Lintner Revisited Quantitative Analysis (2)

RISK DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

TRADING FUTURES AND OPTIONS INVOLVES SUBSTANTIAL RISK OF LOSS AND IS NOT SUITABLE FOR
ALL INVESTORS. THERE ARE NO GUARANTEES OF PROFIT NO MATTER WHO IS MANAGING YOUR
MONEY. PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS.

THE RISK OF LOSS IN TRADING COMMODITY INTERESTS CAN BE SUBSTANTIAL. YOU SHOULD
THEREFORE CAREFULLY CONSIDER WHETHER SUCH TRADING IS SUITABLE FOR YOU IN LIGHT OF
YOUR FINANCIAL CONDITION. IN CONSIDERING WHETHER TO TRADE OR TO AUTHORIZE SOMEONE ELSE
TO TRADE FOR YOU, YOU SHOULD BE AWARE OF THE FOLLOWING:

IF YOU PURCHASE A COMMODITY OPTION YOU MAY SUSTAIN A TOTAL LOSS OF THE PREMIUM AND OF
ALL TRANSACTION COSTS.

IF YOU PURCHASE OR SELL A COMMODITY FUTURES CONTRACT OR SELL A COMMODITY OPTION YOU
MAY SUSTAIN A TOTAL LOSS OF THE INITIAL MARGIN FUNDS OR SECURITY DEPOSIT AND ANY
ADDITIONAL FUNDS THAT YOU DEPOSIT WITH YOUR BROKER TO ESTABLISH OR MAINTAIN YOUR
POSITION. IF THE MARKET MOVES AGAINST YOUR POSITION, YOU MAY BE CALLED UPON BY YOUR
BROKER TO DEPOSIT A SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNT OF ADDITIONAL MARGIN FUNDS, ON SHORT NOTICE, IN
ORDER TO MAINTAIN YOUR POSITION. IF YOU DO NOT PROVIDE THE REQUESTED FUNDS WITHIN THE
PRESCRIBED TIME, YOUR POSITION MAY BE LIQUIDATED AT A LOSS, AND YOU WILL BE LIABLE FOR
ANY RESULTING DEFICIT IN YOUR ACCOUNT.

UNDER CERTAIN MARKET CONDITIONS, YOU MAY FIND IT DIFFICULT OR IMPOSSIBLE TO LIQUIDATE A
POSITION. THIS CAN OCCUR, FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN THE MARKET MAKES A ‘‘LIMIT MOVE.’’

THE PLACEMENT OF CONTINGENT ORDERS BY YOU OR YOUR TRADING ADVISOR, SUCH AS A ‘‘STOP-
LOSS’’ OR ‘‘STOP-LIMIT’’ ORDER, WILL NOT NECESSARILY LIMIT YOUR LOSSES TO THE INTENDED
AMOUNTS, SINCE MARKET CONDITIONS MAY MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO EXECUTE SUCH ORDERS.

A ‘‘SPREAD’’ POSITION MAY NOT BE LESS RISKY THAN A SIMPLE ‘‘LONG’’ OR ‘‘SHORT’’ POSITION.

THE HIGH DEGREE OF LEVERAGE THAT IS OFTEN OBTAINABLE IN COMMODITY INTEREST TRADING CAN
WORK AGAINST YOU AS WELL AS FOR YOU. THE USE OF LEVERAGE CAN LEAD TO LARGE LOSSES AS
WELL AS GAINS.

IN SOME CASES, MANAGED COMMODITY ACCOUNTS ARE SUBJECT TO SUBSTANTIAL CHARGES FOR
MANAGEMENT AND ADVISORY FEES. IT MAY BE NECESSARY FOR THOSE ACCOUNTS THAT ARE
SUBJECT TO THESE CHARGES TO MAKE SUBSTANTIAL TRADING PROFITS TO AVOID DEPLETION OR
EXHAUSTION OF THEIR ASSETS. THE CTA DISCLOSURE DOCUMENT CONTAINS A COMPLETE
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL RISK FACTORS AND EACH FEE TO BE CHARGED TO YOUR ACCOUNT
BY THE COMMODITY TRADING ADVISOR (“CTA”).

A COMPLETE DISCUSSION OF FEES AND CHARGES ARE REPORTED IN THE CTA's DISCLOSURE
DOCUMENT. SPECIFICALLY, ONE SHOULD RECOGNIZE THAT AN INTRODUCING BROKER MAY CHARGE
A FRONT-END START UP FEE OF UP TO 6% OF THE INITIAL CONTRIBUTION. PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS
CHARGE IS NOT REFLECTED IN THE PERFORMANCE OF THE COMMODITY TRADING ADVISOR AND
COULD HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON THE CUSTOMERS ABILITY TO ACHIEVE SIMILAR RETURNS.

MANAGED FUTURES MAY NOT NECESSARILY BE PROFITABLE UNDER ALL MARKET CONDITIONS AND
ALSO MAY NOT NECESSARILY REDUCE VOLATILITY.

LINTNER REVISITED

A Quantitative
Analysis of
Managed Futures

May 2012
Ryan Abrams Ranjan Bhaduri, PhD, CFA, CAIA Elizabeth Flores, CAIA
Senior Investment Analyst Chief Research Officer and Executive Director, Client
Wisconsin Alumni Research Head of Product Development Development & Sales –
Foundation AlphaMetrix Alternative Asset Managers
Investment Advisors, LLC CME Group

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ABSTRACT:

Managed futures comprise a wide array of liquid, transparent alpha strategies which offer institutional
investors a number of benefits. These include cash efficiency, intuitive risk management, and a
proclivity toward strong performance in market environments that tend to be difficult for other
investments. This paper revisits Dr. John Lintner’s classic 1983 paper, “The Potential Role of Managed
Commodity-Financial Futures Accounts (and/or Funds) in Portfolios of Stocks and Bonds,” which
explored the substantial diversification benefits that accrue when managed futures are added to
institutional portfolios. As Dr. Lintner did, it analyzes the portfolio benefits that managed futures
offer through the mean-variance framework, but it draws on more complete techniques such as the
analysis of omega functions to assess portfolio contribution. The paper also conducts a comparative
qualitative and quantitative analysis of the risk and return opportunities of managed futures relative
to other investments, and includes a discussion as to why managed futures strategies tend to perform
well in conditions that are not conducive to other investment strategies. It provides an overview of
the diversity of investment styles within managed futures, dispelling the commonly held notion that
all CTAs employ trend following strategies. Finally, it highlights the opportunities the space offers
to pension plan sponsors, endowments and foundations seeking to create well-diversified, liquid,
transparent, alpha generating portfolios.

