Legal and efficient web app testing without permission
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The document discusses efficient and legal web application testing techniques that can be performed without permission. It introduces the Open Web Testing Framework (OWTF) which allows pentesters to run tools and analyze results in parallel through a reporting interface. OWTF utilizes "cheating tactics" like passive information gathering and semi-passive testing to identify vulnerabilities and attack vectors before the official test begins. The document provides examples of how tools in OWTF can be used to profile websites, discover entry points, and identify vulnerabilities in a pre-engagement or reconnaissance phase without active interaction with the target.
Legal and efficient web app testing without permission
- 1. Legal And Efficient Web App Testing Without Permission HackPra, April 11th 2012 Abraham Aranguren @7a_ @owtfp abraham.aranguren@owasp.org http://7-a.org http://owtf.org
- 2. Agenda • Intro - Why + How without permission - OWTF basics • Practical Cheating: - OWASP + OWTF Walk-through • Conclusion • Q&A
- 3. About me • Spanish dude • Uni: Degree, InfoSec research + honour mark • IT: Since 2000, defensive sec as netadmin / developer • (Offensive) InfoSec: Since 2007 • OSCP, CISSP, GWEB, CEH, MCSE, etc. • Web App Sec and Dev/Architect • Infosec consultant, blogger, OWTF, GIAC, BeEF
- 4. The pen testing problem http://scottthong.wordpress.com
- 5. Attacker Tactics From “Open Source Information Gathering” by Chris Gates, Brucon 2009 http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/
- 6. Pentester disadvantage Pentesters vs Bad guys • Pentesters have time/scope constraints != Bad guys • Pentesters have to write a report != Bad guys Complexity is increasing More complexity = more time needed to test properly Customers are rarely willing to: “Pay for enough / reasonable testing time“ A call for efficiency: • We must find vulns faster • We must be more efficient • .. or bad guys will find the vulns, not us
- 7. Can we learn from history? Has this Huge disadvantage problem been solved before?
- 8. Ancient “Top Attackers” Individually outstanding due to: • Artificial selection: Babies killed if “defective” (!) • Military training (“Agoge”): Ages 7-18 • Final test: Survive in the countryside with only a knife • Spartan Law: No retreat, No surrender (i.e. victory or death) Globally outstanding due to solid tactic: “Hoplite phalanx” • Shield wall + Spear points • Frontally very strong + used successfully for centuries http://scottthong.wordpress.com / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta
- 9. How would you beat them? How could a room full of (sedentary? ☺) Geeks beat a room full of Spartans? Ok, more realistic scenario ☺: • Your troops must fight the Spartans • You have the same number of soldiers • Your soldiers are not that great • How can you WIN?
- 10. Ancient “Pentest Cheating” Battle of Lechaeum: Spartans defeated by “lamers”! Tactic “Cheating”: • Don’t fight, thow things!: Javelins + bows = Athenians WON • Phalanx weak against: “shooters”, cavalry, flank/back attacks http://www.ancientgreekbattles.net / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_formation / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lechaeum
- 11. Why not take this to the next level? Why not legitimately? • Shoot “before the battle” without permission • Shoot while we analyse information in parallel • Prepare more shootings without being noticed
- 12. A Pentester “cheating try” Offensive (Web) Testing Framework = Multi-level “cheating” tactics
- 13. OWTF Chess-like approach Kasparov against Deep Blue - http://www.robotikka.com
- 15. OWTF > Web: Aux Plugins Metasploit-like automation for external tools, custom tests and more
- 16. OWTF “Cheating”: Talk Scope At least 48.5% (32 out of 66) of the tests in the OWASP Testing guide can be legally* performed at least partially without permission * Except in Spain, where visiting a page can be illegal ☺ * This is only my interpretation and not that of my employer + might not apply to your country!
