Lecture 05

Data Communications & Networking
Lecture-05

Course Instructor : Sehrish Rafiq
Department Of Computer Science
University Of Peshawar

Lecture overview
 OSI Model
 About OSI
 Interfaces between layers
 Organization of the layers
 Functions of physical layer
 Functions of Data Link Layer

OSI Model
 International standards Organization(ISO),1947,multi-national body.
 ISO is dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards.
 An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the Open
Systems Interconnection(OSI ) model.
 An open system is a model that allows two different systems to communicate,
regardless of their underlying architecture.
 Vendor specific protocols close-off communication between unrelated systems.
 The purpose of the OSI model is to open communication between different
systems without requiring changes to the logic of the underlying hardware and
software.

OSI Model
 OSI is not a protocol, it is a model for understanding and designing a network
architecture that is flexible, robust & interoperable.
 It is a layered framework for the design of network systems that allow for
communication across all types of computer systems.
 It consists of seven separate but related layers, each of which defines a segment
of the process of moving information across a network.
 Understanding the fundamentals of the OSI model provides a solid basis for the
exploration of data communication.

Layered architecture
 Each layer defines a family of functions into discrete groups
that became the layers.
 Each layer defines a family of functions distinct from those of
the other layers.
 Comprehensive architecture.
 The OSI model allows complete transparency between
otherwise incompatible systems.

Peer-to-Peer Processes
 Within a single machine each layer calls upon the services of the layer just
below it.
 Between machines, layer x on one machine communicates with layer x on
another machine.
 This communication is goverened by an agreed upon series of rules and
conventions called protocols.
 The process on each machine that communicate at a given layer are called peer-
to-peer processes.
 Communication between machines is therefore a peer –to-peer process using
the protocols appropriate to a given layer.
 Direct & indirect communication.
 Each layer in the sending machine adds its own information to the message it
receives from the layer just above it and passes the whole package to the layer
just below it.

Peer-to-Peer Processes
 This information is added in the form of headers & trailers(control
data).
 Headers are added at layers 6,5,4,3 and 2.
 A trailer is only added at layer 2.
 No header or trailer is added at layer 7 and 1.
 At layer 1 the entire package is converted to a form that can be
transferred to the receiving machine.
 At the receiving machine, the message is unwrapped layer by
layer, with each process receiving and removing data meant for it.

Interfaces between layers
 The passing of the data and network information down through the
layers of the sending machine and back up through the layers of the
receiving machine is made possible by an interface between each pair
of adjacent layers.

 Each interface defines what information and services a layer must
provide for the layer above it.

 Well defined interfaces and layer functions provide modularity to a
network.

 As long as a layer still provides the expected services to the layer above
it,the specific implementation of its functions can be modified or
replaced without requiring changes to the surrounding layers.

Organization of Layers

User support layers

Network support layers

Organization of Layers continued…
 The Network support layers deal with the physical aspects of
moving data from one device to another (such as electrical
specifications, physical connections, physical addressing and
transport timing and reliability).

 The user support layers allow interoperability among unrelated
software systems.

 The transport layer ensures end-to-end reliable data transmission.

Organization of Layers continued…
 The data link layer ensures the reliable transmission on a single
link.

 The application, presentation, session are implemented in
software.

 Transport, network and data link are the combination of hardware
and software.

 Physical layer is mostly hardware.

Physical Layer
 The physical layer coordinates the functions required to
transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.
 It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of
the interface and transmission medium.
 It also defines the procedures and functions that physical
devices and interfaces have to perform for transmission to
occur.

Concerns of the physical layer
 Physical characteristics of interfaces and media
 The physical layer defines the characteristics of the interface between the
devices and the transmission medium.
 It also defines the type of transmission medium.

 Representation of bits
 The physical layer data consist of a stream of bits without any interpretation.
 To be transmitted bits must be encoded int to signals-electrical or optical.
 The physical layer defines the type of encoding.

Physical layer continued…
 Data rate
 The transmission rate(the number of bits sent each second) is also defined by
the physical layer.
 In other words the physical layer defines the duration of a bit, which is how
long it lasts.

 Synchronization of bits
 The sender and the receiver must be synchronized at the bit level.
 In other words the sender and the receiver clocks must be synchronized.

Physical layer continued…
 Line configuration
 The physical layer is concerned with the connection of devices to the medium.
 Point-to-point configuration
 Multi-point

 Physical topology
 The physical topology defines how devices are connected to make a network.

 Transmission mode
 The physical layer also defines the direction of transmission between two
devices.

Data Link Layer
 The data Link Layer transforms the physical layer, a raw
transmission facility, to a reliable link and is responsible for node-
to-node delivery.

 It makes the physical layer appear error free to the upper
layer(network layer).

Responsibilities of the Data Link
Layer
 Framing
 The data link layer divides the stream of bits received from the network
layer in to manageable data units called frames.

 Physical addressing
 If frames are to be distributed to different systems on the network, the
data link layer adds a header to the frame to define the physical address
of the sender and receiver of the frame.
 If the frame is intended for the system outside the sender’s network, the
receiver address is the address of the device that connects one network
to the next.

Data Link Layer continued…
 Flow control
 If the rate at which the data are absorbed by the receiver is less than the
rate produced in the sender, the data link layer imposes a flow control
mechanism to prevent overwhelming the receiver.

 Error control
 The data link layer adds reliability to the physical layer by adding
mechanisms to detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames.
 It also uses a mechanism to prevent duplication of frames.
 Error control is normally achieved through a trailer added to the end of
the frame.

Data Link Layer continued…
 Access Control
 When two or more devices are connected to the same link,
data link layer protocols are necessary to determine which
device has control over the link at any given time.

Lecture 05

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Lecture 05