![References
• Bhakdi S, Tranum-Jensen J. Alpha-toxin of Staphylococcus
aureus. Microbiol Rev. 1991;55:733. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
• Easmon CSF, Adlam C: Staphylococci and staphylococcal
infections. Vols 1 and 2. Academic Press, London, 1983 .
• Foster TJ. Potential for vaccination against infections caused by
Staphylococcus aureus. Vaccine. 1991;9:221. [PubMed]
• Foster TJ, McDevitt D: Molecular basis of adherence of
staphylococci to biomaterials. p. 31, In Bisno AL, Waldvogel FA
(eds): Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices,
2nd Edition. American Society for Microbiology, Washington,
D.C., 1994.
• Lyon BR, Skurray R. Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus
aureus: genetic basis. Microbiol Reviews. 1987;51:88. [PMC free
article] [PubMed]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture3-220821115041-c296404e/85/Lecture_3-ppt-45-320.jpg)
![References
• Prevost G, Couppie P, Prevost P. et al. Epidemiological data on
Staphylococcus aureus strains producing synergohymenotropic toxins. J
Med Microbiol. 1995;42:237. [PubMed]
• Rupp ME, Archer GL. Coagulase-negative staphylococci: pathogens
associated with medical progress. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19:231.
[PubMed]
• Schlievert PM. Role of superantigens in human disease. J Infect Dis.
1993;167:997. [PubMed]
• Skinner GRB, Ahmad, A: Staphylococcal vaccines - present status and
future prospects. p. 537. In Mollby R, Flock JI, Nord CE, Christensson B
(eds): Staphylococci and Staphylococcal Infections. Zbl. Bakt. Suppl.
26, Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1994 .
• Tenover F, Arbeit R, Archer G. et al. Comparison of traditional and
molecular methods of typing isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin
Microbiol. 1994;32:407. [PMC free article] [PubMed]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture3-220821115041-c296404e/85/Lecture_3-ppt-46-320.jpg)
Lecture_3.ppt
- 2. Learning objectives By the end of the lecture, we should be able to: • Explain the process of gram staining • Classify bacteria into gram positive and negatives • List the diseases caused by gram positive microbes • Pathogenesis of these microbes • Antibiotic treatment of these microbes
- 3. Gram staining • Gram staining is a lab procedure used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria based on their different cell wall constituents. • The Gram stain procedure distinguishes between Gram positive and Gram negative groups by colouring these cells red or violet.
- 5. After staining • Bacteria can be grouped into • Gram positive • Gram negative.
- 7. GRAM POSITIVES • GRAM POSITIVE COCCI • GRAM POSITIVE RODS
- 8. Gram positive bacteria 1) Gram positive cocci A)Staphylococcus Staph. Aureus Staph. Epidermidis Staph. saprophyticus B) Streptococcus Strep. Pyogenes Strep. Agalactiae • Strep.pneumonia • Strep Viridans C) Enterococci
- 9. Gram positive bacteria 2. Bacilli (rod shaped) • a) Aerobic • Corynebacterium • Listeria • b) Anaerobic • Clostridium • Actinomyces
- 10. Gram positive bacteria cocci 1. staphylococcus • Its is responsible for a number of common infections. • Staphylococcus is a genus of bacteria that is characterized by a round shape (coccus). • it is Gram-stain positive, and found as either single cells, in pairs, or more frequently, in clusters that resemble a bunch of grapes. • The genus name Staphylococcus is derived from Greek terms (staphyle and kokkos) that mean "a bunch of grapes,.
- 11. Grapes; FRUITS
- 12. STAP
- 13. Gram positive bacteria cocci 1. staphylococcus • Staphylococcal infections are usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus. • However, the incidence of infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis has also been steadily rising.
- 14. Gram positive bacteria cocci 1. Staphylococcus cause the following diseases • Skin infections (e.g. folliculitis, wound infections) • Soft-tissue infections (eg,pyomyositis, septic arthritis) • Toxic shock syndrome • Endocarditis • Osteomyelitis • Pneumonia • Food poisoning • Infections related to prosthetic devices (eg, prosthetic joints and heart valves, catheters): • Urinary tract
- 15. Gram positive bacteria cocci 1. staphylococcus Mode of transmision Infections occurs when the skin is cut or scratched, or have contact with a person or surface that has staph bacteria.
