Lecture Notes Endocrine-System.ppt
- 2. What is the endo crine system? The endocrine system is made up of glands and the hormones they secrete. Although the endocrine gla nds are the primary hormone producers, the brain, heart, lungs, liver, skin, thymus, gastrointestinal mu cosa, and placenta also produce and release hormo nes.
- 3. What is the endocrine system? The primary endocri ne glands are the pit uitary (the master gla nd), pineal, thyroid, p arathyroid, islets of L angerhans, adrenals, ovaries in the female and testes in the mal e. The function of the endocrine system is the prod uction and regulation of chemical substances cal led hormones.
- 4. Hormones… A hormone is a chemical transmitter. It is released in smal l amounts from glands, and is transported in the bloodstr eam to target organs or other cells. Hormones are chemic al messengers, transferring information and instructions f rom one set of cells to another.
- 5. Hormones… Hormones regulate growth, dev elopment, mood, tissue function , metabolism, and sexual functio n. Hyposecretion or hypersecretion of any hormone can be harmful to t he body. Controll ing the pro duction of ho rmones can tre at many hormonal disorde rs in the body.
- 6. Hormones… The endocrine system and nervous system work together to help maintain homeostasis… balance. The hypothalam us is a collection of specialized cells located in the brain, a nd is the primary link between the two systems. It produ ces chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone s ecretions of the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland has 2 lobe s…
- 7. Secretions from the anterior pituitar y gland… Growth Hormone (G H): essential for the growth and develop ment of bones, mus cles, and other orga ns. It also enhances protein synthesis, d ecreases the use of glucose, and promot es fat destruction.
- 8. Secretions from the anterior pituitar y gland… Adrenocorticotropin (TRŌ pun) (ACTH): essential for the gro wth of the adrenal c ortex. Thyroid-Stimulating Hor mone (TSH): essential fo r the growth and develop ment of the thyroid gland .
- 9. Secretions from the anterior pituitar y gland… It stimulates the growt h ovarian follicles in t he female and the pro duction of sperm in th e male. Follicle-Stimulating Horm one (FSH): is a gonadotro pic hormone.
- 10. Secretions from the anterior pituitar y gland… Luteinizing Hormon e (LH): is a gonadot ropic hormone stim ulating the develop ment of corpus lute um in the female ov arian follicles and th e production of test osterone in the male . The yellow corpus luteum remains after ovulation; it produces estrogen and p rogesterone.
- 11. Secretions from the anterior pituitar y gland… Prolactin (PRL): sti mulates the develop ment and growth of the mammary gland s and milk producti on during pregnanc y. The sucking motion of the baby stimulates prolactin s ecretion.
- 12. Secretions from the anterior pituitar y gland… Melanocyte-stimulating hormo ne (MSH): regulates skin pigme ntation and promotes the depo sit of melanine in the skin after exposure to sunlight
- 13. Antidiuretic Hor mone (ADH): sti mulates the reab sorption of wate r by the renal tu bules. Hyposecr etion of this hor mone can result in diabetes insip idus. Secretions from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland…
- 14. Oxytocin: stimulates the uterus to contract during labor, delivery, and parturition. A sy nthetic version of this hormone, used to ind uce labor, is called Pi tocin. It also stimulat es the mammary glan ds to release milk. Secretions from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland…
- 15. Secretions from the pineal gland… The pineal gland is pine-cone-shaped and only about 1 cm in diameter. Melatonin: communicates information about enviro nmental lighting t o various parts of the bod y. Has some effect on s leep/awake cycles and ot her biological events con nected to them, such as a lower production of gastr ic secretions at night.
- 16. Secretions from the pineal gland… Serotonin: a neurotransmitte r that regulates intestinal mo vements and affects appetite, mood, sleep, anger, and meta bolism.
- 17. Secretions of the thyroid gland… Calcitonin: influences bone and calcium met abolism; maintains a homeostasis of calciu m in the blood plasma The thyroid gland plays a vital role in metabolism a nd regulates the body’s m etabolic processes.
