Lecture 02
- 1. GREEK ARCHIECTURE The Orders: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
- 2. The Classical GREEK Orders The three classical orders are: Doric Ionic Corinthian
- 4. The Doric Order Doric columns are the heaviest in appearance The capital is plain. The shaft is thick – though it loses some of its mass over time. There is no base. Doric entablature consist of a plain architrave. A frieze of alternating Triglyphs and Metopes. A plain crowning cornice. Ex: The Parthenon, Athens Temple of Hera
- 5. The Doric Order In the Doric order, columns are presented without bases and sit directly on the stylobate, the uppermost level of masonry on which the temple is built. To facilitate production, the columns were built in pieces called drums, as indicated by the faint horizontal lines in the diagram above. The shallow, concave grooves that run vertically, flutes, join to form arrises, the sharp ridges visible as vertical lines running from the bottom to the top of the column. The necking (or annulet) is located at the top of the column, just below the capital.
- 6. The Doric Order The capital of the Doric column is comprised of two separate parts. The echinus, so named for its resemblance to a sea urchin, serves as a cushion for the abacus, the square slab that supports the entablature. Compared to the Ionic and Corinthian capitals soon to be discussed, the Doric capital is simple in design with no added decoration. Doric Capital Key pattern: A common form of ornamentation used on Doric temples is the fretwork Known as KEY PATTERN, Greek key design meander or as in this case-labyrinth motif.
- 7. The Doric Order The entablature, the part of the temple above the columns, is usually comprised of three parts: the architrave, the frieze, and the cornice. The architrave is the horizontal slab located directly above the column capital. More often than not, this area of the temple was kept undecorated. Just above the architrave are the triglyphs and metopes, the two components of the Doric frieze. Here, triglyphs, stone blocks having three vertical decorative channels, alternate with blank, square metopes. The metopes were sometimes decorated with sculpture. Above the triglyphs and metopes are decorative additions called mutules and guttae. The uppermost area of the entablature is the cornice, located just above the frieze. Guttae in Doric Architecture
- 8. The Doric Order Flutes and Arrises: Doric columns are generally carved with vertical, parallel channels known as FLUTES,Which should number 20. Doric flutes meet in sharp ridge called ARRISES. SIMA: Sima or Cymatium is the term applied to roof gutters placed along the gables And flanks of building. Those of both Doric and Ionic temples often had outlets for rainwater, modeled in the form of Lion’s head. On the apex and two lower angles of the pediment were introduced acroteria, sometimes ornaments of flowers and tendrils, and sometimes statues of gods or animals. These were placed on small pedestals, and offered an æsthetic contrast to the sliding effect which would otherwise have been produced by the oblique lines of the pediment. Acroteria
- 9. ANTEFIXAE
- 10. The Ionic Order These have greater elegance. The capital has distinctive volutes. The shaft is thinner than its Doric equivalent. A base is apparent. Femininity, slenderness & beauty. Ex: Propylaea, Athens(437-431 BCE) Temple of Athena Polias, Priene(340 BCE)
- 12. In the Ionic order, the stylobate and columns are separated by horizontally-fluted bases. The columns remain similar to the Doric order, but are more slender and have more vertical flutes running from top to bottom. In later times, a flat fillet separated flutes, as opposed to the arrises seen in the Doric order. In the Ionic order, there is no annulet at the top of the column. The capital of the Ionic column consists of a band adorned with a carved leaf pattern topped by a horizontal slab ending in a pair of volute scrolls. Sometimes a narrow abacus rests atop the capital to support the entablature. The architrave of the Ionic order is often separated into three horizontal planes called fasciae. Above the architrave, framed at top and bottom by moldings, is the frieze. Unlike in the Doric order, the Ionic frieze runs continuously either with carvings of figures or a series of dentils, small squares resembling teeth. As in the Doric order, the cornice is located above the frieze. The Ionic Order
- 13. Ionic Capital (Side View) Carved triple guilloche on torus of Ionic base. Flutes and Fillet_ 24 nos. Ionic Capital Volute/ Helix
- 14. Egg& Dart carved molding Entablature Water-leaf carved molding Double Twist on an Astragal
- 15. The Corinthian Order This is also a tall, elegant form. The capital has distinctive acanthus leaf decoration. A base is also employed. Elegance and Beauty. Ex: Temple of Apollo Epicurius, Bassae (429-390 BCE) Choragic Monument f Lysicrates, Athens (335-334 BCE)
- 16. The Corinthian Order The Corinthian order is in many respects similar to the Ionic; both columns are slender, supported by a horizontally fluted base, and carved with vertical grooves and flat fillets in between. The capital of the Corinthian column is the most ornate of the orders. Volute scrolls, as seen in the Ionic order, are adorned with acanthus leaves and rosettes. Above these details is the boss, a piece similar to the above-mentioned abacus. The architrave in the Corinthian order is divided into fasciae, and serves to support a continuous frieze. Dentils may be present above the frieze as a decorative statement.
- 17. Acanthus Leaf
- 20. IMPORTANT TERMS abacus The square-shaped flat slab forming the stop of a column capital. acanthus A place, the leaves of which resemble the principle decorative element of the Corinthian column capital. acroterion The ornament at the corner of the roof of a temple or at the apex of a gable. apex The highest point (of a temple’s roof). architrave The course of masonry running above the column capitals and supporting the superstructure. Also referred to as the epistyle. arris The join of the flutes of a column normally forming a sharp ridge, as seen in the Doric order. capital The upper, spreading element in a column, forming a transition between the vertical shaft and the horizontal elements of the architrave. cornice The horizontal course of the entablature of a building immediately above the frieze; either sloping member of a gable. dentils Small rectangular blocks used below the Ionic cornice as decoration.
- 21. IMPORTANT TERMS echinus The lower part of a column capital, as seen in the Doric order. entablature The horizontal architectural elements forming the superstructure of a building above the columns; the architrave, frieze, and cornice. epistyle See architrave. fascia An undecorated band on an Ionic architrave. Also seen in the Corinthian order. flutes Shallow grooves running vertically on the shaft of a column. frieze The architectural course between the architrave and the cornice. guttae Pendent ornaments attached to the undersides of the mutules of the Doric entablature. metope A space between two triglyphs in a Doric frieze, sometimes filled with a block carved with relief sculpture. mutule A projecting flat block under the Doric cornice. pediment The triangular space formed by the gable at either end of a Greek temple. pedimental sculpture Sculpture figures, carved either freestanding or in relief, that fill the triangular space knows as the pediment of a Greek temple. rosette An ornament shaped like a rose. triglyph An upright grooved block with three vertical bars in relief seen in the Doric order. volute A spiral on the face and back of an Ionic capital.
- 22. References: Sir Banister Fletcher- A History of Architecture. (Twentieth Edition) Emily Cole- The Grammar of Architecture Louis Hellman- Architecture for beginners THANK YOU. This is just a track line to the subject matter. students are requested to study the recommended books & also go after .
Editor's Notes
- #23: Joarder Hafiz Ullah, Lecturer, Dept. of Architecture, DUET.