Dedicated to the late Dr. John Lintner

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2 Introduction

3 Revisiting Lintner

4 Managed Futures – Some Basic Properties

6 Growth of Futures Markets and Managed Futures

7 Manager Style and Selection

11 Managed Futures Risk, Return, and the Potential for Enhanced Diversification

12 Risk and Return: Omega – A Better Approach

15 Hidden Risk: The Importance of Liquidity, Transparency and Custody

17 The Lack of Correlation and Potential for Portfolio Diversification

22 Managed Futures and Performance during Financial Market Dislocations

30 Benefits to Institutional Investors

32 Conclusion

34 Conclusion in Context of Lintner

35 References

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INTRODUCTION

Managed futures comprise a diverse collection of active hedge This paper also gives a brief treatment of risk management and
fund trading strategies which specialize in liquid, transparent, the importance of liquidity. From there, we analyze historical
exchange-traded futures markets and deep foreign exchange correlations among managed futures, traditional investments,
markets. Some of the approaches taken by managed futures and other alternative investment strategies, demonstrating the
managers exploit the sustained capital flows across asset classes diversification benefits that may be reaped from the introduction
that typically take place as markets move back into equilibrium of managed futures’ uncorrelated variance into traditional
after prolonged imbalances. Others thrive on the volatility and portfolios and blended portfolios of traditional and alternative
choppy price action which tend to accompany these flows. Others investments. We explore the proclivity of managed futures
do not exhibit sensitivity to highly volatile market environments strategies toward strong performance during market dislocations
and appear to generate returns independent of the prevailing due to their tendency to exploit the massive flows of capital to or
economic or volatility regime. This explains in part why managed from quality that tend to coincide with these events. Although
futures often outperform traditional long-only investments and managed futures have often produced outstanding returns during
most alternative investment and hedge fund strategies during dislocation and crisis events, it must be emphasized that managed
market dislocations and macro events. futures are not and should not be viewed as a portfolio hedge, but
rather as a source of liquid transparent return that is typically not
This paper endeavors to re-introduce managed futures as a liquid,
correlated to traditional or other alternative investments.
transparent hedge fund sub-style which actively trades a diversified
mix of global futures markets and attempts to dispel some of the Finally, we conclude with a discussion of some of the unique
more common misconceptions many institutional investors hold benefits offered to pension plan sponsors, endowments and
regarding the space. We discuss the likely effects and implications foundations, namely, the ability to use notional funding to
of the proliferation of futures markets and managed futures assets efficiently fund exposure to managed futures, diminish the risks
under management on the performance and capacity of trading associated with asset-liability mismatches, and capitalize on
managers. We also address trading manager selection and style, favorable tax treatment. We also close the loop in relation to how
and differentiate among the myriad unique trading strategies Lintner’s insights on the role of managed futures in an institutional
which currently encompass managed futures. An assessment portfolio have held up after nearly 30 years.
of the performance and risk characteristics of managed futures
relative to traditional investments and other alternatives is
conducted, including a critique of the mean-variance framework
in which many practitioners and investment professionals analyze
performance and risk. The Omega performance measure is offered
as an alternative to traditional mean-variance ratios since it
accounts for the non-Gaussian nature of the distributions typically
encountered in finance; the Omega function was invented by
mathematicians in 2002, and thus was not available to Lintner.

2 Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results.

A Quantitative Analysis of Managed Futures in an Institutional Portfolio

REVISITING LINTNER

The late Dr. John Lintner (1916 – 1983), a Harvard University Finally, all the above conclusions continue to hold when returns are
Professor, had an illustrious and prolific career, including measured in real as well as in nominal terms, and also when returns
recognition as one of the co-creators of the Capital Asset Pricing are adjusted for the risk-free rate on Treasury bills.” [Lintner, pages
Model (CAPM). Lintner also published a classic paper entitled 105-106]
“The Potential Role of Managed Commodity-Financial Futures
Sadly, Lintner died shortly after presenting his treatise on the role
Accounts (and/or Funds) in Portfolios of Stocks and Bonds,”
of managed futures in institutional portfolios.
which he presented in May 1983 at the Annual Conference of
the Financial Analysts Federation in Toronto. Lintner found the The objectives of this paper are not at all modest, namely, to
risk-adjusted return of a portfolio of managed futures to be higher furnish a modern-day Lintner paper, and also to dispel some
than that of a traditional portfolio consisting of stocks and bonds. common myths regarding managed futures. While Lintner’s study
The Lintner study also found that portfolios of stocks and/or bonds has been applauded by scholars and practitioners who have read
combined with managed futures showed substantially less risk at it, there still seems to be a gap and disconnect between many
every possible level of expected return than portfolios of stocks institutional investors and the managed futures space. Is this
and/or bonds alone. The following passage from Lintner’s scholarly because through the passage of time the kernel of Lintner’s findings
work furnishes good insight on his findings: is no longer true? Or have some institutional investors simply
not performed their fiduciary duty in a completely satisfactory
“Indeed, the improvements from holding efficiently selected portfolios
manner?
of managed accounts or funds are so large – and the correlations
between the returns on the futures portfolios and those on the stock and Updating the Lintner paper will help to supply the answer to
bond portfolios are surprisingly low (sometimes even negative) – that this question. In order to do this properly, it is best to lay the
the return/risk trade-offs provided by augmented portfolios consisting framework of what managed futures are in terms of the current
partly of funds invested with appropriate groups of futures managers landscape before exploring the impact of adding them to
(or funds) combined with funds invested in portfolios of stocks alone (or traditional portfolios.
in mixed portfolios of stocks and bonds), clearly dominate the trade-offs
available from portfolios of stocks alone (or from portfolios of stocks
and bonds). Moreover, they do so by very considerable margins.

