Lecture 02. OSH Risk Assessment
- 1. Risk Assessment in the field of OSH Lecture 03 Fundamentals of OSH
- 2. • Understanding the principles and practicalities of risk assessment • Understanding risk evaluation • Selecting and implementing control measures • Monitoring and reviewing Lecture 03 outcomes
- 3. 3.1. Principles and practicalities of risk assessment
- 4. Legal background • EC Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal- content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31989L0391&from=EN • OHSAS 18001:2007 «Occupational health and safety management systems — Requirements» - British Standard • ISO 45001 Occupational Health & Safety management system • IEC/ISO 31010:2009 Risk management— Risk assessment techniques ISO 45001 adoption by country
- 5. KEY POINTS of Directive 89/391/EEC • It stipulates that employers: – have a duty to ensure the health and safety of their workforce — this includes evaluating and avoiding risks, developing an overall safety policy and providing appropriate training to staff; – appoint someone responsible for the prevention of risks at work; • take the necessary first aid, fire-fighting and evacuation precautionary measures; • assess the risks particular workers might face and ensure the necessary protective measures are in place; • provide employees and/or their representatives with all relevant information on possible health and safety risks and the measures taken to prevent them; • consult employees and/or their representatives and involve them in all discussions on health and safety at work; • ensure each employee receives adequate health and safety training relevant to their job. Each employee is responsible for taking care, as far as possible, of their own, and their colleagues’, health and safety. Special protection must be given to employees who may be particularly sensitive to possible risks and dangers in the workplace. Measures related to safety, hygiene and health at work may in no circumstances involve the workers in financial cost.
- 6. ISO 45001 changes compared to OHSAS 18001:2007 • Context of the organization – The organization shall determine internal and external issues that are relevant to its purpose and that affect its ability to achieve the intended outcome(s) of its OH & S management system. – Understanding the needs and expectations of workers and other interested parties: interested parties are workers, suppliers, subcontractors, clients, regulatory authorities. • Risk and opportunities: companies are to determine, consider and, where necessary, take action to address any risks or opportunities that may impact (either positively or negatively) the ability of the management system to deliver its intended results, including enhanced health and safety at the workplace. • Leadership and management commitment has stronger emphasis on top management to actively engage and take accountability for the effectiveness of the management system. • Planning:
- 7. Definitions Hazard - source, situation, or act with a potential for harm in terms of human injury or ill health, or a combination of these. Hazard Identification - process of recognizing that a hazard exists and defining its characteristics Incident - work-related event(s) in which an injury or ill health (regardless of severity) or fatality occurred, or could have occurred. Risk Combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event or exposure(s) and the severity of injury or ill health (that can be caused by the event or exposure(s). Risk Assessment Process of evaluating the risk(s) arises from a hazard(s), taking into account the adequacy of any existing controls, and deciding whether or not the risk(s) is acceptable.
- 8. Hazard and Risk Hazard the potential to cause harm or damage Risk the chance of that harm occurring Calculated as - potential severity of harm (the consequence – or damage) x likelihood of event occurring stationary car parking on a hill moving car moving cars
- 9. Risk assessment & management process contain the following elements • communication and consultation • establishing the context • risk assessment (comprising risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation) • risk treatment; • monitoring and review.
- 10. Risk assessment & management process contain the following elements • communication and consultation • establishing the context • risk assessment (comprising risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation) • risk treatment; • monitoring and review.
- 11. Risk assessment & management process contain the following elements • communication and consultation • establishing the context • risk assessment (comprising risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation) • risk treatment; • monitoring and review.
- 12. Risk assessment & management process contain the following elements • communication and consultation • establishing the context • risk assessment (comprising risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation) • risk treatment; • monitoring and review.