- 17. Classic Pentest Stages 1. Pre-engagement: No permission “OWTF Cheat tactics” = Start here 2. Engagement: Permission Official test start = Active Testing here
- 18. OWTF 101 Step 1- Run it Pre-engagement safe CLI OWTF options without permission o owtf.py –t passive http://target.com o owtf.py –t semi_passive http://target.com semi_passive + grep o owtf.py –t quiet http://target.com passive + semi_passive + grep
- 19. OWTF 101 (cont.) Step 2- Human Analysis in parallel Pentester all-out “cheating” via OWTF continuous reporting: • Pentester works on the report interface • Start human analysis from “minute 1”: No “waiting until X for scan to finish” • Tools run in background via OWTF: No tool babysitting + No wasted energy • Refresh report for newer results • The human and the tools complement each other: “Fighting together as a team”
- 20. Context consideration: Case 1 robots.txt Not Found …should Google index a site like this? Or should robots.txt exist and be like this? User-agent: * Disallow: /
- 21. Case 1 robots.txt Not Found - Semi passive • Direct request for robots.txt • Without visiting entries
- 22. Case 2 robots.txt Found – Passive • Indirect Stats, Downloaded txt file for review, “Open All in Tabs”
- 23. OWTF HTML Filter challenge: Embedding of untrusted third party HTML Defence layers: 1) HTML Filter: Open source challenge Filter 6 unchallenged since 04/02/2012, Can you hack it? ☺ http://blog.7-a.org/2012/01/embedding-untrusted-html-xss-challenge.html 2) HTML 5 sanboxed iframe 3) Storage in another directory = cannot access OWTF Review in localStorage
- 24. Start reporting!: Take your notes with fancy formatting Step 1 – Click the “Edit” link Step 2 – Start documenting findings + Ensure preview is ok
- 25. Start reporting!: Paste PoC screenshots
- 26. The magic bar ;) – Useful to generate the human report later
- 27. Passive Plugin Step 1- Browse output files to review the full raw tool output: Step 2 – Review tools run by the passive Search engine discovery plugin: Was your favourite tool not run? Tell OWTF to run your tools on: owtf_dir/profiles/resources/default.cfg (backup first!)
- 28. Tool output can also be reviewed via clicking through the OWTF report directly:
- 29. The Harvester: •Emails •Employee Names •Subdomains •Hostnames http://www.edge-security.com/theHarvester.php
- 30. Metadata analysis: • TODO: Integration with FOCA when CLI callable via wine (/cc @chemaalonso ☺) • Implemented: Integration with Metagoofil http://www.edge-security.com/metagoofil.php
- 31. Inbound proxy not stable yet but all this happens automatically: • robots.txt entries added to “Potential URLs” • URLs found by tools are scraped + added to “Potential URLs” During Active testing (later): • “Potential URLs” visited + added to “Verified URLs” + Transaction log
- 32. All HTTP transactions logged by target in transaction log Step 1 – Click on “Transaction Log” Step 2 – Review transaction entries
- 33. Step 3 – Review raw transaction information (if desired)
- 34. Step 1 - Make all direct OWTF requests go through Outbound Proxy: Passes all entry points to the tactical fuzzer for analysis later Step 2 - Entry points can then also be analysed via tactical fuzzer:
- 35. Goal: What is that server running? Manually verify request for fingerprint:
- 36. Whatweb integration with non-aggresive parameter (semi passive detection): https://github.com/urbanadventurer/WhatWeb
- 37. Fingerprint header analysis: Match stats
- 38. Convenient vulnerability search box (1 box per header found ☺): Search All Open all site searches in tabs
- 39. Exploit DB - http://www.exploit-db.com
- 40. NVD - http://web.nvd.nist.gov - CVSS Score = High
- 41. OSVDB - http://osvdb.org - CVSS Score = High
- 42. http://www.securityfocus.com - Better on Google
- 45. http://toolbar.netcraft.com - Passive banner grab,etc.
- 46. •CMS •Widgets •Libraries •etc http://builtwith.com
- 47. Search in the headers without touching the site: http://www.shodanhq.com/
- 48. Passive suggestions - Prepare your test in a terminal window to hit “Enter” on “permission minute 1”
- 49. What else can be done with a fingerprint?
- 50. Environment replication Download it .. Sometimes from project page ☺ Also check http://www.oldapps.com/, Google, etc.
- 51. Static Analyis, Fuzz, Try exploits, .. RIPS for PHP: http://rips-scanner.sourceforge.net/ Yasca for most other (also PHP): http://www.scovetta.com/yasca.html
- 53. http://www.robtex.com - Passive DNS Discovery
- 57. Has Google found error messages for you?