The combined portfolios of stocks (or stocks and bonds) after including
judicious investments in appropriately selected sub-portfolios of
investments in managed futures accounts (or funds) show substantially
less risk at every possible level of expected return than portfolios of
stock (or stocks and bonds) alone. This is the essence of the “potential
role” of managed futures accounts (or funds) as a supplement to stock
and bond portfolios suggested in the title of this paper.

Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. 3

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MANAGED FUTURES – SOME BASIC PROPERTIES

A discussion of managed futures performance, particularly during Managed futures traders are commonly referred to as “Commodity
periods of market dislocation, may be more illuminating if preceded Trading Advisors” or “CTAs,” a designation which refers to a
by a brief discussion of what managed futures are and are not. As manager’s registration status with the Commodity Futures Trading
previously mentioned, managed futures encompass a variety of Commission and National Futures Association. CTAs may trade
active trading strategies which specialize in liquid, transparent, financial and foreign exchange futures, so the Commodity Trading
exchange-traded futures, options, and foreign exchange, and may Advisor registration is somewhat of a misnomer since CTAs are
be thought of as a liquid, transparent hedge fund strategy. Like not restricted to trading only commodity futures. The highly
long/short equity and equity market neutral hedge fund strategies, diversified and global nature of the markets included in most
managed futures strategies may take long and short positions in managed futures programs makes the selection of a passive long-
the markets they trade, are available only to qualified investors, only index for analysis of value added through active management
and may employ leverage. An important difference, however, extremely difficult since many CTAs trade portfolios of futures
is that equity hedge fund leverage requires borrowing funds at contracts which span across all asset classes. The name Commodity
a rate above LIBOR, whereas managed futures investing allows Trading Advisor also results in the common mistake of using
for the efficient use of cash made possible by the low margin passive long-only commodity indices, such as the Goldman Sachs
requirements of futures contracts. Rather than allowing cash not Commodity Index (GSCI), DJ AIG Commodity Index (DJ AIG),
being used for margin to collect interest at the investor’s futures and Rogers International Commodity Index (RICI) as performance
commission merchant (FCM), the investor can deploy it to gain a benchmarks. These indices are not appropriate because they include
higher notional exposure when investing using a managed account. only a small fraction of the futures markets most CTAs trade,
Consequently, the investor is not paying interest, since they did and do not account for active management or the ability to take
not need to borrow money to get the extra exposure. The following short as well as long positions, all of which should result in lack of
example helps to highlight this important point. correlation over time.

Example: A pension plan sponsor has $50 million (USD), and Active management and the ability to take long and short positions
wishes to get $50 million exposure in a managed futures strategy are key features that differentiate managed futures strategies
that allows for a funding factor of two. The investor then only needs not only from passive long-only commodity indices, but from
to invest $25 million to the managed futures strategy and may put traditional investments as well. Although most CTAs trade equity
the other $25 million in Treasury bills to receive interest. index, fixed income, and foreign exchange futures, their returns
should be uncorrelated and unrelated to the returns of these asset
Another critical difference between futures and equities is that classes because most managers are not simply taking on systematic
there are no barriers to short selling in futures. Since two parties exposure to an asset class, or beta, but are attempting to add alpha
agree to enter into a contract, there is no need to borrow shares, pay through active management and the freedom to enter short or
dividends, or incur other costs associated with entering into equity spread positions, which can result in totally different return profiles
short sales. Thus, in that sense, it is easier to invoke a long-short than the long-only passive indices.
strategy via futures than it is using equities.



Not all managed futures managers are trend followers. Many The existence of these risk premia is consistent with futures prices’
of the earliest and most successful futures traders employed role as biased predictors of expected spot prices. The futures price
trend following strategies, as do some of the largest CTAs today, equals the discounted present value of the expected spot price
which might help to explain the prevalence of this overly casual plus a risk premium, which can be positive or negative depending
generalization. Trend following may be the most common on the skewness or bias of distribution of expected spot prices.
managed futures strategy, but it certainly is not the only one. The If all financial assets, including futures contracts, have a zero net
myriad other approaches to futures trading offer institutional present value (NPV), then:
investors access to a variety of sources of return, including trend
following, which are uncorrelated to traditional and alternative E(ST) = Fe(μ -r)T
s

investments, and oftentimes, to one another. These include
discretionary fundamental or global macro managers who express where T represents the delivery date, E(ST) the expected spot
their views using futures, short-term traders whose strategies vary price, F the futures price, and (μs-r) the risk premium, the sign of
tremendously, chartists who scan the markets for patterns, and which depends on whether or not the risk premium is positive or
contrarian traders. The wide availability of clean data has also negative. Equity index futures, for example, tend to be downward-
converted academics, researchers, and scientists to trading. These biased predictors of expected spot prices since the natural risk
individuals apply advanced quantitative techniques to the markets in equities markets is to the downside. CTAs offer liquidity to
that go beyond basic rules-based systems to forecast the direction in hedgers in order to capture positive risk premia (CISDM 2006, 4).
price or changes in volatility. Managed futures programs that rely It is also important to account for transactions, storage, and other
on strategies other than trend following are becoming a larger and costs which may affect futures prices.
more important part of the space.

Another common misconception about managed futures strategies
is that they are a zero sum game. This would be the case if CTAs
were trading exclusively against other CTAs, but academics and
practitioners have demonstrated that some futures markets
participants are willing to hedge positions, or buy or sell forward
even if they expect spot prices to rise or fall in their favor (CISDM
2006, 4).


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GROWTH OF FUTURES MARKETS AND
MANAGED FUTURES

The growth in open interest in futures markets has led to a substantial growth in managed futures assets under management.
Electronic exchanges and technology have also contributed to the scalability and capacity of managed futures.

