Lesson 5 Nutrients
- 1. What is a Nutrient…? - Nutrients are the essentials for the normal functioning of the human body Includes: • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Fats and Lipids • Vitamins • Minerals • Water
- 2. Facts about Nutrients • So-called nonessential nutrients are those that can be synthesized by the cell if they are absent from the food • Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized within the cell and must be present in the food • In some animals, microorganisms living in the gut may synthesize essential nutrients, which are then released into the bloodstream • In most living organisms, nutrients provide not only the energy necessary for certain vital processes but also the various materials from which all structural and functional components can be assembled
- 3. • The organic nutrients are the necessary building blocks of various cell components that certain organisms cannot synthesize and therefore must obtain preformed. • These compounds include carbohydrates, protein, and lipids. • Other organic nutrients include the vitamins, which are required in small amounts, because of either the catalytic role or the regulatory role they play in metabolism.
- 4. Nutrition in Animals • Simple observation reveals that the animal kingdom is dependent on plants for food. • Even meat-eating, or carnivorous, animals such as the lion feed on grazing animals and thus are indirectly dependent on the plant kingdom for their survival. • Omnivores are miscellaneous species whose teeth and digestive systems seem designed to eat a relatively concentrated diet, since they have no large sac or chamber for the fermentation of fibrous material • Carnivores necessarily form only a small portion of the animal kingdom, because each animal must eat a great many other animals of equivalent size in order to maintain itself over a lifetime. • As an evolutionary response to this problem, many leaf eaters, or herbivores, have developed a pouch at the anterior end of the stomach, called the rumen, that provides a space for the bacterial fermentation of ingested leaves.
- 5. Carbohydrates By Sanjay Kottapalli and Satya Krishnan
- 6. Functions • Primary source of energy • Used in lieu of proteins and other energy sources • Dietary fiber- (essential, non- digestable carbohydrates) • Calories per Gram: 4 Calories • Ideal Percentage of Calories from Carbs: 55%
- 7. Simple vs Complex Carbs • Simple Carbohydrates: – made of one or two sugar molecules – fast burning – digested quickly; provide immediate bursts of energy • EX: table sugar, honey, soft drinks • Complex Carbs: – many sugar molecules chemically bound together – slow burning – digested slowly; provide long lasting, stable energy • EX: oatmeal, whole grain bread, cheerios
- 8. Glycemic Index • Measure of how much a carb raises blood sugar levels • Higher Glycemic Index: Pure glucose (100) • Lower GI: Kidney beans (<55) • Generally, more nutrient dense foods are lower on the GI scale while empty calorie foods are
- 9. Glycemic Index (cont.) • More nutrient dense foods are lower on the GI scale while empty calorie foods are higher up • Higher GI foods are useful in situations when one needs instant calories and energy (hypoglycemia, insulin overdoses)
- 10. Simple Sugars • Consuming simple sugars can overexert the pancreas and lead to Type 2 diabetes • Sugars burn fast and force the body to overproduce insulin or store it as fat • Foods high in simple sugars are often empty calories
- 11. Diabetes Statistics • People who eat food with a higher glycemic index are at a higher risk of type 2 diabetes – http://www.truestarhealth.co m/Notes/1202003.html#Diet- Options • Participants on a high fiber diet had 10% glucose levels than the standard – http://www.truestarhealth.co m/Notes/1202003.html#Diet- Options
- 12. Fats
- 13. Function Calories Per Gram •1 gram=9 calories
- 14. Percent of daily calories for fat •25%-35%
- 15. The Controversy Between Saturated Fat and Heart • Diseases more) decades, For the past 5 (maybe even mankind has been told, and has believed, that there was a link between saturated fat and heart disease. • In the past 6 months-a year, scientists have released the theory that there really isn’t any relationship between saturated fat and heart disease. • Now in days, there is a controversy between who is right, and who is wrong. • Evidence has shown that there are other places on this planet, whose main part of their diet is saturated fat based food, and yet they don’t have that many heart disease epidemics.