- 58. Check errors via Google Cache
- 60. The link is generated with OWTF with that box ticked: Important! https://www.ssllabs.com/ssldb/analyze.html
- 61. Pretty graphs to copy-paste to your OWTF report ☺ https://www.ssllabs.com/ssldb/analyze.html
- 62. Do not forget about Strict-Transport-Security! sslstrip chances decrease dramatically: Only 1st time user visits the site!
- 63. Not found example: Found example:
- 64. HTML content analysis: HTML Comments
- 65. Efficient HTML content matches analysis Step 1 - Click Step 2 – Human Review of Unique matches
- 66. Efficient HTML content matches analysis Step 1 - Click Step 2 –Review Unique matches (click on links for sample match info) Want to see all? then click
- 67. HTML content analysis: CSS and JavaScript Comments (/* */)
- 68. HTML content analysis: Single line JavaScript Comments (//)
- 69. HTML content analysis: PHP source code
- 70. HTML content analysis: ASP source code
- 74. If you find an admin interface don’t forget to .. Google for default passwords:
- 75. Disclaimer: Permission is required for this
- 79. Is the login page on “http” instead of “https”?
- 80. Pro Tip: When browsing the site manually .. … look carefully at pop-ups like this: Consider (i.e. prep the attack): Firesheep: http://codebutler.github.com/firesheep/ SSLStrip: https://github.com/moxie0/sslstrip
- 81. Mario was going to report a bug to Mozilla and found another!
- 82. Abuse user/member public search functions: • Search for “” (nothing) or “a”, then “b”, .. • Download all the data using 1) + pagination (if any) • Merge the results into a CSV-like format • Import + save as a spreadsheet • Show the spreadsheet to your customer
- 83. Analyse the username(s) they gave you to test: • Username based on numbers? USER12345 • Username based on public info? (i.e. names, surnames, ..) name.surname • Default CMS user/pass?
- 84. Part 1 – Remember Password: Autocomplete Good Bad Via 1) <form … autocomplete=“off”> <form action="/user/login" Or Via 2) <input … autocomplete=“off”> method="post"> <input type="password" name="pass" />
- 85. Manual verification for password autocomplete (i.e. for the customer) Easy “your grandma can do it” test: 1. Login 2. Logout 3. Click the browser Back button twice* 4. Can you login again –without typing the login or password- by re- sending the login form? Can the user re-submit the login form via the back button? * Until the login form submission Other sensitive fields: Pentester manual verification • Credit card fields • Password hint fields • Other
- 86. Part 2 - Password Reset forms Manually look at the questions / fields in the password reset form • Does it let you specify your email address? • Is it based on public info? (name, surname, etc) • Does it send an email to a potentially dead email address you can register? (i.e. hotmail.com)
- 87. Goal: Is Caching of sensitive info allowed? Manual verification steps: “your grandma can do it” ☺ (need login): 1. Login 2. Logout 3. Click the browser Back button 4. Do you see logged in content or a this page has expired error / the login page? Manual analysis tools: • Commands: curl –i http://target.com • Proxy: Burp, ZAP, WebScarab, etc • Browser Plugins: https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/live-http-headers/ https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/firebug/
- 88. HTTP/1.1 headers Good Bad Cache-Control: no-cache Cache-control: private HTTP/1.0 headers Good Bad Pragma: no-cache Pragma: private Expires: <past date or illegal (e.g. 0)> Expires: <way too far in the future> The world Good Bad https://accounts.google.com No caching headers = caching allowed Cache-control: no-cache, no-store HTTP/1.1 200 OK Pragma: no-cache Date: Tue, 09 Aug 2011 13:38:43 GMT Expires: Mon, 01-Jan-1990 00:00:00 GMT Server: …. X-Powered-By: …. Connection: close Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
- 90. Repeat for Meta tags Good Bad <META HTTP-EQUIV="Cache-Control" <META HTTP-EQUIV="Cache-Control" CONTENT="no-cache"> CONTENT=“private">
- 91. Step 1 – Find CAPTCHAs: Passive search
- 92. Offline Manual analysis: • Download image and try to break it • Are CAPTCHAs reused? • Is a hash or token passed? (Good algorithm? Predictable?) • Look for vulns on CAPTCHA version CAPTCHA breaking tools PWNtcha - captcha decoder - http://caca.zoy.org/wiki/PWNtcha Captcha Breaker - http://churchturing.org/captcha-dist/
- 93. Manually Examine cookies for weaknesses offline Base64 Encoding (!= Encryption ☺) Decoded value MTkyLjE2OC4xMDAuMTpvd2FzcHVzZ owaspuser:192.168.100.1: XI6cGFzc3dvcmQ6MTU6NTg= a7656fafe94dae72b1e1487670148412
- 95. Lots of decode options, including: • auto_decode • auto_decode_repeat • d_base64 • etc. http://hackvertor.co.uk/public
- 96. F5 BIG-IP Cookie decoder: http://blog.taddong.com/2011/12/cookie-decoder-f5-big-ip.html
- 97. • Secure: not set= session cookie leaked= pwned • HttpOnly: not set = cookies stealable via JS • Domain: set properly • Expires: set reasonably • Path: set to the right /sub-application • 1 session cookie that works is enough ..
