050
16,450
40. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND
THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS
THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS
Cash of $8,050 on the balance sheet is reported on the statement of cash
flows.
SOFTBYTE, INC.
Balance Sheet
September 30, 2024
Assets
Cash
Accounts receivable 1,400
Supplies 1,600
Equipment 7,000
Total assets $ 18,050
Liabilities and Owner’s Equity
Liabilities
Accounts payable $ 1,600
Owner’s equity
R. Neal, capital 16,450
Total liabilities and owner’s equity $ 18,050
$ 8,050
41. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND
THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS
THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS
SOFTBYTE, INC.
Statement of Cash Flows
For the Month Ended September 30, 2024
Cash flows from operating activities
Cash receipts from revenues $ 3,300
Cash payments for expenses (1,950)
Net cash provided by operating activities 1,350
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase of equipment (7,000)
Cash flows from financing activities
Sale of common stock $ 15,000
Payment of cash dividends (1,300)
Net cash provided by financing activities 13,700
Net increase in cash 8,050
Cash at the beginning of the period –0–
Cash at the end of the period •$ 8,050
Cash of $8,050 on the balance sheet and statement of cash flows is shown as the
final total of the cash column of the Summary of Transactions (Illustration 1-8).
