Lec-12-DCN.pptx about digital transmission and conversions
- 3. DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION In this section, we see how we can represent digital data by using digital signals. The conversion involves three techniques: Line Coding, Block Coding Scrambling 6/1/2024 3
- 4. Line Coding Converting a string of 1’s and 0’s (digital data) into a sequence of signals that denote the 1’s and 0’s. For example a high voltage level (+V) could represent a “1” and a low voltage level (0 or -V) could represent a “0”. 6/1/2024 4
- 5. Figure 4.1 Line coding and decoding 6/1/2024 5
- 7. Signal Element Versus Data Element A data element is the smallest entity that can represent a piece of information: this is the bit. In digital data communications, a signal element carries data elements. A signal element is the shortest unit (timewise) of a digital signal. In other words, data elements are what we need to send; signal elements are what we can send. Data elements are being carried; signal elements are the carriers. 6/1/2024 7
- 8. Signal Element Versus Data Element r=Data element/Signal Element 6/1/2024 8
- 9. Relationship between Data Rate and Signal Rate The data rate defines the number of bits sent per sec - bps. It is often referred to the bit rate. The signal rate is the number of signal elements sent in a second and is measured in bauds. It is also referred to as the modulation rate. 6/1/2024 9
- 10. Data rate and Baud rate The baud or signal rate can be expressed as: S = c x N x 1/r bauds where N is data rate c is the case factor (worst, best & avg.) r is the ratio between data element & signal element 6/1/2024 10
- 11. Example 4.1 A signal is carrying data in which one data element is encoded as one signal element ( r = 1). If the bit rate is 100 kbps, what is the average value of the baud rate if c is between 0 and 1? Solution We assume that the average value of c is 1/2 . The baud rate is then 6/1/2024 11
- 12. DC Component in Line Coding Some line coding schemes have a DC component, which is generally undesirable DC component : extra energy – useless! 6/1/2024 12
- 13. Self-Synchronization (Clocking) to correctly interpret signal received from sender receiver’s bit interval must exactly correspond to sender’s bit intervals if receiver clock is faster/slower, bit intervals not matched Þ receiver misinterprets signal self-synchronizing digital signals include timing information in itself, to indicate the beginning & end of each pulse 6/1/2024 13
- 15. Line Coding Schemes Multilevel uses only one non-zero voltage level (0 and +) uses two non-zero voltage levels (+ and -) uses three voltage level (+, 0, -) uses more than three voltage level (+, 0, -) 6/1/2024 15
- 16. Unipolar uses only one non-zero and one zero voltage level (e.g.) 0 = zero level, 1 = non-zero level simple to implement, but obsolete due to two main problems: DC component present lack of synchronization for long series of 1-s or 0-s 6/1/2024 16
- 17. Polar Line Coding uses two non-zero voltage level for represent. of two data levels - one positive & one negative “DC-problem” alleviated 4 main types of polar coding NRZ-level NRZ-invert 6/1/2024 17
- 18. Polar - NRZ The voltages are on both sides of the time axis. Polar NRZ scheme can be implemented with two voltages. E.g. +V for 1 and -V for 0. There are two versions: NZR - Level (NRZ-L) - positive voltage for one symbol and negative for the other poor synchronization for long series of 1-s & 0-s NRZ - Inversion (NRZ-I) - the change or lack of change in polarity determines the value of a symbol. E.g. a “1” symbol inverts the polarity a “0” does not. 1’s in data streams enable synchronization long sequence of 0-s still a problem 6/1/2024 18
- 20. Polar - RZ 0 = negative volt., 1 = positive volt., AND signal must return to zero halfway through each bit interval perfect synchronization drawback – 2 signal changes to encode each bit pulse rate is x2 rate of NRZ coding, i.e. more bandwidth is required 6/1/2024 20
- 22. Polar : Manchester and Differential Manchester Manchester coding consists of combining the NRZ-L and RZ schemes. Every symbol has a level transition in the middle: from high to low or low to high. Uses only two voltage levels. Differential Manchester coding consists of combining the NRZ-I and RZ schemes. Every symbol has a level transition in the middle. But the level at the beginning of the symbol is determined by the symbol value. One symbol causes a level change the other does not. 6/1/2024 22
- 23. Polar: Manchester and Differential Manchester 6/1/2024 23
- 24. Bipolar - AMI and Pseudoternary Code uses 3 voltage levels: - +, 0, -, to represent the symbols (note not transitions to zero as in RZ). Voltage level for one symbol is at “0” and the other alternates between + & -. Bipolar Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) - the “0” symbol is represented by zero voltage and the “1” symbol alternates between +V and -V. Pseudoternary is the reverse of AMI. 6/1/2024 24
- 25. Bipolar - AMI and Pseudoternary 6/1/2024 25