EXHIBIT 1: Managed Futures Growth in Assets Under Management 1980-2011

Source: AlphaMetrix Alternative Investment Advisors, BarclayHedge Alternative Investment Database

The substantial influx of assets into the futures markets in the It has also augmented the capacity of the more sectarian or
form of passive long-only money in commodity markets as well as niche strategies and large diversified trend followers alike.
the explosion of assets under management for active traders has The proliferation of passive long-only indices has created new
had numerous important implications for CTAs. The tremendous opportunities and risks for CTAs as exchange traded funds and
increase in open interest has resulted in increased depth and notes attempt to roll massive numbers of contracts each month.
liquidity in many markets, allowing managers to add previously Fundamental discretionary traders, for instance, must incorporate
inaccessible markets to their domain of traded instruments. the augmented interest from the long side when making trading
decisions.



MANAGER STYLE AND SELECTION

As previously mentioned, most observers associate managed Although certain voices in the investment management
futures closely with trend following strategies. The liquidity community have heralded the death of trend following many times
of futures contracts and copious amounts of available data, over the years, there is a high probability of generating strong
however, facilitate the application of numerous other variations returns over sufficiently long rolling time periods, 36 months
of quantitative systematic trading strategies to these instruments or more, for instance. The “long volatility” profile associated
and the time series associated with them. The influence of with most CTAs and trend followers in particular often means
fundamental economic variables on commodities and futures that returns are lumpy and a given manager’s performance will
markets provides opportunities for niche sector and market usually depend on a few large positive months. As such, it may
specialists to trade programs which generate returns that are often take some time to draw from this right tail of the distribution of
uncorrelated to most trend following programs. returns, and the likely interim outcome is flat lining or entering
a drawdown as the program searches for opportunities in the
A useful analogy for the different managed futures trading
markets it trades. Those who do not hold these investments over
programs and styles, as well as for alternative investments
sufficiently long time horizons will typically experience frustration
in general, consists of thinking of the various trading styles or
and disappointment since the events that drive performance,
programs as radio receivers, each of which tunes into a different
typically massive flights of capital to or from quality, only take
market frequency. Simply put, some strategies or styles tend to
place occasionally.
perform better or “tune in” to different market environments.
Exhibit 2, on the following page, illustrates the maximum,
Trend Following
minimum and mean rolling return of the Barclays Capital BTOP 50
Trend following has demonstrated performance persistence over
Index over different holding periods since January 1987. Each blue
the more than 30 years since the first “turtle” strategies began
bar represents the range of all rolling returns for that number of
trading, and roughly 70 percent of CTA strategies belong to this
months over the life of the index. For example, the bar furthest to
managed futures strategy sub-style. Trend following is dominated
the left represents all 3-month rolling returns since the inception
by momentum and/or breakout strategies, both of which attempt
of the BTOP 50 Index. The minimum, depicted by the green dot,
to capture large directional moves across diversified portfolios
shows the worst 3-month rolling return in the distribution. The
of markets. It also tends to be diversified across time frames,
orange square indicates the mean, and the blue triangle shows the
although some trend followers may be exclusively long-term
best 3-month rolling return in the distribution for this particular
(multiple months) or very short-term (days, hours, or minutes).
example.
Subtle differences in risk budgeting across markets, time horizons,
and parameter selection may result in trend following programs
which yield vastly different performance statistics and/or exhibit
non-correlation to one another. Even within the trend-following
space, there can be large differences between managers; these
differences range from multi-billion dollar institutional quality firms
employing an array of sophisticated and diversified techniques, to
small shops trading with discretion.


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EXHIBIT 2: Maximum, Minimum, and Mean Rolling Return of Barclays Capital BTOP 50 Index Over
Different Holding Periods

Source: AlphaMetrix Alternative Investment Advisors, Bloomberg

The conclusion readers should draw from the graph is that the Managers rarely make material changes to their strategies or
possibility of making money increases dramatically if the investor models for this same reason, especially during drawdowns, since
maintains the allocation to managed futures three to five years. this would be tantamount to redeeming in the same way as in the
example. Initial research and testing are critical, however, to ensure
During periods of flat or underperformance, the trend follower
robustness and performance persistence, as are ongoing efforts to
stops out of or exits stale positions and begins to put on new ones
refine the program and ensure it evolves with markets over time.
for which the profit expectation is greatest. This often results in a
Evolution and research have always been essential to successful
mean-reversion or “rubber band” effect which manifests itself as
trend followers, and any perceived “shifts” typically involve
a sudden burst of positive performance after an extended drought
incremental improvements or innovations designed to enhance
of opportunities during which the program’s money management
the program rather than depart from it materially (Fischer and
system strived to preserve capital. Experienced investors often
Bunge 2007, 2).
choose to add to trend followers in a drawdown in anticipation
of this effect. Likewise, inexperienced or impatient investors all
too often redeem at the bottom of a manager’s drawdown, only to
witness the surge in performance shortly thereafter.



Other Managed Futures Strategies Managed Futures Equal Black Box Trading?
Although the majority of quantitative CTAs employ some variation The quantitative nature of many managed futures strategies makes
of trend following strategies, other managed futures quantitative it easy for casual observers to mistakenly categorize them as black
strategies abound, many of which exhibit no statistical relationship box trading systems. “The irony is that most CTAs will provide
whatsoever with trend following programs. Counter-trend strategies uncommonly high levels of transparency relative to other alternative
attempt to capitalize on the often rapid and dramatic reversals that investment strategies” (Ramsey and Kins 2004, 131). Ramsey and
take place at the end of trends. Some quantitative traders employ Kins suggest that CTAs will describe their trading models and
econometric analysis of fundamental factors to develop trading risk management in substantial detail during the course of due
systems. Others use advanced quantitative techniques such as diligence, “short of revealing their actual algorithms” (Ramsey and
signal processing, neural networks, genetic algorithms, and other Kins 2004, 131). CTAs are also typically willing to share substantial
methods borrowed and applied from the sciences. Recent advances position transparency with fund investors, and the real-time, full
in computing power and technology as well as the increased transparency of positions and custody of cash and instruments made
availability of data have resulted in the proliferation of short-term possible by investments via separately managed accounts. “As such,
trading strategies. These employ statistical pattern recognition, it is difficult to call CTAs black box considering they disclose their
market psychology, and other techniques designed to exploit methodology and provide full position transparency so that investors
persistent biases in high frequency data. Toward the end of 2008, can verify adherence to that methodology” (Ramsey and Kins 2004,
short-term strategies were in high demand among fund of funds 131).
and institutional investors searching for sources of return which
appeared to be statistically independent from the factors driving
performance across both the traditional and alternative investments
universes.

