Lecture-1.pptx
- 2. Historical Development of Railways in India • 1844 – First proposal for construction of railways in India were submitted to East India Company by Mr. R.M. Stephenson • 1849 – Contract to construct an experimental line of 160 kms between Calcutta to Mirzapur • 1850 – Contract by Indian Peninsula Railways to construct line between Bombay to Kalyan • 1853 – First Railway line between Bombay and Thana (32 kms stretch) • 1854 – Train between Howrah and Hoogly was run over a stretch of 39 kms
- 3. 1855-1860 – Eight railway companies were established in India like The Madras Railway, The Scindia Railway etc. 1862 – Assistance was given to railway companies to construct feeder lines in Northern India 1869-1881 – Government itself undertook the responsibility of railway construction 1879 – India had a total of 14,920 kms of railway line 1881 – Lord Hartington, then the secretary of State for India, formulated rules for railway construction 1881-1897 – New contracts were given to new companies 1901 – Mr. Thomson Robertson was appointed to investigate into railway administration
- 4. 1914 – Railway kilometrage rose from 39,603 in 1900 to 56,456 in 1914 1920 – Indian Railway Inquiry Committee was appointed 1937 – Burma was separated from India due to which kms were curtailed by 3200 kms 1939 – Total route kilometrage was 65,850 kms 1950 – Regrouping of railways was done and 6 zones were formed 2017 – Total Indian Railway network – 1,21,407 kms
- 5. Five Year Plans- • 1951-56 • 1956-61 • 1961-66 • 1969-74 • 1974-78 • 1980-85 • 1985-90 • 1992-97 • 1997-2002
- 6. Permanent Way and Gauge Permanent Way The rails fitted on sleepers and resting on ballast and subgrade is called the railway track or permanent way. The name of permanent way is given to distinguish the final layout from the temporary tracks laid for transporting construction materials. In a permanent way, the rails are duly joined in series (using fishplates and bolts or welded) and then they are fixed to sleeper by appropriate fastening. The sleepers are duly spaced, rest on ballast which is suitably packed. The ballast rests on proposed subgrade called formation.
- 8. The rails act as girders to transmit the wheel load to the sleepers. The sleepers hold the rails in proper position maintaining proper tilt, gauge and level and transmit the loads from rails to ballast. The ballast rests on prepared formation & distributes the loads over the formation and holds the sleeper in position.
- 9. Gauges Rail Gauge is the horizontal perpendicular distance between the inner sides of the heads of the two load bearing parallel rails of the track. Larger the gauge, larger will be the size of rolling stock and more will be speed, more economical will be operation charges. Selection of gauge is therefore largely dependent on the volume, speed and demand of passengers, traffic and
- 10. There are four types of gauges:- Standard (1.435m) Broad (1.676m) Meter (1.000m) Narrow gauge (0.610-0.762m) In the world of rail, 56% of railways has standard gauge while broad gauge covers 1/13th and the narrow gauge covers 1/8th kilometerage of world rail. In India however there are three principal gauges, namely B.G 53% M.G 40% N.G 7%
- 11. Selection of Gauges- • Cost of construction • Volume and Nature of Traffic • Development of the areas • Physical features of the country • Speed of movement
- 13. Brake Van
- 14. Open Wagons
- 15. Closed Wagons
- 16. Passenger Van
- 17. Rails Rails are continuous girders placed over the sleepers to receive axle loads of rolling stocks and distribute the same to the formation through sleepers and ballasts. Function of Rails i) to provide smooth and uniform surface to bear heavy loads from rolling stocks offering very low frictional resistance. ii) to bear lateral and thermal stresses due to braking and centrifugal force at horizontal curves iii) to resist wear and tear of rails, good quality steel should be used, so that wear is low, making replacement cost low and arresting failure due to wear
- 18. Requirements for Rails for proper functioning- i) Rails should be of adequate height to resist vertical shear ii) It should have sufficient surface of contact with wheels and sleeper surface iii) High carbon steel shall be used . Composition should be as below:- Carbon – 0.55 - 0.68% Manganese – 0.65 – 0.9% Silicon – 0.05 – 0.3% Sulphur – below 0.05% Phosphorus - below 0.05%
- 19. Rail Section An ideal rail section should be such that every part of material is subjected to maximum allowable stress and resulting most economical cross-sectional area. Three types of rail sections-
- 20. Self Study Topics- • Development of Railway in India (including five year plans) • Advantages of Indian Railways • Requirements of an ideal permanent way • Requirement of Rails • Types of rails sections (merits and demerits)