Linking Indigenous Communities with Regional Development
1 like2,797 views
The document outlines the OECD's approach to integrating indigenous communities into regional and rural development, emphasizing the significance of these communities for local economies and well-being. It highlights challenges, such as socio-economic disparities and institutional barriers, while proposing strategies for empowerment, data collection, and inclusive policy-making. A roadmap and toolkit are suggested for better engagement with indigenous populations in development efforts.
Linking Indigenous Communities with Regional Development
- 1. Chris McDonald Regional Development Policy Division Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development OECD Linking indigenous communities with regional and rural development Northern Periphery and Arctic Programme Annual Event 2016 28 September 2016, Akureyri, Iceland
- 2. 1. OECD approach to rural development 2. Why indigenous communities are important to rural and regional development 3. Better linking indigenous communities with regional and rural development Outline
- 3. http://www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/ • Almost 20 National Reviews (since 2000) • Around 35 Regional Reviews (since 2000) • 11 National Rural Policy Review • 3 National Urban Policy Reviews • Thematic reviews (e.g. urban- rural linkages, and linking renewable energy with rural development) Large knowledge pool and qualitative database from which to identify good policy! Regional Development Policy Division
- 4. The OECD Rural Policy Paradigm 3.0. Integrating policies, actors and places Old Paradigm New Rural Paradigm (2006) Rural Policy 3.0 –Implementing the New Rural Paradigm Objectives Equalization Competiveness Well-being considering multiple dimensions of (i) the economy (ii) society and (iii) the environment Policy Focus Support for a single dominant resource sector Support for multiple sectors based on their competitiveness Low density economies differentiated by type of rural Tools Subsidies for firms Investments in qualified firms and communities Integrated rural development approach - spectrum of support to public sector, firms and third sector Key Actors & Stakeholders Farm organizations and national governments All levels of government and all relevant departments plus local stakeholders Involvement of (i) public sector - multi-level governance, (ii) private sector - for-profit firms and social enterprise, and (iii) third sector – non- governmental organisations and civil society Policy Approach Uniformly applied top down policy Bottom-up policy, local strategies Integrated approach with multiple policy domains Rural Definition Not urban Rural as a variety of distinct types of place Three types of rural: i) embedded in metropolitan region, ii) adjacent to metropolitan region, and iii) far from metropolitan regions
- 5. Country Indigenous peoples Population % national population Australia Indigenous/Koori 670 000 2.8 Canada First nation/Inuit/Metis 1 400 685 3.9 Chile Various 1 565 915 8.7 Denmark (Greenland)* Inuit 51 377 0.9 (91.6) Finland Sami 8 000 0.1 France (New Caledonia)* Kanak 70 000 0.1 (25.9) Japan Anui 28 782 0.02 Mexico Various 15 703 474 12.4 New Zealand Māori 645 000 14.0 Norway Sami 50 000 – 65 000 1.0 – 1.3 Sweden Sami 20 000 0.2 United States American Indian/Alaskan native 5 200 000 1.6 Indigenous population across OECD countries Source: Food and Agricultural Organisation (http://www.fao.org/indigenous-peoples/en/) and World Bank *Greenland is defined as an autonomous country within Denmark, whilst New Caledonia is a special collectivity of France
- 6. Indigenous populations are significant in rural and remote areas Source: Nordegio (http://www.nordregio.se/en/Maps/01-Population-and-demography/Indigenous-population-in-the-Arctic-regions/)
- 7. Connection to land: • Legal recognition/rights and stewardship of land, sea, and resources - key players in shaping tradeable sectors • Local knowledge that is important for managing natural resources and adapting to climate change Source of economic growth and opportunity: • Unique business and employment opportunities (e.g. ecotourism, food and agriculture, natural resource management) that can diversify remote economies • Indigenous populations are generally growing faster than non-indigenous populations – labour resource and consumption of services Significant barriers to economic participation remain: • Experience poorer socio-economic outcomes (health, education, housing, and employment) – latent potential and key to achieving inclusive growth Indigenous communities are important to rural and national wellbeing
- 8. Institutional challenges remain Challenging and difficult historical context: • Historical context of assimilation, dispossession and conflict – resulting in lack of trust in mainstream institutions • Indigenous communities can still be seen as an impediment to economic development (e.g. conflicts over mining and infrastructure projects) • Engagement processes by government and private sector which are not culturally appropriate Self-determination can also generate challenges: • Variability in institutional structure and capacity • Lack of multilevel governance with state and regional/local administrations – often governed by bilateral relationship with national agency • Governance of reservations separate from its surrounding regional context • Lack of reliable data and information about local communities and economies
- 9. Empowerment • Empowering indigenous communities to participate in decision making and co- produce services • Acknowledging and supporting the role of informal coordination, particularly brokers and social entrepreneurs who can build linkages with institutions and markets Institutions and multi-level governance: • Supporting regional development practitioners to incorporate indigenous issues and aspirations into regional policies • Identifying ways to improve multi-level governance (devolution of resources, role of central agencies) Improving regional and rural development strategies: • Examining ways to improve data collection and incorporating indigenous norms and values into how we understand regional economies • Assessing the economic potential of indigenous communities within a regional context (including enabling conditions whilst incorporating traditional values) Institutions and policies
- 10. Range of options to explore, including … • Supporting entrepreneurship and business growth including access to capital and financial intermediation (e.g. micro credit) • Skills and education – school attendance, mentoring, pathways into work and vocational training • Unlocking the economic value of land e.g. clarifying/simplifying leasing and land use administration • Home ownership – access to capital and shared equity schemes • Assessing the appropriate role of the public sector in stimulating indigenous economic development e.g. procurement and public sector employment • Capacity building – leadership programmes, corporate governance, and management training • … Policy instruments and tools
- 11. • Scoping phase: test interest of member countries to undertake further work in this area, and seek their input to the development of a thematic project. • Work collaboratively with member countries and place-based indigenous communities to assess: – Regional socio-economic performance, growth potential, and unexploited resources – Policies for enhancing regional competitiveness, attractiveness and sustainable development (e.g. human capital; physical infrastructure; business environment; social cohesion) – Efficacy of local institutions and multi-level governance arrangements linking indigenous communities with regional and rural development – Specific sub-theme important to the development of the community (e.g. service delivery, skills, tourism, extractive industries) • Deliver recommendations to: – improve national policy settings and programmes for Indigenous communities in rural areas – Improve outcomes for place-based indigenous communities Development of road map and tool kit to implement this approach