The very short holding periods of short-term traders allow them
to rapidly adapt to prevailing market conditions, making it easy
for them to generate returns during periods which are difficult
for traditional and alternative investments. The countless
combinations and permutations of portfolio holdings that these
trading managers may hold over a limited period of time also tend
to result in returns that are not correlated to any other investment,
including other short-term traders.


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Furthermore, any systematic or algorithmic trading system has Manager Selection
a large human element. Namely, in the coding of this system, Peer analysis is often complicated by the blending of managed
several decisions were made concerning the techniques invoked. futures sub-styles or other subtle differences that frustrate
What limits should be used? Should there be a component of the creation of peer groups of managers. The exception tends
optimization? There are countless questions and decisions that to be the rule. It might be difficult to categorize an eclectic
go into the codification of a systematic trading program that manager who combines a price-based model with fundamental
are qualitative in nature – after all, the coding and creation was analysis to discretionarily arrive at trading decisions, or a grain
done by humans! Those who are not quantitatively minded often trader whose returns are 0.9 correlated with a number of trend
completely overlook this fact. There are both pros and cons followers. It is possible to overcome these hurdles, however, by
in systematic trading, as well as in discretionary trading, thus taking a quantitative approach to peer analysis. Managers whose
discriminating purely on the basis of systematic or discretionary returns are correlated likely have similar risk factors or exposures
is not warranted; indeed many managed futures programs are a embedded in their programs or trading styles. Creating peer
hybrid of both. groups of highly correlated managers simplifies the basis for
comparison across metrics of interest, and facilitates the analysis
Discretionary Trading
of programs which have historically tended to perform similarly in
Not all CTAs employ quantitative or systematic trading
different market environments. The implications of quantitative
approaches. In fact, some of the most unique alternative
peer group analysis of this sort for manager selection are obvious.
investment programs consist of discretionary CTAs and niche
sector or market specialists. Like their systematic counterparts, The importance of manager selection varies somewhat depending
discretionary CTAs may use fundamental and technical inputs upon the objectives of the managed futures investor. Ramsey
to make trading decisions and may trade one or many markets and Kins suggest that “an investment with large CTAs should
across a continuous domain of time horizons. Some discretionary focus on picking the very best managers with less thought of
CTAs do analyze chart patterns or other technical indicators, but diversification,” given their methodological similarities and
many discretionary CTAs employ fundamental analysis of supply tendency to highly correlate to one another (Ramsey and Kins
and demand as the basis for their programs. The most successful 2004, 134). Selection among large, diversified trend followers
discretionary traders tend to have clearly defined, well-articulated is more important, but blending two or more of these managers
risk management coupled with unique experience and background typically enables investors to enjoy some of the benefits of
relevant to the market or markets they trade. The fact that most diversification. The question of selection becomes less important
discretionary managers have the flexibility to trade in a completely for investors seeking to capture the benefits of smaller, “emerging”
opportunistic fashion often results in returns which tend to be CTAs. Ramsey and Kins recommend a “strategy of employing
uncorrelated to trend following, managed futures and other hedge a large cross sample of these CTAs in order to reduce business
fund styles, as well as passive long-only commodity indices. risk and take advantage of the ability to diversify across trading
methodologies and markets.” (Ramsey and Kins 2004, 134)



MANAGED FUTURES RISK, RETURN, AND THE
POTENTIAL FOR ENHANCED DIVERSIFICATION

The exploitation of trends or other price behaviors that tend to Since then, the importance of alternative investments to
accompany large macro dislocations or events by CTAs produces institutional investors as sources of absolute return and portfolio
both a positive return expectation and uncorrelated variance, diversification has grown tremendously, especially over the
making them additive to most portfolios. Although CTAs tend last decade. Managed futures strategies should continue to
to have high volatility and lower Sharpe ratios relative to other play a prominent role in the increasingly important alternative
alternative investments, the addition of an uncorrelated element portion of institutional portfolios, due not only to their role in
which often contributes positive gamma, enhances the return and dampening portfolio variance, but also their ability to improve
decreases the variance of most portfolios. (It is important to recall other important performance statistics, including semideviation,
that this volatility comes from large, infrequent positive returns drawdown, skewness, kurtosis and the Omega performance
and that the Sharpe ratio is flawed as a measure of risk-adjusted measure, which incorporates all of the information embedded in
performance, as we will soon demonstrate.) The fact that an the distribution of returns of an investment, as well as an investor-
investment is volatile on a stand-alone basis does not necessarily determined threshold of loss.
mean that it will increase the volatility of the entire portfolio.
Lintner performed his analysis on mean-variance portfolios of
Modern Portfolio Theory suggests that adding uncorrelated
traditional and managed futures investments using stock and
variance actually decreases overall portfolio variance. The addition
bond indices, and two sets of managed futures account and fund
of uncorrelated variance may also help investors reduce other
investment returns, likely due to the paucity of managed futures
important measures of risk, including drawdown, semideviation,
performance data. This study employs index data exclusively, due
and kurtosis in the left tail.
to its wide availability, as well as to minimize selection bias. It
Lintner’s paper found that the low and occasionally negative also attempts to maximize robustness and statistical validity by
correlations between futures portfolios and traditional equity calculating all statistics using as many observations as possible,
and fixed income portfolios enable the creation of portfolios with resulting in comparisons across heterogeneous time horizons
substantially less variance at every possible level of expected when historical index data is not available. As such, the number of
return relative to traditional portfolios consisting solely of observations used for calculations varies.
stocks or mixtures of stocks and bonds (Lintner 1996, 105-106).
He alludes to the growing interest of institutional investors
in alternative investments as means to tap additional sources
of uncorrelated return, pointing to real estate, venture capital
investments and “diversified holdings of oil-well exploration pools”
as examples before turning to managed futures (Lintner 1996,
102).


