![a social system in which the role of the male as the primary
authority figure is central to social organization, and
where fathers hold authority over women, children and
property [implying] the institutions of male rule and
privilege, and [depending] on female subordination](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture8powerandfemalekilling-140606060305-phpapp02/85/Lecture-8-power-and-female-killing-62-320.jpg)
![the structural and ideological system that perpetuates the
privileging of masculinity [most] notable for marginalizing the
feminine. It [tends] to infantilize, ignore, trivialize, or even
actively cast scorn upon what is thought to be feminized’
Enloe 2004: 4-5](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture8powerandfemalekilling-140606060305-phpapp02/85/Lecture-8-power-and-female-killing-65-320.jpg)
![Research indicates [societies] with lower
occurrence of violence are characterized by
attitudes and behaviour that reflect greater
gender equality and lack of community
support for violence
Evidence of social
construction
Levinson, 1989](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture8powerandfemalekilling-140606060305-phpapp02/85/Lecture-8-power-and-female-killing-96-320.jpg)
Lecture 8 power and female killing
- 1. P o w e r a n d woman killing
- 2. Is woman killing a figment of feminist imagination
- 8. Killing by a current or former partner or spouse among heterosexual or same-sex couples and does not require sexual intimacy (CDC 2013)
- 10. No. of people murdered in Twin Towers terrorist attack, 20013000
- 11. War on Terror declared
- 12. Women murdered by their intimate partners in US, same year 3000+
- 13. Nothing M a c K i n n o n 2 0 0 7 happened
- 14. 50 40 percentage of women murder victims killed worldwide by a partner Percentage of female homicides in Sao Paulo, Brazil by victims’ partners (UNIFEM 2004: 1)60 major cause of death and incapacity for European females aged 16-44 No. of Indian women murdered by their spouses or spouse’s family each week (New Internationalist 2004: 19)98 Percentage of women murder victims in Bangladesh killed by their husbands (New Internationalist 2004: 19) No of women in UK murdered each week by partner/ex-partner 2 partner murder
- 15. Problems with data? lack of cooperation and uniformity regarding reporting for analysis not recorded by constabulary in parts of Asia and Africa, ME not disaggregated by gender in some parts of Europe
- 16. 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 COUNTRY M F U M F U M F U M F U M F U M F U USA 344 118 339 118 330 115 344 115 329 118 Germany 477 391 869 Iceland 1 4 0 3 Estonia 55 62 32 38 18 20 23 31 NZ 415 544 558 488 515 Japan 324 319 643 Sweden 63 65 66 73 75 78 Norway 38 25 38 Russia (14,000, 1999) 2979 N/Lands 202 195 202 191 174 Czech R 70 90 78 71 54 71 Cyprus 6 3 3 0 13 2 12 4 14 4 4 0 Lux 6 5 3 2
- 18. Global constant
- 20. Share in common
- 21. Departure from prescribed, sanctioned, legitimated social rules
- 22. Egyptian woman shot 5 times after leaving husband Jordanian woman stabbed to death over her education and partner preference Bradford Asian girl murdered by mother for dating white female Turkish woman had throat slit on suspicion of adultery Pakistani woman gang raped then shot because she had been raped
- 23. Dowry Killing
- 24. The putative purpose of dowry is to compensate the groom’s family for the acquisition of a non-productive dependant (Gill and Mitra-Khan, 2009: 689)
- 25. Compensation
- 26. For lack of valued productivity beyond child rearing
- 28. Not invested in
- 29. marginalised in low-paid work
- 30. and managed for perpetuating male line
- 32. explanations
- 33. Is it biological
- 34. Extent of dowry and honour killings over time and place suggest so
- 35. a right to kill unfaithful or disgraced women represents not the culture-to-culture proliferation of misogyny but the culture-by- culture expression of a biologically evolved behavioural pathology … Goldstein, 2002: 28 “
- 36. Are we sure
- 37. If biological, why do people other than husbands kill wives
- 39. Strips us of responsibility and agency
- 40. leaves humans unaccountable for their actions
- 41. Is it cultural
- 42. Occurs in specific g e o g r a p h i e s
- 43. Suggested to be specific to Islam
- 44. femicide occurs in parallel with other ‘cultural’ despotisms like FGM
- 46. Femicide routine in Europe before 20th Century and persists now
- 47. Common to most spaces over time
- 48. Is it social
- 49. patriarchy as key to much in the world
- 54. Concerned with equality of opportunity for all
- 55. Concerned with discrimination against gender
