Lecture 3 Types of lexical meaning:logical, nominal and emotive meaning
- 2. *What is a word?
- 3. *house to house Dr House sorrow snow my Goodness Snowwhite Wow Hurrah! Ouch white house white lie *Choose a studio, where power is 500 watt and more. *James Watt is best remembered for his improvements to the steam engine.
- 4. * Definitions to a “word” *“a single unit of language which has meaning and can be spoken or written” (Cambridge Advanced English Dictionary) *“a speech sound or series of speech sounds that symbolizes and communicates a meaning usually without being divisible into smaller units capable of independent use” (Miriam Webster)
- 5. *“a word is the smallest meaningful unit of speech” (linguistics) “A word is a language sign that expresses a concept by its forms and meanings”
- 6. *What is meaning? *L. Vygotsky: meaning is the unity of generalization, communication and thinking.
- 7. *The meaning of a word is the means by which the concept is materialized. Both lexical and grammatical meanings may be polysemantic. badly goes away *awfully = leaves = very ‘leaf’ in plural
- 8. *By concept we mean an abstract or general idea of some phenomenon of objective reality including the subjective feelings and emotions of human beings.
- 9. * When there is a connection between different meanings, we call them shades of meanings, sometimes separate meanings. *Immunology is a branch of biological science. *The fruit on the lower branches was protected from the sun.
- 10. When the process of breaking away from the basic meaning has gone so far and we don’t feel any connection between the meanings, we have different words - homonyms . *We had seats in the front/back row of the theatre. (=line) *They've gone for a row to the island. (=movement on a boat) *My parents often have rows, but my dad does most of the shouting. (=argument)
- 11. *cat *Impressions which have born by concepts are called imagery. *Imagery is mainly produced by the interplay of different meanings *dog
- 13. *Logical meaning= denotative, referential, direct meaning *is the exact and definite name of an object, phenomenon or idea. Logical meaning Primary meaning Secondary meaning Empty room Empty words
- 14. *Meanings which are not registered in dictionaries but exist in our speech or written texts are called contextual meanings. *1. The governer said that he would not allow the presence (=...the state of being present) of federal troops on the soil of his state. *2. ...the General has been faced with a problem as old as France’s presence (=“occupation”) in Algeria.
- 15. *Connotative meaning informs about the participants and conditions of communication expressive (aiming at creating the image of the object in question) associative (connected, through individual psychological ог linguistic associations, with related and поп-related notions) ideological, or conceptual (геvеаliпа political, social, ideological preferences of the user) evaluative (stating the value оf the indicated notion) emotive (revealiпа the emotional layer оf cognition and perception) stylistic (indicating "the register", or the situation of thc communication).
- 16. *Emotive Meaning *refer to the feelings and emotions of the speaker towards things or to his emotions. *He visited his dying mother. *I’m dying to know who won. *Bloody hell! What’s that? *Damn! Completely forgot! *Alas, my funds have some limitations.
- 17. The following words have also emotive meanings... *1. Interjections: O! Alas! Hey! Yogh! Gosh! *2. Exclamatory words: Good! Well! Look out! Hurrah! Hear, hear! Heavens! *3. Oaths and swear words: Upon my word! The devil! Christ! God! Goodness gracious! Bloody, damn, bastard! *4. Qualitative and intensifying adjectives and adverbs: awfully, terrible, wonderful, dreadful, fine, fantastic, terrific.
- 18. *Nominal Meaning *Words having nominal meanings are treated as proper nouns. In order to distinguish the word with a nominal meaning one must know that it is spelt by a capital letter. *So Patience married to Tony Vassal and Nathan turned his attention to other things,….
- 19. *Common Noun Proper Noun *hope Miss Hope *Proper Noun Common Noun *Mikhail Timofeevich AK-47 Kalashnikov automatic Kalashnikov
- 20. *Questions and Tasks *1. What is a word? *2. Are the lexical and grammatical meanings polysemantic *or monosemantic? *3. When do we have homonyms? *4. Explain the process where the concepts are materialized *not by means of words but other signs. *5. What types of Iexical meanings are there in the language? *6. What is the logical meaning of a word? *7. Speak about the semantic structure of a word. *8. Cnaracterize the primary and secondary (derivative) *logical meanings. Give illustrations. *9. What is contextual meaning? *10-How does the contextual meaning of a word appear?
- 21. *11. What are the fate of derivative meanings? *12. What is the essence of emotive meaning? *13. What is the function of emotive meaning? *14. In what lexical units emotive meaning is prevailed? *15.Speak about the words with emotive meaning which *have lost their logical meaning. *16. On what conceptual principal the nominal meaning *is based? *17.Explain the cases when proper names become homonyms *of common nouns. *18.What do we mean saying that a logical meaning takes *its origin in a nominal meaning? Give illustrations.
- 22. State the primary and transferred meanings of the following words *a house *A house in the country. A full house. Every word was heard in all parts of the house. White house. An ancient trading house in the city. A noisy cheerful house. To keep house. To leave one’s father’s house.
- 23. State the primary and transferred meanings of the following words *white *White clouds. White hair. A white elephant. The white race. White magic. White meat. As white as snow. White wine. It’s white of you. White lie.
- 24. State the primary and transferred meanings of the following words *Die *Die of hunger. Die in one’s bed. The day is dying. I’m dying to know. His secret died with him. Die in harness. Die game. Never say die. Flowers die without water. To die of illness, desease, grief. To die by violence. To die from a wound. His fame will never die.
- 25. State the primary and transferred meanings of the following words *Run *The horse runs. The man runs. The water runs. The tap runs. His nose runs. The motor runs. The vine runs over the door. He ran his horse in the last race. She ran the water into the tub. He ran his business well.