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RISK AND RETURN: OMEGA – A BETTER APPROACH

Popular culture and the media often portray futures trading as one Moreover, from a practical point of view, there is an obvious
of the riskiest and most speculative forms of investment. Several difference between upside volatility and downside volatility.
intrinsic characteristics of futures contracts make them substantially
The Omega function and performance measure, first presented by
less risky, however, than investments in other instruments
Con Keating and William Shadwick, overcome the shortcomings
which have not been branded with many of the same negative
of the mean-variance framework and allow investors to refer to the
connotations. Most casual observers and even many experienced
risk-reward characteristics of portfolios with respect to a reference
practitioners attribute this volatility to the underlying instruments
point or threshold other than the mean. Omega fully incorporates
traded, but such a conclusion would be fallacious.
the impact of all of the higher moments of the distribution
Futures garnered their reputation as a risky largely due to the of returns into an intuitive performance measure that allows
volatility of individual commodity markets, which many observers practitioners to assess risk and return in the context of their own
closely associate with the futures markets. The volatility of the loss threshold without burdensome utility functions (Keating and
passive long-only commodity indices, such as the Goldman Sachs Shadwick 2002, 2). Investors specify what they constitute as their
Commodity Index (GSCI), also explains in part the perception of own loss threshold or minimum acceptable return, which serves as
high risk. The nearly 20 percent annualized volatility of the GSCI, the benchmark return. The Omega function makes a probability-
combined with its maximum historical drawdown of more than 60 weighted comparison of “profits” and “losses”, however defined,
percent certainly justifies this perception. However, it is important relative to this investor-determined threshold. The Omega function
to make a number of critical distinctions here. First, there are is defined as:
substantial differences between passive long-only indices like the
GSCI and actively managed trading strategies like those which b

this paper highlighted earlier. “Commodities,” loosely defined, are ∫ [1-F(x)]dx
Ω(r):= r
also different than futures contracts, which are nothing more than r
∫ F(x)dx
exchange traded instruments linked to the prices of a diversified a
variety of global markets.

Those assessing risk must also carefully define it. Modern Portfolio
where F(x) is the cumulative distribution function for the returns,
Theory equates risk with variance (or volatility as measured by
bounded by the endpoints a and b, with a threshold of r (Keating
standard deviation), which measures the dispersion of outcomes
and Shadwick 2002, 12). Exhibit 3 illustrates the cumulative
from the mean. Using volatility to measure risk, however, penalizes
distribution function for an investment, along with depictions of the
those outcomes which are greater than the expected, or upside
threshold and profit and loss integrals.
volatility. Outcomes which exceed expectations (most rational
investors would not select investments for which the return Omega provides practitioners with an extremely useful tool since
expectation is negative), or exceed a necessary or desired threshold, it accounts for the non-normal distributions of returns which are
cannot truly be said to be risky in the sense that they do not imply commonplace in finance, particularly for alternative investments.
loss or failure to meet an objective. In other words, volatility ignores Despite the apparent intuitiveness of the Sharpe ratio, the fact that
the skewness and kurtosis of a manager’s distribution of returns. it ignores skewness and kurtosis and penalizes upside volatility,
essentially renders it useless for investment performance analysis.
Managed futures may be more volatile than long/short equity or
equity market neutral hedge funds, but not necessarily more risky.
Measuring risk by volatility is dangerous to do in the alternatives
space since the distributions are typically non-Gaussian.



EXHIBIT 3: Cumulative Distribution and Omega Functions

y (F(X))

numerator of Ω

y=1

y=0 x (returns)
denominator of Ω
x=r

Source: Bhaduri and Kaneshige, 2005

The Omega function is a powerful tool in the risk toolbox [Bhaduri The BTOP 50 Index, HFRI Fund Weighted Composite Index,
and Kaneshige, 2005]. Furthermore, the selection of a threshold and HFRI Equity Hedge Index all exhibit excess kurtosis, or “fat
as the focus dovetails well with the needs of pensions. Pensions tails” in their distributions of returns as well (2.66, 2.41, and 1.76,
typically take an asset-liability lens, consequently, the return they respectively), consistent with the vast majority of hedge fund
seek is a function of the liabilities they face. The Omega function strategies.
lends itself well to this framework since a natural threshold for a
The fact that a given investment or strategy displays fat tails is
pension to select is a return which will at least cover its liabilities.
not as important as the location of the extreme deviations which
Exhibit 4, “Statistics: Traditional and Alternative Investment cause them. Skewness describes the relative length of the tails or
Benchmarks,” illustrates the shortcomings of evaluating the degree of asymmetry of a distribution of outcomes. Positive
investment performance solely through the lens of mean and skewness suggests that a number of relatively large positive
variance, particularly for managed futures. The Barclays Capital deviations inflate the mean of the distribution, resulting in a fat
BTOP 50 returns display significantly more variance than those of right tail. Conversely, negative skewness occurs when a number of
the Hedge Fund Research, Inc. (HFRI) Fund Weighted Composite relatively large negative deviations pull the mean down, resulting in
Index, or the HFRI Equity Hedge (Total) Index, as measured by a fat left tail.
standard deviation (10.47 percent compared to 7.08 percent and
The BTOP 50 displays large positive skewness (1.00) relative to the
9.31 percent). The variance of all negative observations of the
HFRI Fund Weighted Index (-0.71) and HFRI Equity Hedge Index
BTOP 50 and HFRI hedge fund indices in question, however, were
(-0.25). The positive skewness exhibited by most CTAs explains the
comparable (semideviation of 4.76 percent versus 5.29 percent
majority of the differences in variance between the BTOP 50 and
and 6.20 percent), as were worst drawdowns (-13.31 percent
HFRI hedge fund indices. This paper explores the reasons for excess
versus -21.42 percent and -30.59 percent).
kurtosis in hedge fund returns, and for differences in skewness for
different hedge fund strategies, in a later section.


