![Judge a man [woman] by his
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Lecturer 2.pdf English learning and teaching
- 1. THINKING SKILLS Adnan Magsi Lecturer English University of Sindh Dadu Campus
- 2. Anything you never want to do & why?
- 3. Do not believe everything you think, see, or read
- 4. THINKING SKILLS Thinking skills refer to the cognitive abilities and processes involved in understanding, analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing information to solve problems, make decisions, and generate new ideas. These skills are fundamental for effective learning, problem-solving, and decision-making across various domains of life.
- 5. MYTHS & MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT THINKING SKILLS a. Thinking Skills Are Innate and Cannot Be Developed b. Critical Thinking Means Being Critical of Everything c. Creativity Is an Inborn Talent d. Memory Equals Intelligence e. There Is Only One Right Way to Think f. Thinking Skills Are Only Relevant in Academic Settings g. You Either Have It or You Don't
- 6. SOME COMMON THINKING SKILLS INCLUDE: I. Critical thinking II. Creative thinking III. Analytical thinking IV. Problem-solving V. Decision-making VI. Metacognition VII.Logical reasoning VIII.Reflective thinking Developing and honing these thinking skills is essential for individuals to navigate complex challenges, adapt to change, and achieve success in various personal, academic, and professional endeavors.
- 7. CRITICAL THINKING Critical thinking lies at the heart of intellectual development and is a cornerstone of academic excellence. It involves the ability to question assumptions, analyze information objectively, and make reasoned judgments. Students equipped with critical thinking skills are proficient at discerning credible sources, evaluating arguments (look for evidence, logical reasoning, and support for each perspective), and drawing well-founded conclusions.
- 8. CRITICAL THINKING By encouraging students to engage in activities such as Socratic questioning, debate, and inquiry- based learning, educators can cultivate their capacity for critical thinking, enabling them to approach challenges with confidence and clarity.
- 9. PRACTICE: THINK, PAIR, SHARE Critically Analyze: Information overload and misinformation on social media.
- 10. Judge a man [woman] by his questions rather than his answers. – Voltaire
- 11. In today's digital age, social media platforms are inundated with vast amounts of information, ranging from news articles and opinion pieces to memes and personal anecdotes. However, not all of this information is accurate or reliable. Misinformation, disinformation, and fake news often spread rapidly, leading to confusion, polarization, and even harm. Let’s see how critical thinking can be applied to this topic
- 12. a. Analyzing sources b. Fact-checking: c. Evaluating credibility d. Questioning assumptions e. Detecting manipulation tactics f. Promoting critical consumption
- 13. CREATIVE THINKING Creativity is the driving force behind innovation and originality. It involves the ability to generate novel ideas, perspectives, and solutions to problems. Cultivating creative thinking skills in students encourages them to think outside the box, explore unconventional avenues, and express themselves imaginatively. Activities such as brainstorming sessions, artistic endeavors, and design thinking workshops stimulate students' creativity, fostering a culture of innovation and ingenuity.
- 14. CREATIVE THINKING Empowering students to harness their creative potential not only enhances their academic performance but also equips them with the agility to adapt to evolving circumstances in an ever-changing world.
- 15. ANALYTICAL THINKING Analytical thinking entails breaking down complex problems into manageable components and systematically examining each part to gain deeper insights. Students proficient in analytical thinking possess the ability to identify patterns, discern relationships, and draw logical conclusions. By incorporating tasks such as data analysis, problem-solving exercises, and case studies into the curriculum, educators can sharpen students' analytical skills, honing their capacity to approach challenges with methodical precision.
- 16. THINKING FRAMEWORKS Thinking frameworks are structured approaches or models that provide a systematic way to approach problem-solving, decision- making, and critical thinking. These frameworks offer a set of principles, processes, and strategies to organize information, analyze data, and generate insights.
- 17. The five Ws and one H The Socratic Method: Wisdom through Questioning PESTLE Analysis Mind Map: Spark Creativity and Effective Thinking A Rainbow of Ideas: Edward De Bono’s Six Thinking Hats Lateral Thinking: Think Beyond Obvious Systems Thinking: Connecting dots THINKING FRAMEWORKS
- 18. THINKING FRAMEWORKS Design Thinking: Generating Creative Solutions to Complex Problems SCAMPER Method The ABCD Method The SWOT Analysis THEVES Method of Thinking & Studying Brainstorming & Reverse Brainstorming
- 19. ASSUMPTIONS, IMPLICIT BIASES AND PRE-CONCEIVED NOTIONS Assumptions are underlying beliefs or ideas that are taken for granted without necessarily being explicitly stated or proven. In critical thinking, identifying assumptions involves recognizing the implicit ideas or expectations that influence our thinking and decision-making.
- 20. IMPLICIT BIASES Implicit biases are unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in subtle ways, often without our awareness. These biases can be based on factors such as race, gender, age, or socioeconomic status. For Example, in a hiring process, a manager might subconsciously favor candidates who share similar backgrounds or characteristics to their own, even if they consciously believe in equal opportunity. This implicit bias can lead to unintentional discrimination against qualified candidates from underrepresented groups.
- 21. PRE-CONCEIVED NOTIONS Pre-conceived notions are preconceived ideas or beliefs that individuals hold about a particular subject, often based on personal experiences, cultural influences, or societal norms. These notions can shape our perceptions and interpretations of new information. Example: A person who has always lived in a rural area might have pre-conceived notions about city life, assuming it to be chaotic, stressful, and impersonal. However, upon visiting a city and experiencing its diverse culture, amenities, and opportunities, they may realize that their initial assumptions were incomplete or inaccurate.
- 22. LOGICAL FALLACIES OR ERRORS IN REASONING Logical fallacies, also known as errors in reasoning, are flaws in the structure or content of an argument that render it invalid or unreliable. These fallacies can distort reasoning, weaken arguments, and mislead audiences.
- 23. AD HOMINEM Ad Hominem: This fallacy involves attacking the person making an argument rather than addressing the argument itself. Example: "You shouldn't listen to Dr. Smith's research on climate change. He's been divorced three times, so he obviously can't be trusted."
- 24. APPEAL TO AUTHORITY Appeal to Authority: This fallacy occurs when an argument relies on the opinion of an authority figure rather than on evidence or reasoning. Example: "Because Elon Musk believes that artificial intelligence is a threat to humanity, we should all be concerned about its potential dangers."
- 25. HASTY GENERALIZATION Hasty Generalization: This fallacy involves drawing a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. Example: "I met two rude people from France, so all French people must be rude."
- 26. ESSENTIAL MODERN TEXTS FOR MENTAL AGILITY AND ADAPTABILITY 1. Thinking, Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman 2. The Art of Thinking Clearly" by Rolf Dobelli 3. The Five Elements of Effective Thinking by Edward Burger and Michael Starbird 4. Black Box Thinking by Matthew Syed