- 16. Antibiotics used in the management of staphylococcal infections • Cefazolin • Ceftaroline • Cefuroxime • Clindamycin • Dalbavancin • Daptomycin • Dicloxacillin • Doxycycline • Linezolid • Minocycline • Nafcillin • Oritavancin • Quinupristin/dalfopri stin • Tedizolid • Telavancin • Tigecycline
- 17. Gram positive bacteria cocci 1. staphylococcus • S. aureus • It is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections such as abscesses, folliculitis and cellulitis. • S. aureus can cause serious infections such as bloodstream infections, pneumonia, or bone and joint infections.
- 18. Gram positive bacteria cocci 1. staphylococcus • Staphylococcus epidermidis is a Gram- positive bacterium, and one of over 40 species belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. • Its normal human flora of the skin less commonly the mucosal flora. • Although it is not usually pathogenic, patients with compromised immune systems are at risk of developing infection.
- 19. Gram positive bacteria cocci 1. staphylococcus Staphylococcus epidermidis it can lead to infection among people with catheters or other surgical implants. It is one of the leading cause of nosocomial infections, particularly associated with foreign body infections. Being part of the normal skin flora, S. epidermidis is a frequent contaminant of specimens sent to the diagnostic laboratory.
- 20. Gram positive bacteria cocci 1. staphylococcus Staphylococcus epiderminiS Treatment it has developed resistance to many common antibiotics such as methicillin, novobiocin, clindamycin, and benzyl penicillin. As a result, vancomycin or rifampicin is used to treat an infection.
- 21. Gram positive bacteria cocci 1. staphylococcus S saprophiticus causes urinary tract infections.
- 22. Gram positive bacteria cocci 1. staphylococcus Pathogenesis of staphylococcus They cause disease by 1. Binding (colonization) to blood cells causing haemolysis 2. They also bind to body tissues 3. They release toxin that damages the body tissues. 4. Has a protein inhibit phagocytosis
- 23. Gram positive bacteria cocci 1. staphylococcus S. saprophiticus causes urinary tract infections.
- 24. Gram positive bacteria cocci 2. Streptococcus introduction The genus Streptococcus is a group of Gram-positive bacteria. Various streptococci are important ecologically as part of the normal microbial flora of humans. Some can also cause diseases that range from acute or even chronic.
- 26. Gram positive bacteria cocci 2. Streptococcus introduction Diseases attributable to streptococci Scarlet fever Rheumatic heart disease Glomerulonephritis Pneumonia
- 27. Gram positive bacteria cocci 2. Streptococcus Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive. S. pneumoniae is a normal flora of the human throat. May cause disease among elderly and immunocompromised people and children. The bacteria may become pathogenic, spread to other locations and cause disease.
- 28. Gram positive bacteria cocci 2. Streptococcus Streptococcus pneumoniae causes Community acquired pneumonia Meningitis in children and the elderly. Septicemia in HIV-infected persons. Otitis media Sinusitis Endocarditis
- 29. Gram positive bacteria cocci 2. Streptococcus Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, The methods of transmission include sneezing, and coughing. Access to blood stream due to tissue damage
- 30. Gram positive bacteria cocci 2. Streptococcus • Diagnosis of S.pneumonaea and other microbes • Gram stain and culture of appropriate specimens should be obtained,. Potential specimens may include • Blood • Cerebrospinal fluid • Sputum • Pleural fluid or lung aspirate • Joint fluid • Bone • Other abscess or tissue specimens
- 31. Gram positive bacteria cocci 2. Streptococcus • Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive, non-motile, microbe that occurs in chains or in pairs of 2. • Streptococcus pyogenes is one of the most frequent pathogens of humans. • It is estimated that between 5-15% of normal individuals harbor the bacterium, usually in the upper respiratory tract, without signs of disease. • As normal flora, S. pyogenes can infect when defenses are compromised or when the organisms are able to penetrate.
- 32. Gram positive bacteria cocci 2. Streptococcus • Streptococcus pyogenes causes the following diseases. • Puerperal sepsis • Streptococcal pharyngitis • Cellulitis • Acute rheumatic fever and • Acute glomerulonephritis,
- 33. Gram positive bacteria cocci 2. Streptococcus • Streptococcus agalactiae, • It is a diplococcal (a pair of cocci, gram- positive Bacteria • is best known as a cause of postpartum infection and as the most common cause of neonatal sepsis. • It rarely causes infection in healthy adults. • It can also cause sepsis, pneumonia and meningitis.
- 35. Gram positive bacteria cocci 2. Streptococcus • Viridans Group Streptococci, • Group of organisms that can be human commensals, colonizing the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts in addition to the oral mucosa. • VGS are generally considered to be of low pathogenic potential in immuno competent individuals
- 36. Gram positive bacteria cocci 2. Streptococcus • Viridans Group Streptococci. • VGS can cause invasive disease, such as • Endocarditis • intra-abdominal infection • Shock
- 37. Gram positive bacteria cocci 2. Streptococcus • Pathogenesis • Have surface protein for attachment to the host tissue and then multiply. • Has a substance that inhibits phagocytosis • Toxin, which cause the rash of scarlet or/ and damage the host tissue • Polysaccharide capsule, which protects the bacterium against phagocytosis.