- 99. Manually check when verifying credentials during pre-engagement: Login and analyse the Session ID cookie (i.e. PHPSESSID) Good Bad (normal + by default) Before: 10a966616e8ed63f7a9b741f80e65e3c Before: 10a966616e8ed63f7a9b741f80e65e3c After: Nao2mxgho6p9jisslen9v3t6o5f943h After: 10a966616e8ed63f7a9b741f80e65e3c IMPORTANT: You can also set the session ID via JavaScript (i.e. XSS)
- 100. Session ID: • In URL • In POST • In HTML Example from the field: http://target.com/xxx/xyz.function?session_num=7785 Look at unauthenticated cross-site requests: http://other-site.com/user=3&report=4 Referer: site.com Change ids in application: (ids you have permission for!) http://site.com/view_doc=4
- 101. Headers Enabling/Disabling Client-Side XSS filters: • X-XSS-Protection (IE-Only) • X-Content-Security-Policy (FF >= 4.0 + Chrome >= 13)
- 102. Review JavaScript code on the page: <script> document.write("Site is at: " + document.location.href + "."); </script> Sometimes active testing possible in your browser (no trip to server = not an attack = not logged): http://target.com/...#vulnerable_param=xss http://blog.mindedsecurity.com/2010/09/twitter-domxss-wrong-fix-and-something.html
- 103. Did Google find SQLi for you?
- 104. <!--#exec cmd="/bin/ls /" --> <!--#INCLUDE VIRTUAL="/web.config"-->
- 105. 1. Browse Site 2. Time requests 3. Get top X slowest requests 4. Slowest = Best DoS target
- 106. Google searches: inurl:wsdl site:example.com Public services search: http://seekda.com/ http://www.wsindex.org/ http://www.soapclient.com/
- 107. WSDL analysis Sensitive methods in WSDL? i.e. Download DB, Test DB, Get CC, etc. http://www.example.com/ws/FindIP.asmx?WSDL <wsdl:operation name="getCreditCard" parameterOrder="id"> <wsdl:input message="impl:getCreditCardRequest" name="getCreditCardRequest"/> <wsdl:output message="impl:getCreditCardResponse" name="getCreditCardResponse"/> </wsdl:operation>
- 108. Same Origin Policy (SOP) 101 1. Domain A’s page can send a request to Domain B’s page from Browser 2. BUT Domain A’s page cannot read Domain B’s page from Browser http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/09/rationalapplicationdeveloperportaltoolkit3/
- 109. • Request == Predictable Pwned “..can send a request to Domain B” (SOP) CSRF Protection 101: •Require long random token (99% hidden anti-CSRF token) Not predictable •Attacker cannot read the token from Domain B (SOP) Domain B ignores request Potentially Good Bad Anti-CSRF token present: Verify with permission No anti-CSRF token
- 110. Similar to CSRF: Is there an anti-replay token in the request? Potentially Good Bad Anti-CSRF token present: Verify with permission No anti-CSRF token
- 111. 1) Passive search for Flash/Silverlight files + policies: Flash file search: Silverlight file search:
- 112. Static analysis: Download + decompile Flash files $ flare hello.swf Flare: http://www.nowrap.de/flare.html Flasm (timelines, etc): http://www.nowrap.de/flasm.html
- 113. Static analysis tools Adobe SWF Investigator http://labs.adobe.com/technologies/swfinvestigator/ SWFScan SWFScan: http://www.brothersoft.com/hp-swfscan-download-253747.html
- 114. Active testing ☺ 1) Trip to server = need permission http://target.com/test.swf?xss=foo&xss2=bar 2) But … your browser is yours: No trip to server = no permission needed # http://target.com/test.swf ?xss=foo&xss2=bar Good news: Unlike DOM XSS, the # trick will always work for Flash Files
