Lec 1 Introduction to Programming Concepts.pptx
- 1. Introduction to Programming A Comprehensive Guide to Programming Concepts Presented by: Mohammad Javid Miakhil Logar Higher Education Institute 2025
- 2. Table of Contents 1. Program 2. Programming 3. Programming Languages 4. Types of Programming Languages 5. History of Programming 6. Programming Styles 7. Quiz/Exercises
- 3. Program A program in the context of computing is a set of instructions written in a programming language that a computer can execute to perform a specific task or solve a problem. Programs can range from simple scripts that perform basic calculations to complex software applications like operating systems, video games, or web browsers.
- 4. Programming Programming refers to a technological process for telling a computer which tasks to perform in order to solve problems Programming in computers refers to the process of creating a set of instructions or code that a computer can execute to perform specific tasks or solve problems. It involves writing, testing, and maintaining code using programming languages such as Python, Java, • C++, or JavaScript.
- 5. Coding Coding is the process of writing instructions (code) in a specific programming language that a computer can understand.
- 6. Coding vs Programming Aspect Coding Programming Scope Writing code only Full software development lifecycle Focus Syntax and language-specific rules Problem-solving, logic, and system design Skills Required Language proficiency Analytical thinking, design, and debugging Output Code snippets or scripts Functional software or applications
- 7. A programming language is a set of instructions and syntax used to create software programs. Some of the key features of programming languages include: Syntax: The specific rules and structure used to write code in a programming language. Data Types: The type of values that can be stored in a program, such as numbers, strings, and Booleans. Programming Language
- 8. Variables: Named memory locations that can store values. Operators: Symbols used to perform operations on values, such as addition, subtraction, and comparison. Control Structures: Statements used to control the flow of a program, such as if-else statements, loops, and function calls. Libraries and Frameworks: Collections of pre-written code that can be used to perform common tasks and speed up development. Paradigms: The programming style or philosophy used in the language, such as procedural, object- oriented, or functional. Programming Language
- 9. Computer-understandable languages are called low-level programming languages 1.Machine Language 2.Assembly Language Machine Language: Machine language’s instructions are represented in 0’s and 1’s. The computer understands only one language which is machine language. Machine language instructions are machine-dependent or hardware-dependent. Types of Programming Languages: Low-level Programming Languages
- 10. Assembly Language: A type of low-level language whose instructions are represented in mnemonic (verbs). ML Assembly 0101101 All Move Assembler An assembler is a translator that converts assembly language code or instructions to machine language.
- 11. All high-level programming languages are in simple English. Are those languages that are user-understandable but not machine-understandable? High-level languages are hardware-independent. Using high-level programming languages, programmers can develop and run applications on different architectures. Examples: C, C++, JAVA, Python, COBOL, PASCAL, R, C#, Javascript High-level programming Language
- 12. • A type of programming language used for writing scripts. • What is Script? • A script is a small program executed within another program. • Scripts are embedded within another program. • Examples: Javascript, Vbscript, typescript. Scripting Language
- 13. Pseudo-code is a simplified, informal, and language- independent way of writing algorithms. It uses plain language and basic programming structures to outline the logic of a program or algorithm without the need for a programming language’s specific syntax. BEGIN INPUT num1, num2 IF num1 > num2 THEN OUTPUT "Maximum is: ", num1 ELSE OUTPUT "Maximum is: ", num2 ENDIF END Pseudo Code
- 14. A programming paradigm defines a set of rules for writing programs. 1)Procedural Oriented Procedural Oriented Programming (POP) is a programming paradigm that breaks down a program into smaller, manageable units called procedures or functions. 2) Modular Oriented Modular Oriented Programming is a programming approach where a program is divided into independent, self-contained modules that can be developed, tested, and maintained separately Programming Styles (Paradigms)
- 15. 3) Object Oriented Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that organizes software design around objects, which can contain both data (attributes) and behavior (methods). 4) Functional Oriented Functional Oriented Programming (FOP), or functional programming, is a Programming paradigm where computation is treated as the evaluation of mathematical functions, and it avoids changing state and mutable data. Programming Styles (Paradigms)
- 16. Quiz/Exercises 1. Explain what programming is, and why it is important. 2. Provide real-life examples of how programming is used in different fields. 3. Give examples of modern technologies powered by programming (e.g., AI, mobile apps, websites) The assignment should be submitted as pdf file to the email below: moneyband61@gmail.com