- 38. Gram positive bacteria cocci 2. Streptococcus • Treatment of streptococcus • Amoxicillin • Azithromycin • Cephalosporins • Vancomycin • Penicillin • Ginfection • Ampicillin • Vancomycin • Clindamycin: • Cefazolin • Telavancin:
- 39. Gram positive bacteria cocci 3. Enterococci • Enterococcus • Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci that often occur in pairs (diplococci) or short chains, and are difficult to distinguish from streptococci on physical characteristics alone. • Two species are common commensal organisms in the intestines of humans: • E. faecalis (90–95%) and E. faecium (5–10%)
- 40. Gram positive bacteria cocci 3. Enterococci • infections caused includueby Enterococcus include • urinary tract infections • Bacteremia • Endocarditis • Diverticulitis • meningitis
- 41. Gram positive bacteria cocci 3. Enterococci • Antibiotics • Ceftaroline • Ertapenem • Ampicillin • Cefepime • Ceftriaxone
- 42. Gram positive bacteria cocci 3. Enterococci • Treatment of enterococci • Ampicillin, • Penicillin • Vancomycin. • nitrofurantoin
- 43. Pathogenis of enterococci • Enterococci form of a biofilm on heart valves at sites of damage that become integrated into masses called vegetations. • Proteins helps them to adhere to tissues and directly affect body tissues.
- 45. References • Bhakdi S, Tranum-Jensen J. Alpha-toxin of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Rev. 1991;55:733. [PMC free article] [PubMed] • Easmon CSF, Adlam C: Staphylococci and staphylococcal infections. Vols 1 and 2. Academic Press, London, 1983 . • Foster TJ. Potential for vaccination against infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Vaccine. 1991;9:221. [PubMed] • Foster TJ, McDevitt D: Molecular basis of adherence of staphylococci to biomaterials. p. 31, In Bisno AL, Waldvogel FA (eds): Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, 2nd Edition. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1994. • Lyon BR, Skurray R. Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: genetic basis. Microbiol Reviews. 1987;51:88. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- 46. References • Prevost G, Couppie P, Prevost P. et al. Epidemiological data on Staphylococcus aureus strains producing synergohymenotropic toxins. J Med Microbiol. 1995;42:237. [PubMed] • Rupp ME, Archer GL. Coagulase-negative staphylococci: pathogens associated with medical progress. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19:231. [PubMed] • Schlievert PM. Role of superantigens in human disease. J Infect Dis. 1993;167:997. [PubMed] • Skinner GRB, Ahmad, A: Staphylococcal vaccines - present status and future prospects. p. 537. In Mollby R, Flock JI, Nord CE, Christensson B (eds): Staphylococci and Staphylococcal Infections. Zbl. Bakt. Suppl. 26, Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1994 . • Tenover F, Arbeit R, Archer G. et al. Comparison of traditional and molecular methods of typing isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:407. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Editor's Notes
- #5: Mordant is the substance used to fix dye
- #15: Pyomyositis, also known as tropical pyomyositis or myositis tropicans, is a bacterial infection of the skeletal muscles which results in a pus-filled abscess
- #27: Rheumatic heart disease is cardiac inflammation and scarring triggered by an autoimmune reaction to infection with group A streptococc Scarlet fever is caused by an infection with group A streptococcus bacteria (usually strep throat). ... Usually, if a child has this scarlet rash and other symptoms of strep throat, it can be treated with antibioticscarlet fever can occur as a result of a group A Streptococcus (group A strep) infection. The signs and symptoms include a sore throat, fever, headaches, swollen ..
- #33: Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that can develop as a complication of inadequately treated strep throat or scarlet fever. Rheumatic fever can cause permanent damage to the heart, including damaged heart valves and heart failure
- #38: 2)a hyaluronic acid capsule that inhibits phagocytosis
- #41: Diverticulosis happens when pouches (diverticula ) form in the wall of the colon get inflamed or infected, it is called diverticulitis. Diverticulitis can be very painful.
- #42: Diverticulosis happens when pouches (diverticula ) form in the wall of the colon get inflamed or infected, it is called diverticulitis. Diverticulitis can be very painful.
- #43: Diverticulosis happens when pouches (diverticula ) form in the wall of the colon get inflamed or infected, it is called diverticulitis. Diverticulitis can be very painful.