- 18. Secretions of the thyroid gland… Thyroxine (T4) and triodothy ronine (T3): essential to BM R – basal metabolic rate (the rate at which a person’s bod y burns calories while at res t); influences physical/ment al development and growth Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 = cretinism, myxede ma, Hashimoto’s disease Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 = Grave’s disease, go iter, Basedow’s disease
- 19. Secretions of the parathyroid gland… The two pairs of parathyroi d glands are located on the dorsal or back side of the t hyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid (PTH) which pl ays a role in the metabolis m of phosphorus. Too little results in cramping; too m uch results in osteoporosis or kidney stones.
- 20. The islets of Langerhans… The islets of Langerhans are small clusters of cell s located in the pancreas.
- 21. Secretions from the islets of Langerhans … Beta cells secrete the hormon e insulin, which is essential f or the maintenance of normal blood sugar levels. Inadequa te levels result in diabetes me llitus. Delta cells suppress the release of gluca gon and insulin. Alpha cells facilitat e the breakdown of glycogen to glucos e. This elevates the blood sugar.
- 22. The adrenal glands… The triangular-sh aped adrenal gla nds are located o n the top of each kidney. The insid e is called the m edulla and the ou tside layer is call ed the cortex.
- 23. Secretions from the adren al cortex… Cortisol: regulates carbohydr ate, protein, and fat metabolis m; has an anti-inflammatory e ffect; helps the body cope du ring times of stress Hyposecretion results in Addison’s disease; hypersecretion result s in Cushing’s diseas e Corticosterone: like cortisol, it is a steroi d; influences potass ium and sodium met abolism
- 24. Secretions from the adrenal cortex… Aldosterone: essential in regulating electrolyte and water balance by pro moting sodium and chloride retentio n and potassium excretion. Androgens: several hormones including testosterone; they p romote the develop ment of secondary s ex characteristics in the male.
- 25. Secretions from the adrenal medulla… Dopamine is used to treat shock. It di lates the arteries, elevates systolic b lood pressure, inc reases cardiac out put, and increases urinary output.
- 26. Secretions f rom the adr enal medulla… Epinephrine is also called adrenalin. It elevates sy stolic blood pressure, increases heart rate and car diac output, speeds up the release of glucose from the liver… giving a spurt of energy, dilates the bro nchial tubes and relaxes airways, and dilates the p upils to see more clearly. It is often used to counte ract an allergic reaction.
- 27. Secretions from the adrenal medulla… Norepinephrine, like epinephrine, is released when the body is under stress. It creates the underlying i nfluence in the fight or flight response. As a drug, however, it actually triggers a drop in heart rate.
- 28. Secretions of the ovaries… The ovaries produce sever al estrogen hormones and progesterone. These horm ones prepare the uterus for pregnancy, promote the de velopment of mammary gla nds, play a role in sex drive , and develop secondary se x characteristics in the fem ale. Estrogen is essential for the growth, development, and maintenance of female sex organs.
- 29. The testes produce the male sex hormo ne called testostero ne. It is essential fo r normal growth and development of the male sex organs. Te stosterone is respo nsible for the erecti on of the penis. Secretions of the testes…
- 30. During pregnancy, the place nta serves as an endocrine gland. Secretions of the placenta… It produces cho rionic gonadotr opin hormone, e strogen, and pr ogesterone.
- 31. The mucosa o f the pyloric ar ea of the stom ach secretes t he hormone g astrin, which s timulates the production of gastric acid fo r digestion. Secretions of the gastrointestinal mu cosa…
- 32. The mucosa of t he duodenum an d jejunum secret es the hormone secretin, which stimulates pancr eatic juice, bile, and intestinal se cretion. Secretions of the gastrointestinal mu cosa…
- 33. The thymus gland has two lobes, and is part of the lymphatic syste m. It is a ductless gla nd, and secretes thym osin. This is necessar y for the Thymus’ nor mal production of T ce lls for the immune sys tem. Secretions of the thy mus…