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- 1. WILLIAM VEERBEEK www.floodresiliencegroup.org | w.veerbeek@floodresiliencegroup.org • Flood Resilience Group, Unesco-IHE FLOODRESILIENCEGROUP ir. W. (William) Veerbeek Urban Development • Dura Vermeer Business Development FLOOD RESILIENCE GROUP | WE Department | Unesco-IHE Westvest 7 | P.O. Box 3015 | 2601DA Delft | Netherlands T: +31(0)15 2151 821 | M: +31(0)6 427 88 359 w.veerbeek@floodresiliencegroup.org www.floodresiliencegroup.org ARCHITECTURE>URBAN/REGIONAL PLANNING>ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE>URBAN CLIMATE ADAPTATION FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 1 May 2010
- 2. WILLIAM VEERBEEK www.floodresiliencegroup.org | w.veerbeek@floodresiliencegroup.org • Flood Resilience Group, Unesco-IHE, Delft FLOODRESILIENCEGROUP ir. W. (William) Veerbeek Urban Development • Dura Vermeer Business Development, Hoofddorp FLOOD RESILIENCE GROUP | WE Department | Unesco-IHE Westvest 7 | P.O. Box 3015 | 2601DA Delft | Netherlands T: +31(0)15 2151 821 | M: +31(0)6 427 88 359 w.veerbeek@floodresiliencegroup.org www.floodresiliencegroup.org ARCHITECTURE>URBAN/REGIONAL PLANNING>ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE>URBAN CLIMATE ADAPTATION > > > FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 2 May 2010
- 3. WILLIAM VEERBEEK www.floodresiliencegroup.org | w.veerbeek@floodresiliencegroup.org FLOODRESILIENCEGROUP FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 3 May 2010
- 4. DEVELOPING RESILIENCY: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE CITY FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 4 May 2010
- 5. RECILIENCY: CONCEPTS Systems SYSTEMS: • Any set of interacting components that operate within an environment • Systems show functional and non-functional behavior: local, global • Some behavior is goal oriented (e.g. maximizing profits) • Identification of a system depends on perspective EXAMPLES: • Corporate systems: e.g., Businesses • Physical / Socioeconomic systems: e.g. Cities • Mechanical systems: e.g. Machines • Social systems: e.g. Friends • Biological systems: e.g. Human body • etc. UNDER WHAT RANGE OF CONDITIONS DOES A SYSTEM FUNCTION ( ) (OPTIMALLY)? Does you body perform well during -30 ºC or +40 ºC ? FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 5 May 2010
- 6. RECILIENCY: CONCEPTS Static vs Dynamic environment STATIC ENVIRONMENT: • No changes in conditions over time • Optimization possible: e.g. construction of bridge • Exceedance probabilities (norms in risk assessment) CLOSED SYSTEM: • No flow of energy in and out of the system • Thus: Energy balance Energy can be capital, labour, resources, information, etc. FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 6 May 2010
- 7. RECILIENCY: CONCEPTS Static vs Dynamic conditions DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT: • Changes in conditions over time (gradual, volatile) • Uncertainty • Optimization difficult: System has to perform in different circumstances OPEN SYSTEM: • Flow of energy in and out of the system • Sometimes shortage, sometimes surplus FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 7 May 2010
- 8. RECILIENCY: CONCEPTS Robustness and Adaptation ROBUSTNESS: • Ability to withstand various stressor levels: threshold capacity • Redundancy (risk distribution) ADAPTATION: • Ability to change (reconfigure) the functioning of a system • Coping capacity, recovery capacity, adaptive capacity LIMIT OR DECREASE VULNERABILITY: • Short term AND long term = Sustainability FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 8 May 2010
- 9. RESILIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY Resiliency leads to Sustainability EXAMPLE FINANCIAL CRISIS: • High level of optimization (positive feedback) • Short term perspective • Extremely fragile system (no diversification) LESSONS LEARNED (OR NOT) • Risk distribution, diversification • Short term and long term horizion • Vulnerability assessment for a wider range of scenarios GOAL: SUSTAINABILE ECONOMY FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 9 May 2010
- 10. SUSTAINABILITY What is it about? Sustainability is the capacity to endure. (...) For humans it is the potential for long-term maintenance of well being. HOW CAN WE ENSURE OUR WELL-BEING FOR THE LONG-TERM? or HOW CAN WE ENSURE OUR WELL-BEING IN CHANGING FUTURE CONDITIONS? FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 10 May 2010