- 115. Some technologies allow settings that relax SOP: • Adobe Flash (via policy file) • Microsoft Silverlight (via policy file) • HTML 5 Cross Origin Resource Sharing (via HTTP headers) Cheating: Reading the policy file or HTTP headers != attack http://www.adobe.com/devnet/flashplayer/articles/fplayer9_security.html
- 116. Policy file retrieval for analysis
- 117. CSRF by design read tokens = attacker WIN Flash / Silverlight - crossdomain.xml <cross-domain-policy> <allow-access-from domain="*"/> </cross-domain-policy> Bad defence example: restrict pushing headers accepted by Flash: All headers from any domain accepted <allow-http-request-headers-from domain="*" headers="*" /> Flash: http://kb2.adobe.com/cps/403/kb403185.html
- 118. CSRF by design read tokens = attacker WIN Silverlight - clientaccesspolicy.xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><access-policy><cross-domain- access><policy> <allow-from http-request-headers="SOAPAction"> <domain uri="*"/> </allow-from> <grant-to><resource path="/" include-subpaths="true"/></grant-to> </policy></cross-domain-access></access-policy> Silverlight: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc197955%28v=vs.95%29.aspx
- 119. Need help?
- 121. UI Redressing protections: • X-Frame-Options (best) • X-Content-Security-Policy (FF >= 4.0 + Chrome >= 13) • JavaScript Frame busting (bypassable sometimes) Good Bad X-Frame-Options: Deny
- 122. Andrew Horton’s “Clickjacking for Shells”: http://www.morningstarsecurity.com/research/clickjacking-wordpress Krzysztof Kotowicz’s “Something Wicked this way comes”: http://www.slideshare.net/kkotowicz/html5-something-wicked-this-way-comes- hackpra https://connect.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/p3g2butmrt4/ Marcus Niemietz’s “UI Redressing and Clickjacking”: http://www.slideshare.net/DefconRussia/marcus-niemietz-ui-redressing-and- clickjacking-about-click-fraud-and-data-theft
- 123. Too much info? Use the filter to drill to what you care about:
- 124. Business Conclusion • Web app security > Input validation • We see no traffic != we are not targeted • No IDS alerts != we are safe • Your site can be tested without you noticing • Test your security before others do
- 125. Pen tester Conclusion • No permission != cannot start • A lot of work can be done in advance This work in advance helps with: • Increased efficiency • Deal better with tight deadlines • Better pre-engagement • Better test quality • Best chance to get in
- 126. Bottom line Do not wait for “Tool X” or Permission Phil Stevens - http://www.strengthguild.com/ http://www.ironradio.org/
- 127. Bottom line Try harder! Benedikt Magnusson - 1015lbs / 461kg World Record Deadlift 2nd April 2011
- 128. Special thanks to Adi Mutu (@an_animal), Krzysztof Kotowicz (@kkotowicz), Marc Wickenden (@marcwickenden), Marcus Niemietz (@mniemietz), Mario Heiderich (@0x6D6172696F), Michael Kohl (@citizen428), Nicolas Grégoire (@Agarri_FR), Sandro Gauci (@sandrogauci) OWASP Testing Guide contributors Finux Tech Weekly – Episode 17 – mins 31-49 http://www.finux.co.uk/episodes/mp3/FTW-EP17.mp3 Finux Tech Weekly – Episode 12 – mins 33-38 http://www.finux.co.uk/episodes/mp3/FTW-EP12.mp3 http://www.finux.co.uk/episodes/ogg/FTW-EP12.ogg Exotic Liability – Episode 83 – mins 49-53 http://exoticliability.libsyn.com/exotic-liability-83-oh-yeah
- 129. Q&A Abraham Aranguren @7a_ @owtfp abraham.aranguren@owasp.org http://7-a.org http://owtf.org Project Site (links to everything): http://owtf.org • Try OWTF: https://github.com/7a/owtf/tree/master/releases • Try a demo report: https://github.com/7a/owtf/tree/master/demos • Documentation: https://github.com/7a/owtf/tree/master/readme • Contribute: https://github.com/7a/owtf