The document discusses plate tectonic theory, including how geologists proposed that Earth's crust is made up of plates that move over time. It introduces Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that continents move apart, and how fossil evidence later helped support this idea. It also discusses how plate tectonics can explain seafloor spreading through processes like magma formation at mid-ocean ridges. Additionally, it examines how mountain formation can occur through the compression and shearing of tectonic plates.