- 57. Concerned with injustice in the world caused by power
- 58. female killing F e m i n i s t E x p l a n a t i o n s
- 59. Reject absolute biological explanations Facile, misleading, reductionist, treacherous, and dangerous
- 60. not all men kill women, not all the time, not everywhere
- 61. Identify patriarchy as source of social rules concerned with domination and organization
- 62. a social system in which the role of the male as the primary authority figure is central to social organization, and where fathers hold authority over women, children and property [implying] the institutions of male rule and privilege, and [depending] on female subordination
- 63. but not limited to fathers, or families
- 64. ANDRARCHYr u l e b y m a s c u l i n e g o v e r n a n c e
- 65. the structural and ideological system that perpetuates the privileging of masculinity [most] notable for marginalizing the feminine. It [tends] to infantilize, ignore, trivialize, or even actively cast scorn upon what is thought to be feminized’ Enloe 2004: 4-5
- 67. depart from hegemonic rules and femicide of all kinds encouraged when females expectations is
- 68. critical feminists argue that males and females learn these rules from birth
- 69. One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman… It is civilization… that produces this creature… If, well before puberty and sometimes even from infancy, she seems to us to be sexually determined, this is not because mysterious instincts directly doom her to passivity, coquetry, maternity; it is because the influence of others upon the child is a factor almost from the start, and thus she is indoctrinated with her vocation from her earliest years Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex
- 70. derived from social conventions argue that males and females must conform to
- 71. forgotten in origin and accepted as legitimate due to normality and extent invisible power
- 72. early hunter-gatherer societies depended on Hughes and Hughes, 2001; Eagly and Wood, 1999; Miles 2010 GATHERING h u n t i n g NOT
- 73. P A T R I A R C H Y FROM PATERNITY
- 74. this awareness allowed men to free themselves from believing only women gave life, and led them to reshape a society affirming their supremacy over women… and over children Miles 2010; Moussa, 2005
- 76. when men murder women or girls, the power dynamics of misogyny and/or sexism are almost always involved Russell and Harmes 2001: 3 “
- 77. direct violence is the physical extension of ideological, structural, and interpersonal oppression
- 78. males as subjects of patriarchy
- 79. shot for desertion beaten for sexuality mocked for ‘unmanliness’ or ‘ugliness’ raped for non-compliance abused for disability bullied for dress choice conscripted to war
- 81. It… requires such a self-destructive identity, a deeply masochistic self-denial, a shrinkage of the self… To become the man I was supposed to be, I had to destroy my most vulnerable side, my sensitivity, my femininity, my creativity and I had to pretend to be both more powerful and less powerful than I feel. Horrocks 1994: 25)
- 86. General Theory of domination
- 87. conquest/control of one group over another based on unconscious fear
- 88. If it were between countries, we’d call it a war
- 89. If it were a disease, we’d call it an epidemic. If it were an oil spill, we’d call it a disaster. But it is happening to women, and it’s just an every day affair. It is violence against women. It is the beating or the blow that millions of women suffer each and every day. It is rape at home or on a date. It is murder Kaufman, M (2004)
- 90. leads MacKinnon to ask: (2006: 41-42)
- 91. If women were human, would we be a cash crop shipped from Thailand in containers into New York’s brothels? Would we be sexual and reproductive slaves? Would we be bred, worked without pay our whole lives, burned when our dowry money wasn’t enough or when men tired of us, starved as widows when our husbands died (if we survived his funeral pyre), sold for sex because we are not valued for anything else
- 92. Would we be kept from learning to read and write? Would we be hidden behind veils and imprisoned in houses and stoned and shot for refusing? Would we be beaten nearly to death, and to death, by men with whom we are close? Would we be sexually molested in our families?
- 93. conclusion
- 94. Good news…
- 95. Patriarchy as a social process rejects inevitability of biological determinism
- 96. Research indicates [societies] with lower occurrence of violence are characterized by attitudes and behaviour that reflect greater gender equality and lack of community support for violence Evidence of social construction Levinson, 1989