- 13. 3.2. Risk assessment/quantification Contribution of risk assessment to the risk management process
- 14. 5 fundamental steps in risk assessment are: Step 1: Identifying hazards and those at risk Step 2: Evaluating and prioritizing risks Step 3: Deciding on preventive action Step 4: Taking action Step 5: Monitoring and reviewing
- 15. • What are the hazards? • What is the degree of risk? • What do we need to, or can we, do to control (eliminate/minimise) exposure to the risk? • Who is doing what, where & when? (WWW) AND Who else might be affected by what is done? • How will we monitor the work/people? Risk Assessment – the 5 steps
- 16. Risk identification Physical hazards:…. Ergonomic hazards:.. Biological hazards:… Chemical hazards: ... …
- 17. Information about hazards at workplaces • History and Records • Intellectual or Practical Work • Labor vs. Automation • Complexity of Work • Age of Equipment and Preventative Maintenance Programs • ….. Safety Pyramid
- 18. Risk analysis • Risk analysis consists of determining the consequences and their probabilities for identified risk events, taking into account the presence (or not) and the effectiveness of any existing controls. • The consequences and their probabilities are then combined to determine a level of risk.
- 19. ISO/IEC 31010:2019. Risk management — Risk assessment techniques Assessment techniques Examples 1. Techniques of expert opinion analysis o Brainstorming o Delphi techniques o Interviews 2. Identification techniques o Checklists, classifications and taxonomies o Scenario analysis 3. Techniques of risk source analysis o Ishikawa method (fishbone) 4. Techniques of analysis of management measures o Hazard analysis and critical control points HACCP ХАССП 5. Методики визначення наслідків, ймовірності та ризику o Event tree analysis ETAo Monte Carlo simulation 6. Методики аналізу залежностей o Causal mapping o Cross impact analysis 7. Методики визначення ступеня ризику o Toxicological risk assessment 8. Методики оцінки значущості ризику o Pareto charts o Risk indices 9. Методики вибору варіантів o Cost benefit analysis CBA o Multi-criteria analysis MCA 10. Методики звітності і записів o Risk registers o Fault tree analysis ДСТУ ІЕС/ІSО 31010:2013 (ІЕС/ІSО 31010:2009,IDТ). Управління ризиком. Методи загального оцінювання ризику https://khoda.gov.ua/image/catalog/files/dstu%2031010.pdf
- 20. Persons carrying out risk assessments should be clear about • the context and objectives of the organization, • the extent and type of risks that are tolerable, and how unacceptable risks are to be treated • how risk assessment integrates into organizational processes • methods and techniques to be used for risk assessment, and their contribution to the risk management process, • accountability, responsibility and authority for performing risk assessment, • resources available to carry out risk assessment, • how the risk assessment will be reported and reviewed.
- 21. Methods of risk analysis • Qualitative • Semi-quantitative • Quantitative
- 22. • What could go wrong? • What is the worst that could happen? Consequence - severity Likelihood • How often must it be done? • How many people do it? Qualitative assessment Risk calculates as potential severity of harm (the consequence – or damage) x likelihood of event occurring
- 23. Evaluating the risk 1. Highly unlikely 2. Possibly 3. Quite likely 4. Very likely 1. Slight harm 2. Injury affecting work 3. Serious injury 4. Possible fatality
- 24. Risk Assessment Matrix Likelihood Consequences Highly unlikely Possibly Quite likely Very Likely Often to Almost Always Slight harm Very Low Very Low Low Low Medium Injury affecting work Very Low Low Medium Medium High Serious injury Low Medium High High Very High Possible fatality Medium High High Very High Very High RISK SCORING/ANALYSIS
- 26. Quantitative risk assessment (RA): • Statistical RA is based on statistical information, calculations of danger probabilities, creation of event- trees etc; • Modeling RA is based on creation of models of hazard impact on human, social group, humanity • Expert RA uses the probabilities of events defined by experts; • Sociological RA includes opinion pulls of citizens and employees, stakeholders etc
- 27. Engineering (statistical) RA • R denotes risk per defined period (year); • n denotes quantity of the dangerous events (accidents, injuries etc); • N denotes the maximum, theoretically possible quantity of dangerous events; • D are the losses per accident; • k1…kn are the coefficients which include changes of initial conditions n k k k D N n R ... 2 1