- 16. The Controversy Between Saturated Fat and Heart Diseases http://www.cuisinevegan.com /wp- content/uploads/2010/07/clog ged-heart.jpg http://scepticalnutritionist.com. au/wp- content/uploads/2012/04/seve n-countries-study.jpg
- 17. 2 Main Fats (Saturated & Unsaturated) Unsaturated Unsaturated & Saturated Saturated •One or more double •Triglyceride •No double bonds with bonds with carbon •Este Linkage carbon. •Liquid at room temp •High caloric, energy •Solid at room temp •Increases HDLs content •Increases LDLs •Long-lasting shelf-life •Energy storage •Quickly spoiled •Melting point is low •Melting point is high •Recommended daily •Recommended daily consumption is 10% consumption is 30%
- 18. Unsaturated & Saturated Trans fats are made by hydrogenating (or adding a hydrogen) to vegetable oils, in order to make them more solid. They are also called “partially hydrogenated oils”. On top of increasing LDLs like saturated fats, they also reduce HDLs, making them more dangerous than saturated fats.
- 19. A Video on the Dangers of Fats Click Here for YouTube video
- 20. Protiens By: Christian Sana Jack Moles
- 21. Proteins, What They Are • Proteins-are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. • So Proteins are an essential thing to live, they help to keep us alive and well.
- 22. What Proteins Do For The Body • Proteins help us maintain a healthy lifestyle. They keep us healthy and are found in meats. • Proteins also give you a good source of other important tings that are needed. They have sodium's, fats, and Potassium.
- 23. How Much Protein Do You Need • Our protein needs depend on our age, size, and activity level. The standard method used by nutritionists to estimate our minimum daily protein requirement is to multiply the body weight in kilograms by .8, or weight in pounds by .37.
- 24. How Do You Get it • Some of the most healthy ways to incorporate protein into your daily diet is through the basic fish, chicken, and meat. • The most healthiest ways to gain protein in regular meals is through sushi, eggs, ground sirloin, red meat, chicken tenderloins, Pork Chops, edamame,
- 25. Vitamins By Kelly Konstant and Christen Massouras
- 26. Vitamins Any of a group of organic compounds that are essential for normal growth and nutrition and are required in small quantities in the diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body
- 27. Top 5 Functions of Vitamins 1. Supplies nutrients to our body not given by the food that we consume 2. Assures good balance of nutrients in our body; homeostasis 3. Helps extend our age and wellness 4. Increases immune system and bone health 5. Helps memory health
- 28. Water Soluble VS Fat Soluble • Water soluble is capable of dissolving in water • Fat soluble vitamins requires fat to be present in order to be properly absorbed – List of Fat soluble vitamins • Vitamin A, E, D, K
- 29. Why Fat soluble vitamins can lead to excess • Vitamins that are fat soluble are stored in your fat, Because of this reason there can be an excess of vitamins stored in your unused body fat that will not be released from the body.
- 30. Nutrient Deficiency • Nutrient Deficiency- Absence or insufficiency of some factor needed for normal growth and development (www.fao.org)
- 31. The Complex B Vitamins • The vitamin B-complex refers to all of the known essential water- soluble vitamins except for vitamin C. • These include thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), biotin, folic acid and the cobalamins (vitamin B12). • (evitamins.com)
- 32. How many Vitamins should we take a day? • Up to age 50, 1,000 milligrams (mg) a day; thereafter, 1,200 mg. If you don't get at least three servings of dairy a day, fill the gap with a supplement. • Just because one person takes a pill and they feel better that doesn't mean that the pill was responsible for the effect. So no its not always the vitamin that keeps you healthy.
