Lecture#1 Muslim Rule In Sub-Continent
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1) The document defines ideology as a set of political or socio-economic beliefs that form the basis for actions and policies. 2) It explains that the ideology of Pakistan emerged from Islamic ideology and was based on the two-nation theory, which held that Hindus and Muslims are distinct nations that could not coexist in one state. 3) The two-nation theory supported the concept of an independent Muslim state, which became the ideology driving the Pakistan movement for independence.
Lecture#1 Muslim Rule In Sub-Continent
- 1. Ideology---Definition 1) It is the set of beliefs especially the political beliefs on which people, parties or countries base and relate their actions. 2) A system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.
- 2. Pakistan Affairs (CSS Compulsory) • Learning Objectives: – Ideology—Definition – Ideology of Pakistan—Definition & Concept – Two Nation Theory – Advent of Muslims & Islam in Sub-continent – Muslim Rule In Sub-continent – Downfall of Muslim Rule but not Islam – Renaissance
- 3. Ideology of Pakistan---Concept • Ideology of Pakistan can be defined as a political, and socio-religious ideology of Muslims of Sub- continent to establish an independent state for themselves because the Muslims & Hindus of the Sub-continent are two distinct nations. • Ideology of Pakistan and its concept generated from Islamic Ideology which gave birth to the concept of Two-Nation Theory. • Two Nation Theory supported the concept of Pakistan Movement or movement for Independent State for the Muslims of Sub-continent.
- 4. Two-Nation Theory • Concept of Two-Nation Theory is that Muslims and Hindus of sub-continent cannot live together because their religions, cultures, traditions, languages, customs, heroes and manners are entirely different.
- 5. Muslim Rule In Sub-Continent • Conquest of Sindh ---- -------in 712 AD • Post Muhammad Bin Qasim--(715---1206 AD) • Ghaznavid Dynasty --------------(977---1186 AD) • Ghurid Dynasty in Sub-continent---from 1192 AD Delhi Sultanate (05 Dynasties) • The Slave Dynasty --------------(1206---1290 AD) • The Khilji Dynasty --------------(1290---1321 AD) • The Tughlaq Dynasty ----------(1321---1412 AD) • The Sayyid Dynasty ------------(1414---1451 AD) • The Lodhi Dynasty -------------(1451---1526 AD) • The Mughal Dynasty -----------(1526--- 1857 AD) • Colonial Rule (British) ----------(1857---1947 AD)
- 7. Ghaznavid Rule (977---1186 AD) • Ghaznavids were Turks. • Were Gaurds of the Abbasis Caliphs. • Initially Established their Empire at Ghazna. • They were brave, dauntless and had qualities to build empires. • They conquered the sub-continent which was left by Arabs to conquer. • Mahmud Ghaznavi (997—1030 AD) very popular ruler. • Made 17 invasions in India.
- 9. Ghurid Dynasty (from 1192 AD) • Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori معزالدینمحمدغوری or Muhammad of Ghor, was Sultan of the Ghurid Empire. • He defeated combined might of the Rajputs led by Pirthiviraj at the Second battle of Tarain in 1192. • Thus, Muslim Rule in Sub-continent Started in 1192 AD. • Mu'izz ad-Din was the great ruler of the Ghurid dynasty who laid the foundation of Muslim rule in sub-continent and south Asia which helped Muslims to rule for several centuries. • His rule in South Asia spreads over parts of modern- day Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iran, India, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.
- 10. Muslim Rule In Sub-Continent • Ist Conquest of Sub-continent was Sindh • And Sindh was conquered by Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712 AD • He conquered till Multan by 714 AD • Muhammad bin Qasim stopped conquests in 715 because new Umayyad Caliph Sulaiman called him back. • During Abbasid Caliphate, Its Caliphs did not take much interest in political affairs of Sindh Province. • Independent rulers continued their rule till the Gaznavid Period.
- 11. Muslim Rule In Sub-Continent • Conquest of Sindh ---- -------in 712 AD • Post Muhammad Bin Qasim--(715---1206 AD) Delhi Sultanate • The Slave Dynasty --------------(1206---1290 AD) • The Khilji Dynasty --------------(1290---1321 AD) • The Tughlaq Dynasty ----------(1321---1412 AD) • The Sayyid Dynasty ------------(1414---1451 AD) • The Lodhi Dynasty -------------(1451---1526 AD) • The Mughal Dynasty -----------(1526--- 1857 AD) • Colonial Rule (British) ----------(1857---1947 AD)
- 12. Sultanate Period ( 1206—1526 AD) • Five Dynasties Ruled from 1206 to 1526 AD and the rulers called them Sultans therefore it is called Sultanate Period. • The Slave Dynasty --------------(1206---1290 AD) • The Khilji Dynasty --------------(1290---1321 AD) • The Tughlaq Dynasty ----------(1321---1412 AD) • The Sayyid Dynasty ------------(1414---1451 AD) • The Lodhi Dynasty -------------(1451---1526 AD)
- 13. Slave(Mamluk) Dynasty (1206-1290 AD) • Founded by Qutbuddin Aibak in 1206 • Qutub was a Turkic ex-slave (Mamluk) of the Ghurid Rule in India. • Muhammad Ghori (Ghurid) died in 1206 without an heir. • After a battle of succession, Qutub took possession of Muhammad Ghori's Indian empire. • He established his capital first at Lahore, and later at Delhi.