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EXHIBIT 4: Statistics: Traditional and Alternative Investment Benchmarks

HFRI Fund Weighted Index
DJ UBS Commodity Index

HFRI Equity Hedge Index
Composite Global Index
Barclay BTOP 50 Index

MSCI World Daily Total

Barclays Capital Bond


Newedge Short-Term
S&P/Citigroup World
Composite US Index
Return Net (USD)

LPX Buyout Index
S&P 500 Total

REIT TR Index

Traders Index
Return Index

GSCI TR
Annualized ROR 8.99% 11.06% 7.12% 6.41% 9.04% 6.32% 5.36% 11.23% 12.89% 5.20% 8.55% 0.89%

Annualized Standard Deviation 10.47% 15.62% 15.42% 3.45% 6.30% 19.56% 15.02% 7.08% 9.31% 27.61% 16.77% 3.56%

Annualized Semideviation 4.76% 11.55% 11.47% 2.26% 3.69% 13.66% 11.36% 5.29% 6.20% 19.97% 14.87% 2.17%

Worst Drawdown -13.31% -50.95% -55.37% -3.63% -12.43% -67.65% -54.26% -21.42% -30.59% -80.95% -67.56% -8.28%

Sharpe Ratio (Risk Free Rate = 0%) 0.86 0.71 0.46 1.86 1.44 0.32 0.36 1.59 1.38 0.19 0.51 0.25

Sortino Ratio (Risk Free Rate = 0%) 1.89 0.96 0.62 2.84 2.45 0.46 0.47 2.12 2.08 0.26 0.57 0.41

Skewness 1.00 -0.63 -0.64 -0.41 1.03 -0.21 -0.59 -0.71 -0.25 0.28 -1.26 -0.06

Excess Kurtosis 2.66 2.09 1.56 1.60 6.85 2.49 2.83 2.41 1.76 4.47 8.33 -0.10

Omega (3% Threshold) 1.60 1.53 1.42 1.85 2.18 1.23 1.20 2.29 2.17 1.20 1.40 0.67

Months 300 384 384 170 382 384 251 264 264 168 264 48

Positive Months 170 243 227 121 264 218 149 188 182 102 159 19

Negative Months 130 141 157 49 117 166 102 76 82 65 105 29

Percent Winning Months 56.67% 63.28% 59.11% 71.18% 69.11% 56.77% 59.36% 71.21% 68.94% 60.71% 60.23% 39.58%

Average Month 0.76% 0.98% 0.67% 0.52% 0.74% 0.67% 0.53% 0.91% 1.05% 0.74% 0.81% 0.08%

Average Positive Month 2.67% 3.58% 3.50% 1.01% 1.55% 4.31% 3.17% 1.90% 2.40% 5.19% 3.52% 1.11%

Average Negative Month -1.72% -3.49% -3.42% -0.67% -1.09% -4.10% -3.32% -1.52% -1.95% -6.24% -3.31% -0.60%

Modern Portfolio Theory
Correlation to S&P 500 -0.04 1.00 0.88 -0.10 0.19 0.17 0.30 0.74 0.73 0.75 0.61 -0.50
Total Return

R Squared 0.00 1.00 0.77 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.09 0.55 0.53 0.56 0.38 0.25

Beta -0.02 1.00 0.87 -0.02 0.08 0.21 0.30 0.34 0.44 1.24 0.68 -0.09

Alpha 0.78% 0.00% -0.17% 0.54% 0.66% 0.47% 0.29% 0.65% 0.71% 0.22% 0.29% 0.08%

Sources: AlphaMetrix Alternative Investment Advisors, Bloomberg, LPX GmbH. All statistics calculated to maximize number of observations; as such, number of observations used for
calculations varies (Starting Dates: BTOP 50 - Jan 1987, S&P 500 Total Return Index - Jan 1980, MSCI World - Jan 1980, Barclays Capital Bond Composite US Index - Sep 1997, Barclays
Capital Bond Composite Global Index - Feb 1980, GSCI TR - Jan 1980, DJ UBS Commodity Index - Feb 1991, HFRI Fund Weighted Index - 1990, HFRI Equity Hedge Index - Jan 1990, LPX
Buyout Index - Jan 1998, S&P/Citigroup World REIT TR Index - Jan 1990, Newedge Short-Term Traders Index - Jan 2008). All statistics calculated through Dec 2011 with the exception of
the Barclays Capital Bond indices, which did not report returns for Sep 2008 or Oct 2008.



HIDDEN RISK: THE IMPORTANCE OF LIQUIDITY,
TRANSPARENCY AND CUSTODY

Model risk always exists, as no model is perfect by definition. The lack of transparency and difficulty involved in pricing illiquid
What is less appreciated by many in the investment community instruments magnifies model risk. Infrequent pricing of instruments
is that model risk and liquidity risk are entangled. There are no obfuscates the relationships among market price and the different
valuation issues with exchange-traded instruments, and model risk factors or variables used in pricing or trading models, complicating
is magnified when dealing with illiquid instruments. In general, the their testing and design. Lack of transparency and illiquidity
less liquid the instruments traded, the more hidden risk, and the substantially reduce the margin of error during the research and
more dangerous model risk becomes. The historic 2008 financial development of trading or risk models. The losses that will ensue
meltdown is a vivid example of this statement [Bhaduri and Art, in the event that models fail to account for a critical piece of
2008]. information, will be of an order of magnitude many times larger for
illiquid instruments due to the relative thinness of these markets.
Most managed futures programs by definition trade exclusively
The seller will likely have to accept a deep discount in price to
exchange-listed futures or options on futures. Settlements on
exit an illiquid position, particularly during a “fire sale” or crisis
all futures contracts are determined by the various exchanges
event. The credit debacle of 2007-2008, for example, exposed many
at the end of each trading day, compelling managers to mark
hedge funds and other sophisticated investors who had invested in
their books to market. Many CTAs also trade the inter-bank FX
structured debt products whose models failed to incorporate many
forward market, where the process of price discovery takes place
of the hidden risks. The investors and portfolio managers holding
24 hours a day. It is also one of the deepest and most liquid in the
these instruments suffered deep losses as they struggled to find
world. These qualities enable hedge fund investors to mitigate or
liquidity in thin markets, or watched other positions go to zero due
completely eliminate some of the more deleterious risks associated
to poor assumptions made by the rating agencies.
with investing in alternatives. The liquidity of the underlying
instruments traded as well as the high level of transparency Conversely, risk managers can monitor and control risk with relative
available through managed account investments with CTAs ease due to the transparency and liquidity of futures contracts.
facilitates tactical asset allocation. Investors and CTAs alike can Instead of relying on complex models with numerous assumptions,
easily exit unprofitable positions, or positions that they expect to risk managers are free to focus on monitoring margin to equity,
become unprofitable in the near future, with minimal slippage, counting contracts and testing for disaster scenarios, such as
usually in a matter of minutes. correlation convergence with a multiple standard deviation shock.
Transparency and constant price discovery facilitates simple, no
Ironically, the liquid, transparent, marked-to-market nature of the
nonsense testing and monitoring. Investing via separately managed
instruments traded by liquid hedge funds may make their returns
accounts, a common practice among managed futures investors,
appear more volatile or risky than those of many hedge funds
facilitates risk management tremendously by providing the investor
trading esoteric or illiquid instruments, which trade infrequently
with full transparency and in extreme cases, the ability to intervene
and are therefore marked to a stale price or a model. As a result,
against the trading manager by liquidating or neutralizing positions.
these hedge funds often intentionally or unintentionally smooth
their returns, artificially dampening their volatility and depth of
their drawdowns.


