2. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
2
What
What do we see?
do we see?
• Our eyes can’t detect intrinsic light from objects (mostly
Our eyes can’t detect intrinsic light from objects (mostly
infrared), unless they get “
infrared), unless they get “red hot
red hot”
”
• The light we see is from the sun or from artificial light
The light we see is from the sun or from artificial light
• When we see objects, we see
When we see objects, we see reflected
reflected light
light
– immediate bouncing of incident light (zero delay)
• Very occasionally we see light that has been absorbed,
Very occasionally we see light that has been absorbed,
then re-emitted at a different wavelength
then re-emitted at a different wavelength
– called fluorescence, phosphorescence, luminescence
3. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
3
Colors
Colors
• Light is characterized by frequency, or more
Light is characterized by frequency, or more
commonly, by wavelength
commonly, by wavelength
• Visible light spans from 400 nm to 700 nm
Visible light spans from 400 nm to 700 nm
– or 0.4 m to 0.7 m; 0.0004 mm to 0.0007 mm, etc.
4. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
4
White light
White light
• White light is the combination of all wavelengths, with
White light is the combination of all wavelengths, with
equal representation
equal representation
– “red hot” poker has much more red than blue light
– experiment: red, green, and blue light bulbs make white
– RGB monitor combines these colors to display white
white
blue light green light red light
wavelength
combined, white light
called additive color
combination—works
with light sources
5. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
5
Additive Colors
Additive Colors
• Red
Red,
, Green
Green, and
, and Blue
Blue light
light
sources can be used to
sources can be used to
synthesize almost any
synthesize almost any
perceivable color
perceivable color
• Red
Red +
+ Green
Green =
= Yellow
Yellow
• Red
Red +
+ Blue
Blue =
= Magenta
Magenta
• Green
Green +
+ Blue
Blue =
= Cyan
Cyan
• These three dual-source
These three dual-source
colors become the primary
colors become the primary
colors for subtraction
colors for subtraction
– why? because absence of
green is magenta
– absence of red is cyan, etc.
6. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
6
Subtractive colors
Subtractive colors
• But most things we see are
But most things we see are not
not light
light sources
sources
• Reflection
Reflection takes away
takes away some of the incident light
some of the incident light
– thus the term subtractive
• If incident light is white,
If incident light is white, yellow
yellow is
is absence
absence of
of blue
blue
incident white light
blue absorption
(e.g., paint, dye)
reflected yellow light (blue gone)
yellow light made of red and green
7. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
7
What’s responsible for selective
What’s responsible for selective
absorption?
absorption?
• Carotene
Carotene
– makes carrots orange, tomatoes
red, daffodils yellow, leaves turn
– must absorb blue light
• Long, organic molecular chain
Long, organic molecular chain
– most dyes, pigments are such
– resonances in optical light
• Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll
– makes leaves green
– must absorb red and blue
8. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
8
Questions
Questions
• Why, when you mix all your paints together, do you
Why, when you mix all your paints together, do you
just get
just get dark brown
dark brown or
or black? Why not white?
? Why not white?
• Why is the sky
Why is the sky blue
blue, and the low sun/moon
, and the low sun/moon orange
orange?
?
Are these related?
Are these related?
9. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
9
Our limited sensitivity to light
Our limited sensitivity to light
• In bright-light situations (called
In bright-light situations (called photopic
photopic, using cones), our
, using cones), our
sensitivity peaks around 550 nm, going from 400 to 700
sensitivity peaks around 550 nm, going from 400 to 700
• In the dark, we switch to
In the dark, we switch to scotopic
scotopic vision (rods), centered at 510
vision (rods), centered at 510
nm, going from 370 to 630
nm, going from 370 to 630
– it’s why astronomers like red flashlights: don’t ruin night vision
10. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
10
Introduction to Spectra
Introduction to Spectra
• We can make a spectrum out of light, dissecting its
We can make a spectrum out of light, dissecting its
constituent colors
constituent colors
– A prism is one way to do this
– A diffraction grating also does the job
• The spectrum represents the wavelength-by-
The spectrum represents the wavelength-by-
wavelength content of light
wavelength content of light
– can represent this in a color graphic like that above
– or can plot intensity vs. wavelength
– previous plots of blackbody spectrum were of this form
11. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
11
Example Spectra
Example Spectra
Solar Spectrum with Fraunhofer solar atmosphere absorption lines
C: Hydrogen; D: Sodium; E: Iron; F: Hydrogen; G: Iron; H&K: Calcium
white light spectrum
hydrogen lamp spectrum
helium lamp spectrum
lithium lamp spectrum
mercury lamp spectrum
hydrogen absorption spectrum
Spectra provide
“fingerprints” of
atomic species,
which can be used
to identify atoms
across the universe!
12. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
12
Spectral Content of Light
Spectral Content of Light
• A spectrum is a plot representing light content on a
A spectrum is a plot representing light content on a
wavelength-by-wavelength basis
wavelength-by-wavelength basis
– the myriad colors we can perceive are simply different
spectral amalgams of light
– much like different instruments have different sound: it
depends on its (harmonic) spectral content
13. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
13
Light Sources
Light Sources
Here are a variety of
light sources. Included
are:
• H-ITT IR LED*
• red LED*
• green laser pointer
• flourescence of
orange H-ITT trans-
mitter illuminated by
green laser
Note that light has to
be blue-ward (shorter
wavelength) of the
fluorescence for it to
work.