- 11. RECILIENCY: APPLICATION How does a city perform under changing conditions? NICE STORY BUT WHAT DOES IT HAVE TO DO WITH US? • Cities are systems that perform under changing conditions • Physical (e.g. climate), Social (e.g. demographics), Economic (e.g. crisis), etc. • Is your city robust/adaptive enough to cope with these changes? • Additional problem: Current changes evolve faster than ever “A city is a pattern in time. No single consituent remains in place” John Holland, 1995 LET’S FOCUS ON PHYSICAL CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 11 May 2010
- 12. CLIMATE CHANGE What is it about? Trend change: Overall increase in temperature More extremes: Wetter, dryer, heat waves, storms Drought Heat Severe storm events Severe precipitation Climate Change (driver) Autonomous urban development (driver/receptor) • Drainage capacity • Urban heat island effect • Limited water suply FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 12 May 2010
- 13. CLIMATE CHANGE Relation to urban areas Sea level rise 1992 2002 Many cities are located in deltaic regions Ice mass in Greenland Vulnerable delta cities, 2005 Flooding (river) Delta cities often cause enchroachment of rivers Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Chehalis river flood, Washington, USA, 2007 Flooding (rainfall) Limiting drainage capacity Illustration urban water cycle Flooding Minsk, Wit-Rusland, 2009 FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 13 May 2010
- 14. CLIMATE CHANGE Relation to urban areas Heat stress Heat islands because of densification Illustration Urban Heat Island effect Heat during the 4daagse, Nijmegen, 2007 Drought Little or no water retention in urban areas Illustration groundwater level during drought Scammonden Reservoir, Yorkshire, UK, 2003 Fires Suburbs adjacent to natural reserves Forest fires in de VS Wildfires, Los Angeles, USA, 2008 FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 14 May 2010
- 15. CLIMATE CHANGE Relation to urban areas THE RUSSIAN ‘SOCIALIST CITY’: • based on static rationalized requirements • Yet, the design is oversized; room for further development: Adaptible FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 15 May 2010
- 16. CLIMATE CHANGE The urban receptor Transformation of Russian public space FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 16 May 2010
- 17. CLIMATE CHANGE Relation to urban areas Transformation of public space into parking space • Short-term thinking: cheap way to fullfill demand of growing car ownership FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 17 May 2010
- 18. CLIMATE CHANGE Loss of urban drainage capacity Minsk, July, 2009 FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 18 May 2010
- 19. CLIMATE CHANGE The historic European city: Dense urban centres vs sparse outskirts Intensive land-use: land cover leaves almost no room for vegetation FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 19 May 2010
- 20. DENSE CENTRES: IMPERVIOUS LAND COVER The historic European city: Dense urban centres vs sparse outskirts High %age of landcover is impervious: low infiltration capacity (natural drainage) Based on: Veerbeek et al (2009) Klimaatrobuust Nederland FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 20 May 2010
- 21. DENSE CENTRES: IMPERVIOUS LAND COVER The Dutch urban areas are highly susceptible to extreme weather Delft is representative for many Dutch cities (e.g. Rotterdam) Especially industrial areas (e.g. port zones) are vulnerable. Based on: Veerbeek et al (2009) Klimaatrobuust Nederland Landsat Infrared image of Rotterdam area FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 21 May 2010
- 22. URBAN CLIMATE ADAPTATION: BUILDING RESILIENCY Making our urban areas less vulnerable to natural hazards INVEST IN ROBUSTNESS AND ADAPTATION: • Use the 4 capacities: threshold, coping, recovery, adaptive • Distribute your risk • Always solve multiple problems in a design • Design in space and time • Seek synergies • Design in an integrative manner: including public space • Solve problems locally FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 22 May 2010
- 23. HOTSPOT ROTTERDAM • Using Climate Change as an opportunity to drive new urban development • Research - Policy - Design - Investment FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 23 May 2010
- 24. ROTTERDAM GREEN ROOF INITIATIVE Increasing the drainage capacity of buildings • Transform leftover spaces (roofs) into climate proof functional spaces • Subsidise green roof initiatives (tax cuts) • Frontrunner: develop green roofs on public buildings FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 24 May 2010
