LINEAR SURVEY
- 1. LINEAR SURVEY PREPARED BY: KHAN ARZAAN
- 2. Introduction of survey Survey is an art of determining relative position of an object, plot, location, place, point by taking horizontal measurements. There are two types o survey. Plane survey. Geodetic survey.
- 3. Classification of surveying Plane survey: plane survey is a method of surveying by assuming the earth surface is plane. Means in plane survey the curvature of the earth is not consider upto 250sq.km. Geodetic survey: geodetic survey is a method of surveying by considering the curvature of the earth upto 250sq.km. https://www.google.co.in/search?q=linear+surve ying&rlz=1C1CHZL_enIN813IN813&source=l nms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3xYW Yo7_dAhXJRo8KHa3QBe4Q_AUIDigB&biw= 1366&bih=657
- 4. Principle of survey 1st principle of survey: always work from whole to the part to avoid accumulation of error in triangle of a biforgeted parts of whole area the process of triangulation is adopted in triangulation area divided into equilateral triangles called well conditioned triangles. 2nd principle of survey: the principle of chain surveying is triangulation in the chain survey the area to be measured is divided into numbers of conditioned triangles it may be small and large. Side of the triangulation are measured with chain or tape no angular measurements.
- 5. Measurements of horizontal distance Measurements of horizontal distance between two points. are the most important method in surveying. There are many methods of measuring horizontal distance. They are:(1) pacing (2) odometer (3)chaining (4)taping (5).tacheometery (6) electronic distance measurement. While chaining and taping are most common used in survey. Chaining: chaining is the easiest process of surveying. In the survey only measure are taken in the ground. Taping: tapes are used in surveying 30m in length for measuring slope, horizontal and vertical distance. Pacing: pacing is an approximate used in measuring distance. It is a responsibly easy an quick process of measuring distance in the field. Odometer: odometer is a process of measuring distance travail by vehicle. Electronic distance measurement(EDM): this is a modern instruments of surveying this instruments is used for electronically measuring distance between two points through electromagnetic waves.
- 6. Chaining and taping accessories The small instruments used with chain or tape are (i) arrows, (ii)pegs, (iii)plumb bobs (iv)offset rods, (v) ranging rods. Arrows or chain are used for marking the position of the ends of chain on the ground. Using of pegs are used for marking the position of the survey station or the ending points of a survey line pegs are made for wood. Dimension of 25mm×25mm in cross section and 150mm long with the nail at the top. Plumb bobs are used to project a point to project on the ground upto or tape or to project a point on the tape down to the ground. (roy, 1999) Measurement by chain: there are basically two types of measurements (i) on the level ground. (ii) on the uneven ground. (roy, 1999)
- 7. Various technologies used for linear surveying Electronic distance measurements(EDM) Theodolite Total station 3D scanner Tacheometer Plane table
- 8. Theodolite In theodolite survey, distance are measured by chain or tape. It is used for measurement of horizontal and vertical angle. More station are required in theodolite survey. https://www.google.com/search?tb m=isch&sa=1&ei=AymhW9zQJY_ QvQSms5SwDA&q=equipments+o f+survey+tacheometer&oq=equipm ents+of+survey+tacheometer&gs_l =img.3...92791.97812.0.98668.11.1 1.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0...1c.1.64.img.. 11.0.0....0.Gh5Kqx4eAuw
- 9. Tacheometer It is used for measurement of horizontal and vertical distance. In tacheometric survey, direct measurement of distance are possible. Less station are required in tacheometric survey https://www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=AymhW9z QJY_QvQSms5SwDA&q=equipments+of+survey+tacheometer &oq=equipments+of+survey+tacheometer&gs_l=img.3...92791. 97812.0.98668.11.11.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0...1c.1.64.img..11.0.0....0 .Gh5Kqx4eAuw
- 10. Total station The total station function is to be measure horizontal and vertical angles and slope distance in a single integrated unit. It is usually connected to an electronic filed book. (roy, 1999) https://www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&sa =1&ei=pCihW_auN4iAvwTZ_78o&q=equip ments+of+survey+total+station&oq=equipme nts+of+survey+total+station&gs_l=img.guatda.com/cmx.p3...71 187.77015.0.77479.15.14.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0... 1c.1.64.img..15.0.0....0.VMXSjie_Rto
- 11. 3D scanner 3D scanner is a device that analyses a real-world object or environment to collect data on its shape and possibly its appearance (e.g. color). The collected data can then be used to construction digital 3D dimensional models. https://www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=Oii hW92ZO4HYvgSCh5joDw&q=equipments+of+survey+ 3d+scanner&oq=equipments+of+survey+3d+scanner&gs _l=img.3...75920.79590.0.80165.10.10.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0.... 0...1c.1.64.img..10.0.0....0._1WfiqE6OFU#imgrc=qclDk bfUQtIeXM:
- 12. Plane table A plane table consists of a smooth table surface mounted on a sturdy base. a plane table is use for set over a point and brought to precise horizontal level https://www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&sa=1&ei= wxShW7- nLs36rQGd0pGgDQ&q=equipments+of+survey+plan e+table&oq=equipments+of+survey+plane+table&gs _l=img.3...4960592.4963139.0.4963483.11.9.0.0.0.0.0 .0..0.0....0...1c.1.64.img..11.0.0....0.pK- h4yjhKNU#imgrc=rZQ4tYfHY29wiM:
- 13. Reference Bibliography roy, s. k. (1999). fundamentals of survey. new delhi : asoke k. ghosh.