* LED: Light Emitting Diode
14. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
14
Colored Paper
Colored Paper
Reflected light (in
this case, sunlight)
off of paper appearing:
blue
green
yellow
orange
red
black
aside from slight
fluorescence in yellow
paper, paper colors
operate by reflection
only: never peeks
above 100%
white paper would be a flat line at 100%
15. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
15
Fluorescent Paper
Fluorescent Paper
Bright fluorescent
paper follows different
rules: absorbs blue or
UV light and re-emits
at some characteristic
wavelength.
These examples are
of lime green paper
and bright orange
fluorescent paper.
Note especially in
the orange case, the
light exceeds the
amount that would be
passively reflected
off of white paper
(100% level)
16. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
16
Fluorescent Markers (hi-lighters)
Fluorescent Markers (hi-lighters)
Likewise, fluorescent
markers (hi-lighters)
absorb and re-emit
light.
In this case, we see
yellow, green, and pink
fluorescent markers
The pink actually has
a bit of blue/violet in
it, surprisingly
All three have emission
above the 100% that
one gets from straight
reflection
17. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
17
Fluorescent lights
Fluorescent lights
• Fluorescent lights stimulate
Fluorescent lights stimulate
emission among atoms like argon,
emission among atoms like argon,
mercury, neon
mercury, neon
– they do this by ionizing the gas
with high voltage
– as electrons recombine with ions,
they emit light at discrete
wavelengths, or lines
• Mercury puts out a strong line at
Mercury puts out a strong line at
254 nm (UV)
254 nm (UV)
– this and other lines hit the
phosphor coating on the inside of
the tube and stimulate emission in
the visible part of the spectrum
18. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
18
LCD Monitor
LCD Monitor
LCD monitors use
fluorescent lights to
illuminate the pixels
(from behind).
The black curve shows
what my LCD laptop
monitor looks like in
a section of the screen
that’s white.
Blue, green, and red
curves show sections
of the screen with these
colors
Note that the colors
are achieved simply by
suppression
Blue gets all
of this line
Green gets all
of this line
Red gets all
of this line
Thus LCDs just filter the background light
19. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
19
Transmission of Glass, Sunglasses
Transmission of Glass, Sunglasses
By obtaining a spectrum
of sunlight reflected off
of a piece of white paper
(using the spectrograph
without the fiber feed),
then doing the same
thing through the fiber
and also through
sunglasses, the trans-
mission properties of
each can be elucidated.
The fiber is about 82%
transmission for most
wavelengths, but has
significant UV absorption.
This is why you can’t get
sunburn through glass
The sunglasses block UV almost totally!
20. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
20
Sunlight and The Blue Sky
Sunlight and The Blue Sky
These plots show the
spectrograph’s response
to sunlight on white paper
and to the blue sky.
The spectrograph is not
very efficient in UV or IR,
and its sensitivity curve is
shown in black.
You can notice the violet
hump in the blue sky
(brighter than white
paper here).
Also, can see the solar
atmosphere absorption
lines in both sun and sky
sodium
hydrogen
oxygen in earth atmos.
calcium
hydrogen
21. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
21
Blackbody corrected
Blackbody corrected
The spectrograph
software lets you claim
a source to be a black-
body of specified temp-
erature, so it can correct
for its efficiency curve
(black curve on prev.).
Here we see the result of
this process, which has
made the sun curve look
like a perfect blackbody
peaking at 500 nm.
But it also assumed that
Fraunhoffer lines were
artifacts to be removed
Note the dramatic rise of the sky toward the blue/UV end.
The lighter blue is without the UV-absorbing fiber in place
22. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
22
More realistic spectrum
More realistic spectrum
Correcting the raw
spectra from two slides
back with the response
curve, we arrive at a
more realistic sun and
sky spectrum.
The black line is a black-
body at 5900 K, which
fits the sun reasonably
well. This time, the
absorption lines survive.
The blue sky now also
looks smoother, and on
top of this is plotted a
theoretical 1/4
model
for molecular scattering
Though not in words, this explains why the sky is blue!
23. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
23
How do diffraction gratings work?
How do diffraction gratings work?
• A diffraction grating is a regular array of optical
A diffraction grating is a regular array of optical
scattering points
scattering points
– spherical wave emerges from each scattering point
– constructively or destructively interfere at different angles
depending on wavelength
24. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
24
Another look at diffraction gratings
Another look at diffraction gratings
• For a given wavelength, a special angle will result in
For a given wavelength, a special angle will result in
constructive interference:
constructive interference: d
d
sin
sin
=
=
– this angle is different for different wavelengths
25. Spring 2006
UCSD: Physics 8; 2006
25
Assignments
Assignments
• HW 7: 14.E.8, 14.E.19, 14.E.20, 14.E.21, 15.E.26
HW 7: 14.E.8, 14.E.19, 14.E.20, 14.E.21, 15.E.26
– plus additional required problems on website, accessible
through Assignments link
• Read pp. 446–447, 454–455 to accompany this
Read pp. 446–447, 454–455 to accompany this
lecture
lecture
• Read pp. 447–453 for Thursday, 6/1
Read pp. 447–453 for Thursday, 6/1
• Extra Credit posted on course website
Extra Credit posted on course website
– worth up to 3% of grade!!!
– mostly involves building a spectrometer and exploring lots of
things with it