- 25. ROOF PARK Rotterdam, Netherlands, 2006-2012. Dura Vermeer, Rotterdam, Netherlands • Biggest multi-functional levee in Europe • Combining a levee, park, retail, logistics • Connect currently seperated neighborhoods • Currently under construction FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 25 May 2010
- 26. ROOF PARK Rotterdam, Netherlands, 2006-2012. Dura Vermeer, Rotterdam, Netherlands • Stack different functions on top of each other • Wrap the park around building programme location flood defense park combined functions FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 26 May 2010
- 27. ROOF PARK Rotterdam, Netherlands, 2006-2012. Dura Vermeer, Rotterdam, Netherlands reference: Bercy, France • Biggest multi-functional levee in Europe • Combining a levee, park, retail, logistics • Connect currently seperated neighborhoods • Currently under construction park area mediteranian garden/glass house FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 27 May 2010
- 28. FLOATING EXPOCENTRE ROTTERDAM Rotterdam, Netherlands, 2008-2010. Dura Vermeer, Rotterdam, Netherlands APPLYING THE STATE-OF-THE-ART CLIMATE TECHNOLOGY • Vistor centre marketing Rotterdam’s climate proofing ambitions • Cooling/Heating with solar power, water • Storing of energy by using phase-change materials FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 28 May 2010
- 29. AMPHIBIC COMMUNITY 46 Housing Units, Maasbommel, Netherlands, 2002-2003. Dura Vermeer, Hoofddorp, Netherlands • Housing area located on the Meuse river bed • During high waters the houses float • Hollow concrete base for buoyancy • International attention (e.g. Discovery Channel) FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 29 May 2010
- 30. FLOATING GREEN HOUSE NAALDWIJK Rotterdam, Netherlands, 2003-2005. Dura Vermeer, Rotterdam, Netherlands USING THE DUTCH WATER SYSTEM AS A CROP FIELD • Cooling/Heating using water • Moving an industry sector away from the city FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 30 May 2010
- 31. URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT DORDRECHT Integrating flood risk in brownfield development INTEGRATION OF FLOOD RISK IN BROWNFIELD DEVELOPMENT: • Problem are became a ‘safe haven’ • Knowledge driven new residential area Low-level city flood prone area 1:4000 year levee FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 31 May 2010
- 32. URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT DORDRECHT Integrating flood risk in brownfield development HOUSING TYPOLOGIES FOLLOW FLOOD RISK: • Living with water instead of fighting water FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 32 May 2010
- 33. URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT DORDRECHT Integrating flood risk in brownfield development HOUSING TYPOLOGIES FOLLOW FLOOD RISK: • Living with water instead of fighting water FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 33 May 2010
- 34. DOCKSTAGE: FLOATING THEATRE FOR THE DRECHTSTEDEN Serving 3 cities with a multi-functional theatre/concert hall NOT ENOUGH ‘CRITICAL MASS’ FOR A SINGLE CITY • Ship the theatre from city to city • On-shore facilities are limited to parking and logistics FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 34 May 2010
- 35. CONCLUSIONS Development of the Russian provincial city ADOPT A ‘NO-REGRET’ STRATEGY: • Current interventions should not lead up to mistakes in the future • Rigourously analyse the current city in space and time • Develop a strong public space policy; public space is functional! • Adopt a system’s perspective; the city is not just a colleiton of objects DIVERSIFY AND LIMIT: • Diversify your assets; distribute your risk • Create synergy instead of singular objects; combine functions • Smart growth; do not endlessly expand your cities INCLUDE ADAPTATION: • Flexibility is a must; think in time • Develop flexible development plans using scenarios • Abandon rigid zoning plans FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 35 May 2010
- 36. CONCLUSIONS Development of the Russian provincial city LEARN FROM WHAT IS THERE! • The origins of the Russian cities are almost forgotton • Yet, there are many places with potential qualities • Adopt a local strategy, building on what is there instead of wiping things away FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 36 May 2010