LECTURE 11 (WORKING WITH INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS).pdf
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This document discusses the stages of human development from conception through adulthood. It begins by outlining the three prenatal stages of development - the germinal stage (weeks 1-2), embryonic stage (weeks 3-8), and fetal stage (weeks 9-40). It then describes the stages of infancy/toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Finally, it discusses the three stages of adulthood - early, middle, and late adulthood - and how physical and cognitive abilities change throughout adulthood until death.
LECTURE 11 (WORKING WITH INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS).pdf
- 1. BY AMIT KUMAR MOB NO.: +919435028022/9708811272 EMAIL-amitranjanfn09@outlook.com ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DCTCL, CUJ RANCHI SOCIAL WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS BY AMIT KUMAR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF CONTEMPORARY AND TRIBAL CUSTOMARY LAW CENTRAL UNIVIERSITY OF JHARKHAND Lecture 11 Stages of Development Human development progress through a series of various stages Pre-Natal Period There are three stages of prenatal development: germinal, embryonic, and fetal. Let’s take a look at what happens to the developing baby in each of these stages. Germinal Stage (Weeks 1–2) In the discussion of biopsychology earlier in the book, you learned about genetics and DNA. A mother and father’s DNA is passed on to the child at the moment of conception. Conception occurs when sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote. A zygote begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. The genetic makeup and sex of the baby are set at this point. During the first week after conception, the zygote divides and multiplies, going from a one-cell structure to two cells, then four cells, then eight cells, and so on. This process of cell division is called mitosis. Mitosis is a fragile process, and fewer than one-half of all zygotes survive beyond the first two weeks (Hall, 2004). After 5 days of mitosis there are 100 cells, and after 9 months there are billions of cells. As the cells divide, they become more specialized, forming different organs and body parts. In the germinal stage, the mass of cells has yet to attach itself to the lining of the mother’s uterus. Once it does, the next stage begins
- 2. BY AMIT KUMAR MOB NO.: +919435028022/9708811272 EMAIL-amitranjanfn09@outlook.com ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DCTCL, CUJ RANCHI Embryonic Stage (Weeks 3–8) After the zygote divides for about 7–10 days and has 150 cells, it travels down the fallopian tubes and implants itself in the lining of the uterus. Upon implantation, this multi-cellular organism is called an embryo. Now blood vessels grow, forming the placenta. The placenta is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord. Basic structures of the embryo start to develop into areas that will become the head, chest, and abdomen. During the embryonic stage, the heart begins to beat and organs form and begin to function. The neural tube forms along the back of the embryo, developing into the spinal cord and brain. Fetal Stage (Weeks 9–40) When the organism is about nine weeks old, the embryo is called a fetus. At this stage, the fetus is about the size of a kidney bean and begins to take on the recognizable form of a human being as the “tail” begins to disappear. From 9–12 weeks, the sex organs begin to differentiate. At about 16 weeks, the fetus is approximately 4.5 inches long. Fingers and toes are fully developed, and fingerprints are visible. By the time the fetus reaches the sixth month of development (24 weeks), it weighs up to 1.4 pounds. Hearing has developed, so the fetus can respond to sounds. The internal organs, such as the lungs, heart, stomach, and intestines, have formed enough that a fetus born prematurely at this point has a chance to survive outside of the mother’s womb. Throughout the fetal stage the brain continues to grow and develop, nearly doubling in size from weeks 16 to 28. Around 36 weeks, the fetus is almost ready for birth. It weighs about 6 pounds and is about 18.5 inches long, and by week 37 all of the fetus’s organ systems are developed enough that it could survive outside the mother’s uterus without many of the risks associated with
- 3. BY AMIT KUMAR MOB NO.: +919435028022/9708811272 EMAIL-amitranjanfn09@outlook.com ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DCTCL, CUJ RANCHI premature birth. The fetus continues to gain weight and grow in length until approximately 40 weeks. By then, the fetus has very little room to move around and birth becomes imminent. Infancy and Toddlerhood: This stage ranges from Birth to 3 years. The following important development characteristics exist : • The new-born baby grows rapidly and become competent. • All senses operate at birth. • Physical growth as well as motor skills development • Ability to learning • Attachment with parents and also with others • Self-awareness • Interest in other children increases Early Childhood: This period of development ranges from 3 to 6 years of life. The following important development takes place during this period: • Family is still the focus of child development, although other children become more important. • Independence, self-control and self-care increase. • Play, creativity, and imagination become more wide • Cognitive development leads to many illogical ideas about the world
- 4. BY AMIT KUMAR MOB NO.: +919435028022/9708811272 EMAIL-amitranjanfn09@outlook.com ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DCTCL, CUJ RANCHI • Behaviour is largely eccentric, but understanding of other people’s perspective increase. Middle Childhood: This stage ranges from 6 to 12 years. The following important changes take place during period: • Peers assume central importance • Children begin to think logically, although largely & concretely. • Memory and language skills increase. • Cognitive gains improve due to schooling • Self- concept develops, affecting self-esteem. Adolescence: This period extends from the age of 12 to Puberty around 20 years. The following major development take place during this stage: • Physical changes are rapid and profound • Reproductive maturity is attained. • Search for identity becomes central. • Ability to think abstractly and emphasis on the scientific reasoning. • Adolescence egocentrism persists in behaviours • Peer groups help to develop and test self-concept • Relationships with friends are generally good Adulthood: • Adulthood begins around 20 years old and has three distinct stages: early, middle, and late. Each stage brings its own set of rewards and challenges. • By the time we reach early adulthood (20 to early 40s), our physical maturation is complete, although our height and weight may increase slightly. In young adulthood, our physical abilities are at their peak, including muscle strength, reaction time, sensory abilities, and cardiac functioning. Most professional athletes are at the top of their game during this stage. Many women have children in the young adulthood years, so they may see additional weight gain. • Middle adulthood extends from the 40s to the 60s. Physical decline is gradual. The skin loses some elasticity, and wrinkles are among the first signs of aging. Visual acuity
- 5. BY AMIT KUMAR MOB NO.: +919435028022/9708811272 EMAIL-amitranjanfn09@outlook.com ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DCTCL, CUJ RANCHI decreases during this time. Women experience a gradual decline in fertility as they approach the onset of menopause, the end of the menstrual cycle, around 50 years old. Both men and women tend to gain weight: in the abdominal area for men and in the hips and thighs for women. Hair begins to thin and turn Gray. • Late adulthood is considered to extend from the 60s on. This is the last stage of physical change. The skin continues to lose elasticity, reaction time slows further, and muscle strength diminishes. Smell, taste, hearing, and vision, so sharp in our twenties, decline significantly. The brain may also no longer function at optimal levels, leading to problems like memory loss, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease in later years. • And at the end Death.