- 28. Types of risk Individual Social Spatial
- 29. Individual Social Spatial probability of the human mortality, injuries or other dangerous consequences from the hazard taking into account probability of the person position near the source of hazard probability of the human mortality, injuries or other dangerous consequences over defined quantity taking into account probability of the person position near the source of hazard probability of mortality, injuries or other dangerous consequences for the person, which is located in a certain space, during a year
- 30. Risk levels • Negligible risk is extremely low level of danger. • Acceptable risk is accepted in a given context based on the current values of society. In other words, a risk is acceptable when it is acceptable to the general public. • Catastrophic (unacceptable) risk is the level of risk which leads to unwanted consequences in most cases
- 31. • Acceptable Risk - risk that has been reduced to a level that can be tolerated by the organization having regard to its legal obligations and its own OH&S policy
- 32. Ukraine • Methodology of assessment of risks and theirs acceptable levels (Decree of Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine № 637, 04.12.03) Risk borders Acceptable Unacceptable Spatial Rt >= 10-7 Rt > 10-5 Individual Ri >= 10-8 Ri > 10-6 Social Rs >= 10-7 Rs > 10-5 Negligible Acceptable Unacceptable 10-8 10-6 Local authorities taking into account regional features can determine other borders. However they are not allowed to exceed the listed levels.
- 33. 3.2. Risk treatment/ control
- 34. The main ways to control a hazard • Elimination (including substitution): remove the hazard from the workplace, or substitute (replace) hazardous materials or machines with less hazardous ones. • Engineering Controls: includes designs or modifications to plants, equipment, ventilation systems, and processes that reduce the source of exposure. • Administrative Controls: controls that alter the way the work is done, including timing of work, policies and other rules, and work practices such as standards and operating procedures (including training, housekeeping, and equipment maintenance, and personal hygiene practices). • Personal Protective Equipment: equipment worn by individuals to reduce exposure such as contact with chemicals or exposure to noise.
- 36. 3.3. Monitoring and Review Monitoring • ‘Live’ nature of assessments • Possible modification to procedures Review • Identifies changes to procedures • Possible modification to assessment
- 37. • Thank you for attention
- 41. The employer shall implement the measures on the basis of the following general principles of prevention (a) avoiding risks; (b) evaluating the risks which cannot be avoided: (c) combating the risks at source; (d) adapting the work to the individual, especially as regards the design of work places, the choice of work equipment and the choice of working and production methods, with a view, in particular, to alleviating monotonous work and work at a predetermined work-rate and to reducing their effect on health. ( e) adapting to technical progress; (f) replacing the dangerous by the non-dangerous or the less dangerous; (g) developing a coherent overall prevention policy which covers technology, organization of work, working conditions, social relationships and the influence of factors related to the working environment; (h) giving collective protective measures priority over individual protective measures; (i) giving appropriate instructions to the workers.
- 42. The additional measures referred to in the second indent of Article 3 ( 1 ) shall be 1 . providing medical surveillance of workers prior to exposure and thereafter at regular intervals. In special cases, it shall be ensured that a suitable form of health surveillance is available to workers who have been exposed to the agent, after exposure has ceased ; 2. access by workers and/or their representatives at the place of work to the results of exposure measurements and to the anonymous collective results of the biological tests indicating exposure when such tests are provided for ; 3 . access by each worker concerned to the results of his own biological tests indicating exposure ; 4. informing workers and/or their representatives at the place of work where the limit values referred to in Article 4 are exceeded, of the causes thereof and of the measures taken or to be taken in order to rectify the situation ; 5 . access by workers and/or their representatives at the place of work to appropriate information to improve their knowledge of the dangers to which they are exposed.