- 33. Minerals By Emma and Lizzie
- 34. What is a Mineral? Minerals are macroelements. Macroelements are elements that our bodies need in large amounts. Some examples of minerals are calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, chlorine, and sulphur. Minerals are also a trace or microelements. Microelements are elements that our body needs in small amounts. Some examples are iron, zinc, manganese, copper, iodine, cobalt, nickel, fluorine, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, selenium, tin, and silicon.
- 35. General Function of Minerals The two general functions of minerals are building and regulating. These functions affect the skeleton and soft tissue. Minerals help your body’s heartbeat, prevent blood clots, control your body fluids, nerve response, and the flow of oxygen from the lungs to your tissue. Minerals also help your short term memory.
- 36. Five Main Functions of Minerals • Catalysts for many biological reactions within the body (function) • muscle response • the transmission of messages through the nervous system • the production of hormones • digestion, and the utilization of nutrients in foods
- 37. Minerals vs. Vitamins Both are needed to maintain a healthy body Vitamins release energy from food, developing red blood cells, blood clotting, maintain healthy skin/eye/hair Minerals help in bone and tooth formation, blood coagulation, muscle contraction, keeping acid-alkaline balance in blood Minerals are NOT vulnerable to heat, chemicals reactions, sunlight- indestructible Vitamins ARE vulnerable Vitamins can be divided into water soluble stored in the body) and fat-soluble (dissolved in the body’s fat cells and gets stored) Minerals can be macro minerals (need large amounts by the body) and trace minerals (only need in small qualities) What’s a trace mineral? Any element that is required in minutes quantities or physiological functioning
- 38. What Foods Have Minerals? Look for colorful foods! Like deep red or greens! Fruits and vegetables provide our bodies with minerals and vitamins -they are also found in nuts, protein
- 39. YAY MINERALS! The End
- 41. Function • Adds bulk to your diet • Helpful in controlling weight • Aids digestion • Helps prevent constipation
- 42. Recommended Daily Intake • 25 grams in girls/women under 50 • 30-38 grams in boys/men under 50
- 43. Insoluble vs Soluble • Soluble fibers attract water and form a gel, which slows down digestion – Sources of soluble fiber: oatmeal, oat cereal, lentils, apples, oranges, pears, oat bran, strawberries, nuts, flaxseeds, beans, dri ed peas, blueberries, psyllium, cucumbers, celer y, and carrots • Insoluble fibers are considered gut- healthy fiber because they have a laxative effect and add bulk to the diet, helping prevent constipation – Sources of insoluble fiber: whole wheat, whole grains, wheat bran, corn bran, seeds, nuts, barley, couscous, brown rice, bulgur, zucchini, celery, broccoli, cabb age, onions, tomatoes, carrots, cucumbers, green beans, dark leafy vegetables, raisins, grapes, fruit, and root vegetable skins
- 44. Stats • The average American consumes about 15 grams of fiber per day • A diet high in fiber, particularly breakfast cereals, can reduce a woman’s risk of developing coronary heart disease by up to 23%
- 45. Water Non-Caloric (0 Cal per gram) Major Function: Essential to life. – Regulate body temperature – Transports Nutrients – Shock Absorption Your body is Mostly Water! (40-60% of body weight) Sources- Anything in diet counts Juices, Veggies, Fruit, etc. (Except Diuretics-things that make you urininat(caffeine=coffee/pop)
- 46. How Much Water Do You Need? There are a LOT of formulas…a lot are good but the best way to know you’re hydrated is to check your urine. IT SHOULD BE…. CLEAR (Close to water) AND COPIOUS (Urinating a lot)
- 47. Water….. You can only live for about 3-4 Days with no Water… • 75% of Americans are chronically dehydrated. • In 37% of Americans, the thirst mechanism is so weak that it is mistaken for hunger. • Even MILD dehydration will slow down one's metabolism as 3%. • One glass of water will shut down midnight hunger pangs for almost 100% of the dieters studied in a University of Washington study. • Lack of water, the #1 trigger of daytime fatigue. • By the time a person feels thirsty, his or her body has lost over 1 percent of its total water amount.