Lecture 1.pdf
- 1. Artificial Intelligence Chapter 1 Dr. Ali Arshad
- 3. Course learning Outcome 1. Understand basic concepts of artificial intelligence 2. Apply basic concepts to solve AI problems 3. Design and implement algorithms to solve real world problems.
- 4. Course Assessment • Assignment 10% • Quiz 10% • OHT (1 and 2) / Midterm 30% • Final 50%
- 5. Text Book • Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, by Stuart Jonathan Russell, Peter Norvig, John F. Canny, 3nd Edition, Prentice Hall.
- 6. Contents 1 Introduction to AI, Intelligent Agents 2 Problem-solving 3 Solving Problems by Searching, Informed Search and Exploration 4 Constraint Satisfaction Problems, Adversarial Search. 5 Knowledge and reasoning 6 Logical Agents, First-Order Logic, Inference in First-Order Logic 7 Knowledge Representation. Planning and Acting in the Real World. 8 Uncertain knowledge and reasoning 9 Uncertainty, Probabilistic Reasoning, Probabilistic Reasoning over Time 10 Making Simple Decisions, Making Complex Decisions 11 Learning from Observations 12 Knowledge in Learning; Learning Method 13 Reinforcement Learning 14 Decision Tree 15 Artificial Neural Network 16 Communicating, perceiving, and acting 17 Communication, Probabilistic Language Processing, Perception and Robotics
- 8. Purpose of This Class • To teach you the basics of Artificial Intelligence • To excite you!
- 9. The Science of AI • AI is one of the newest sciences. • It build intelligent entities rather than just to understand • Work started in earnest soon after World War-II, named in 1956 (ALAN TUNING). • At that time AI “Field I would most Like to be in” • AI currently encompasses a huge variety of subfields, ranging from general-purpose areas, such as learning and perception to such specific tasks as playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry, and diagnosing diseases.
- 10. The Science of AI Contd… • We want to make the machine who work, think like human and make intelligent system. • Example: • Smart phones: we have Siri or Google Assistant. We don't have to write just speaking and converting into by using NLP and not only converting but also finding the answer this is all based on backend AI Algorithms. • Smart Cars: Tesla Company has made the cars, we just sit in the car and put the destination, and car will analyze how to go when to push break and in which to drive, this is all done by Artificial Intelligence • We want the machine to Learn, Precept and on these basis make decision. We just want the machine to make decision rather than it is good or bad. • Artificial Intelligence is used to fill the barrier between human and robot
- 11. The Science of AI Contd… • Many algorithms are working behind like Searching , Sorting, reasoning algorithm. • Example Youtube or Netflex • Expert System: • Human Behavior 1. Reasoning 2. Learning 3. Problem solving 4. Perception
- 12. What is AI?
- 15. 15 Intelligence • Are the things shown below, Intelligent?
- 16. 16 Ex-1: Searching a path … Different mice might follow different paths based to their intelligence In other words: The problem can be solved in many ways Ability to solve problems demonstrates Intelligence
- 17. 17 Ex-2: Next number in the sequence … • Consider the following sequence … 1,3,7,13,21,__ –What is the next number ? • Key: Adding the next EVEN number … 1+2 = 3; 3+4 = 7; 7+6 = 13; 13+8 =21; 21+10 = 31 1,3,7,13,21,31 Ability to solve problems demonstrates Intelligence
- 18. 18 Intelligent Machines • Ability to solve problems • Ability to plan and schedule • Ability to memorize and process information • Ability to answer fuzzy questions • Ability to learn • Ability to recognize • Ability to understand • Ability to perceive • And many more …
- 19. What is AI?
- 20. AI Defined
- 21. Act Like Humans • The Turing Test approach- 1950 • The computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from a person or not. • The computer would need to possess the following capabilities: 1. Natural Language Processing 2. knowledge representation 3. automated reasoning 4. machine learning
- 22. Think Like Humans • The cognitive modeling approach get inside the actual workings of human minds. • Cognitive science (The interdisciplinary scientific investigation of the mind and intelligence. It encompasses the ideas and methods of psychology, linguistics, philosophy, computer science, artificial intelligence, neuroscience) • If the program's input/output and timing behaviors match corresponding human behaviors, that is evidence that some of the program's mechanisms could also be operating in humans.
- 23. Think Rational • The "laws of thought" approach Greek philosopher Aristotle - "right thinking” • His syllogisms provided patterns for argument structures that always yielded correct conclusions when given correct premises- • for example, “Imran is a man; all men are mortal; therefore, Imran is mortal." • These laws of thought were supposed to govern the operation of the mind; their study initiated the field called logic. • logics tradition within artificial intelligence hopes to build on such programs to create intelligent systems.
- 24. Act Rational • The rational agent approach • An agent is just something that acts • Computer agents : operating under autonomous control, perceiving their environment, persisting over a prolonged time period, adapting to change, and being capable of taking on another's goals. • A RATIONAL AGENT is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or, when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome.
- 25. The Foundations of AI PHILOSOPHY MATHEMATICS ECONOMICS NEUROSCIENCE PHSYCHOLOGY COMPUTER ENGINERING CONTROL THEORY AND CIBERNETICS LINGUISTICS
- 26. Foundation of Artificial Intelligence
- 29. State of the Art
- 30. State of the art – What AI can do? • Which of the following can be done at present? ♦ Play a decent game of table tennis ♦ Drive safely along a curving mountain road ♦ Drive safely along Expressway ♦ Buy a week’s worth of groceries on the web ♦ Buy a week’s worth of groceries at “HyperStar” ♦ Win against any human at chess ♦ Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem ♦ Grab a particular cup and put it on a shelf ♦ Write an intentionally funny story ♦ Translate spoken English into spoken Swedish in real time ♦ Converse successfully with another person for an hour ♦ Perform a complex surgical operation ♦ Unload any dishwasher and put everything away
- 31. • AI has successfully been used in – Finance – Robotics – Games – Medicine – Web