Lecture 2 - The Impact of Humans on Biodiversity - Slide Set.ppt
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The TIDE project is enhancing distance learning in Myanmar by building capacity, enhancing programs of study, and strengthening support systems for higher education institutions. TIDE is part of the UK Aid-funded SPHEIR program, which is managed by a consortium including the British Council, PwC, and Universities UK International. The project will close in May 2021.
![Climate
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[Wuebbles, D.J.,
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Hibbard, D.J.
Dokken, B.C.
Stewart, and T.K.
Maycock (eds.)].
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![Climate Change
USGCRP, 2017: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment,
Volume I [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K.
Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, 470 pp.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture2-theimpactofhumansonbiodiversity-slideset-230611212507-a9a3d7e5/85/Lecture-2-The-Impact-of-Humans-on-Biodiversity-Slide-Set-ppt-14-320.jpg)
![Hayhoe, K., J. Edmonds, R.E. Kopp, A.N. LeGrande, B.M. Sanderson, M.F. Wehner, and
D.J. Wuebbles, 2017: Climate models, scenarios, and projections. In: Climate Science
Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W.
Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global
Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 133-160, doi: 10.7930/J0WH2N54.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture2-theimpactofhumansonbiodiversity-slideset-230611212507-a9a3d7e5/85/Lecture-2-The-Impact-of-Humans-on-Biodiversity-Slide-Set-ppt-15-320.jpg)
Lecture 2 - The Impact of Humans on Biodiversity - Slide Set.ppt
- 1. Transformation by Innovation in Distance Education Nick Harvey The impact of humans on biodiversity The Transformation by Innovation in Distance Education (TIDE) project is enhancing distance learning in Myanmar by building the capacity of Higher Education staff and students, enhancing programmes of study, and strengthening systems that support Higher Educational Institutions in Myanmar. TIDE is part of the UK-Aid-funded Strategic Partnerships for Higher Education Innovation and Reform (SPHEIR) programme(www.spheir.org.uk). SPHEIR is managed on behalf of FCDO by a consortium led by the British Council that includes PwC and Universities UK International. The TIDE project will close in May 2021.
- 2. The impact of humans on biodiversity
- 3. Time of start of major extinction episodes (years BP) Africa and SE Asia 50,000 Australia 50,000 North Eurasia 13,000 North America 11,000 South America 10,000 West Indies 4,000 New Zealand 900 Madagascar 800 Late Pleistocene Mass Extinctions
- 5. Significant and largely irreversible changes to species diversity – The distribution of species on Earth is becoming more homogenous – Humans have increased the species extinction rate by as much as 1,000 times over background rates typical over the planet’s history (medium certainty) – 10–30% of mammal, bird, and amphibian species are currently threatened with extinction (medium to high certainty)
- 6. Declines are geographically variable https://livingplanet.panda.org/en-gb/about-the-living-planet-report
- 7. Declines are taxonomically variable https://livingplanet.panda.org/en-gb/about-the-living-planet-report
- 8. Abundance is declining as well as diversity https://livingplanet.panda.org/en-gb/about-the-living-planet-report Overall decline of 60% in species population sizes from 1970 to 2016
- 9. Unprecedented change to ecosystems – More land was converted to cropland in the 30 years after 1950 than in the 150 years between 1700 and 1850 – 20% of the worlds coral reefs were lost and 20% degraded in the last several decades – 35% of mangrove area has been lost in the last several decades – Amount of water in reservoirs quadrupled since 1960 – Withdrawals from rivers and lakes doubled since 1960
- 10. Loss of natural habitats: past and future
- 11. Land Use Change Ellis et al (2010) Anthropogenic transformation 1700-2000. Global Ecology and Biogeography
- 13. Climate Change USGCRP, 2017: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, 470 pp.
- 14. Climate Change USGCRP, 2017: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, 470 pp.
- 15. Hayhoe, K., J. Edmonds, R.E. Kopp, A.N. LeGrande, B.M. Sanderson, M.F. Wehner, and D.J. Wuebbles, 2017: Climate models, scenarios, and projections. In: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 133-160, doi: 10.7930/J0WH2N54.
- 17. Rockstrom et al (2009) Nature 461:472-475
- 18. The disruption of earth system processes • Climate change • Rate of biodiversity loss (terrestrial and marine) • Interference with the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles • Stratospheric ozone depletion • Ocean acidification • Global freshwater use • Change in land use • Chemical pollution • Atmospheric aerosol loading Rockstrom et al (2009) Nature 461:472-475
- 19. Rockstrom et al (2009) Nature 461:472-475
- 20. Current status of the control variables for seven of the planetary boundaries.The green zone is the safe operating space, the yellow represents the zone of uncertainty (increasing risk), and the red is a high-risk zone. Will Steffen et al. Science 2015;347:1259855 Published by AAAS
- 21. Welcome to the Anthropocene (Crutzen & Stoermer (2000) Global Change Newsletter 41:17–18) • Holocene (last 10,000 years) - relative climatic and environmental stability • Anthropocene – the epoch of man – started in: 1800? or 1945? But see Caro et al. (2012) Conserv Biol 26:185-8
- 22. Change in human impacts over time • Early humans had a hunter-gatherer lifestyle (fires, hunting) • Rise and spread of agriculture ~12,000 years ago (changes in land use and land cover) • Increase in human population size (more fire, hunting, land use/cover change and overexploitation of natural ‘resources’ - timber, fish, whales, etc, etc.)
- 23. The increasing rates of change in human activity since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Steffen, Will, et al. "The trajectory of the Anthropocene: the great acceleration." The Anthropocene Review 2.1 (2015): 81-98.
- 25. The heart of the problem
- 26. Exponential human growth cannot continue The earth can only support a finite number of people More people – less resources/person World’s Population Size 2020: 7.8 billion (estimated) 2050: 9.7 billion? 2100: ??? (UN estimates)
- 27. Population growth is not evenly distributed • Half of the world’s population growth is expected to come from: India, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Tanzania, USA, Uganda and Indonesia • The group of 47 least developed countries (LDCs) is projected to increase by 33% from 2017 to 2030, reaching 1.9 billion in 2050. • ~83 countries (comprising 46% of the world’s population) now have fertility rates below the level required for the replacement of successive generations (~2.1 births per woman). The ten most populous countries in this group are China, USA, Brazil, Russia, Japan, Vietnam, Germany, Iran, Thailand, and the UK. Data from: The 2017 Revision of World Population Prospects from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
- 28. Resource use is not evenly distributed Data from: The 2017 Revision of World Population Prospects from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
- 29. Reading • Ellis, et al. (2010) Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700 to 2000. Global ecology and biogeography • Thuiller (2007) Climate change and the ecologist Nature • Butchart (2010) Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines Science • Foley (2011) Solutions for a cultivated planet Nature