- 14. Sultans of Slave Dynasty 1) Qutub uddin Aibak 2) Aram Shah 3) Iltutmish Shams ad Din 4) Fîruz Shah I 5) Radiyya Begum / Razia 6) Bahram Shah 7) Allauddin Masud Shah 8) Mahmud Shah I 9) Ghiyasuddin Balban 10) Kay Qubadh / Kaiqubadh 11) Kayumarth (Infant son: Controlled and quickly deposed by Jalaluddin Khilji).
- 15. Khilji Dynasty ( 1290—1321 AD) • Founded by Jalaluddin Khilji • Dynasty lived around 30 years • short-lived Khilji dynasty ruled northern India and the Deccan from their capital at Delhi. • Sultans Of Khilji Dynasty – Jalaluddin Firoz Khilji – Alauddin Khilji – Mubarak Shah
- 16. Tughlaq Dynasty (1320—1414 AD) • تغلق سلسلہ • Dynasty was of Turkic origin. • This Dynasty Ruled around 95 years Sultans of Tughlaq Dynasty 1) Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 2) Muhammad bin Tughluq 3) Firuz Shah Tughlaq 4) Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah 5) Abu Bakr Shah 6) Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah 7) Alauddin Mahmud Shah 8) Nusrat Shah ( Few say: Nasiruddin Muhammad was a real Sultan)
- 17. Sayyid Dynasty (1414 – 1451 AD ) • Founded by Sayyid Khizr Khan • Continued around 37 years Sultans of Sayyid Dynasty 1) Khizr Khan 2) Mubark Shah 3) Muhammad Shah 4) Alam Shah
- 18. Lodhi Dynasty (1451 – 1526 AD) • Bahlol Lodhi laid the foundation • Lodhis were Afghans • Rule continued around 75 years
- 19. Mughal Dynasty (1526—1857 AD) • مسلطنت غلیہ • Founded by Zaheer -ud-Din Babur • He defeated ’’Ibrahim Lodi’’, (the last Sultan of Lodhi Dynasty in the ’’First Battle of Panipat’’ (1526). • Total rulers of the dynasty are fifteen (15) Bahadur Shah being the last. • Most of them were able ”rulers, administrators, generals, builders, patrons of art & architecture”. • Great Rulers---Few Names----Are: – Zaheer Ud Din Babur – Akbar The Great – Shah Jahan – Aurangzeb etc. •
- 20. The Birtish Raj (1857—1947 AD) • East India Company in 1600 AD. • British Rule In Sub-Continent. • Defeat of Bahadur Shah Zafar, last Ruler of the Mughal Dynasty. • War of Independence 1857 AD • Due to his involvement in the War of Independence 1857, the British exiled him (Bahadur)to Rangoon in British-controlled Burma, after convicting him on conspiracy.
- 21. Downfall of Muslim Rule In Sub-continent (1/3) • Weak Administration of Last Rulers of Mughal Empire. • Rise of Maratha Empire (1674 to 1818). • In 1761, Ahmad Shah Abdali (Durrani Empire) defeated the Maratha Army in the Third Battle of Panipat & resisted their expansion into Afghanistan. • Aurangzeb's death (1707) started the downfall of the Mughal Empire. • The Sikh Empire (1799–1849 AD) • Fight Over Succession ()جانشینی
- 22. Downfall of Muslim Rule In Sub-continent (2/3) • Advent of the British in Sub-continent. • Incompetent Successors • Fight Between Muslim Dynasties • No Educational Efforts by Rulers like Abbassid Caliphate did in Baghdad. • Huge Empires could not be administered efficiently by the incompetent Sultans/Rulers.
- 23. Downfall of Muslim Rule In Sub-continent (3/3) • As Mughal Rulers did great work on Art, Architecture, forts,Parks, Mosques, buildings but did not establish educational Institutions. • Bankruptcy of Morality amongst Rulers and subjects. • Defeat at War of Independence 1857 AD.