Lecture
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This document outlines objectives and content for a lesson on the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The objectives include comparing cellular components, genome organization, generation of new genes, and explaining the endosymbiotic theory of organelle evolution. Key differences discussed are that eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and complex genome organization with introns, while prokaryotes have simpler genome structure without introns. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from ancient endosymbiotic prokaryotes.
Lecture
- 1. Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells AHMP 5406
- 2. Objectives: 1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components 2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells 3. Discuss the different nutritional classes 4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell 5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes 7. Explain why the human genome is complex
- 3. Objectives: 1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components 2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells 3. Discuss the different nutritional classes 4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell 5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes 7. Explain why the human genome is complex
- 4. 1 Features All Cells Share Hereditary info stored in DNA Proteins are used as catalysts DNA replication occurs through templated polymerization Hereditary info transcribed into RNA RNA translated into protein Later we will discuss these things in greater detail
- 5. From DNA to Protein (Why is this eukaryotic?)
- 6. 1 Prokaryotic cells: No membrane bound organelles Simple genome organization Genes usually do not have introns Between 500 and 4000 genes M. genitalium has 477 genes Great degree of diversity Unicellular
- 7. 1 Mycoplasma genitalium
- 8. 1 Eukaryotic cells All organelles are membrane-bound Complex genome organization Large genome size Between 6,000 and 30,000 genes Genes have introns Where is the genetic diversity? Large amount of regulatory DNA To control gene expression High degree of genetic redundancy Unicellular or multicellular
- 9. 1
- 10. Objectives: 1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components 2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells 3. Discuss the different nutritional classes 4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell 5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes 7. Explain why the human genome is complex
- 11. 1 and 2 General eukaryotic cell
- 12. Objectives: 1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components 2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells 3. Discuss the different nutritional classes 4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell 5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes 7. Explain why the human genome is complex
- 13. 3 Cells can be powered by different energy sources I eat other living things! Organotrophic Animals Protists etc. I need a tan? Phototrohpic Bacteria Plants Algae I eat dirt? Lithotropic Arcaebacteria
- 14. Objectives: 1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components 2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells 3. Discuss the different nutritional classes 4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell 5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes 7. Explain why the human genome is complex
- 15. 4 Eukaryotic cell may have been predators The primordial eukaryotic cell may have survived by eating other cells This would require: A large cell A flexible membrane An elaborate cytoskeleton Protected DNA (in an organelle, which one?)
- 16. 4 Dinidium is a cilliated protozoan Lunch! He looks hungry
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- 19. 4
- 20. Objectives: 1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components 2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells 3. Discuss the different nutritional classes 4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell 5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes 7. Explain why the human genome is complex
- 21. 5 Genome organization in Prok. and Euk. Prokaryotes Circular DNA mtDNA very similar Eukaryotes Linear DNA nuclear DNA
- 22. 5 Prokaryotic DNA
- 23. 5 Eukaryotic DNA DNA packaged in a chromosome Linear DNA Associated proteins More details later
- 24. Objectives: 1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components 2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells 3. Discuss the different nutritional classes 4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell 5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes 7. Explain why the human genome is complex
- 25. 6 Ways to generate new genes from preexisting genes Intragenic mutation Simply a mutation in the sequence Gene duplication Whole gene is just recopied into different part of the genome DNA segment shuffling Similar genes may exchange segments Horizontal transfer Cell to cell transfer of genetic material e.g. Plasmids ancient mitochondrial genes Viruses Sex
- 26. 6 Gene Families Created by generation of different genes from a precursor Speciation results in orthologous genes An organismal phylogeny is produced Gene duplication can result in paralogous genes A gene phylogeny is produced
- 27. Objectives: 1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular components 2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells 3. Discuss the different nutritional classes 4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the Euk. cell 5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes 7. Explain why the human genome is complex
- 28. 7 The human genome is complex: Partly because of duplications
- 29. 7 Regulatory DNA is everywhere in eukaryotic genomes
- 30. 7 mRNA Structure
- 31. 7 Comparative Genome Sizes