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Hidden sources of risk that many hedge fund investors do not fully Returning to the ever-important topic of liquidity, it is worth
appreciate are the structural and operational risks associated with pointing out that from a behavioral finance point of view, it is easy
investing directly into a fund vehicle. Fund investments require the for investors to underestimate the value of liquidity [Bhaduri and
investor to transfer money to the trading manager with an implicit Whelan, 2007]. If a hedge fund is trading illiquid instruments and
guarantee that it will be returned at some future date. Wiring has a long lock-up, then simply comparing its return statistics to a
money to the manager exposes the investor to the risk of fraud or CTA that is trading exchange-traded instruments and does not have
theft of the investment. Managed account investments mitigate a lock-up is incorrect, since it does not assign a value to liquidity
this risk by giving the manager limited power of attorney to trade [Bhaduri and Art, 2008]. Lock-ups by private equity funds and
on behalf of the investor, who maintains legal custody of the cash hedge funds trading illiquid instruments cost the investor in terms
and instruments at his FCM. Wiring money to a manager also of reduced flexibility, and they should be rewarded with higher
exposes the investor to operational risks, and requires expensive and returns to compensate for this. There are not yet many measures
time-consuming due diligence on the manager’s middle and back or instruments to deal with this problem [Bhaduri, Meissner, and
office processes, as well as its service providers. Fund investments, Youn, 2007].
including those in liquid instruments, often attempt to impose
lockups, gates, or onerous redemption terms on investors. Most
fund documents also give the general partner the right to suspend
redemptions, in effect providing the manager with a call option
on the liquidity it had previously offered investors. There is no real
value added by having the money housed with the manager who
is being paid to try and provide an attractive risk-adjusted return
over time with proper risk controls. Managers who refuse to grant
managed accounts are in essence refusing to give transparency and
are subjecting their clients to additional risks.



THE LACK OF CORRELATION AND POTENTIAL
FOR PORTFOLIO DIVERSIFICATION

After highlighting the attractive risk and return properties of Exhibit 7 on page 20, “Correlation Matrix: Traditional and
managed futures, Lintner turns to a discussion of the lack of Alternative Investment Benchmarks,” illustrates the low and
correlation of managed futures with other investments. He then occasionally negative correlations between managed futures and
concludes his paper by presenting evidence of the substantial other investments. The highest of these were 0.20 and 0.22 with
improvements in risk and return that managed futures contribute the bond indices, and the lowest was -0.21 with the Listed Private
as part of a diversified portfolio of equities and fixed income Equity (LPX) Buyout Index, suggesting that significant benefits
(Lintner 1996, 105). The absence of correlation between managed would accrue to investors who added managed futures to portfolios
futures, traditional investments, and other alternative investments including some or all of these investments. These correlations will
creates a prominent role for this liquid, transparent hedge fund be explored in more detail later in this section.
strategy in institutional portfolios.
Exhibit 5 demonstrates that managed futures greatly improve
The long-term correlations among equities, fixed income and the efficient frontier from a mean-variance framework. This is
managed futures remain low even 25 years after Lintner’s study, congruent with the earlier findings of Lintner.
suggesting a continuing relevance to investors interested in
attaining the “free” benefits of diversification.

Exhibit 5: Efficient Frontier: BTOP 50 Index and Traditional Portfolio of Equities and Fixed Income
January 1987 – December 2011

Source: AlphaMetrix Alternative Investment Advisors, Bloomberg.
Barclays Capital Bond Composite Global Index did not report returns for Sep 2008 and Oct 2008


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Recall that when the Omega score drops below one, the quality The Omega graph in Exhibit 6 indicates that for low thresholds,
of the investment with respect to achieving the threshold is poor. the combination of managed futures and a traditional portfolio is
(For a review of Omega graphical analysis, please refer to Ranjan best, and for higher thresholds, a portfolio of managed futures is
Bhaduri and Bryon Kaneshige, “Risk Management – Taming the dominant.
Tail,” Benefits and Pensions Monitor, December 2005.) Studying
These Omega results yield a very compelling argument for the
the potential role of managed futures in traditional portfolios of
inclusion of managed futures in an institutional portfolio.
stocks with the Omega lens for risk-adjusted performance is taking
a modern approach to the Lintner study. As stated earlier, Lintner
did not have the benefit of the Omega tool during the time he
conducted his work, and the Omega function encodes all the higher
statistical moments and distinguishes between upside and downside
volatility.

EXHIBIT 6: Omega Graph: BTOP 50 Index and Traditional Portfolio of Equities and Fixed Income
January 1987 – December 2011

Source: AlphaMetrix Alternative Investment Advisors, Bloomberg. The Barclays Capital Bond Composite Global Index did not report Sep 2008 and Oct 2008



Correlations Between Managed Futures and Other Lintner analyzed the portfolio benefits of combining managed
Investments account investments in fifteen different futures programs using
The variety of trading sub-styles within managed futures and the different weighting schemes. For our purposes, the weighting
lack of correlation among them, as well as to other traditional and schemes are not important since these may vary according to the
alternative investments, makes it possible to enhance the return portfolio manager’s objectives. Instead, this section will focus on
or diminish the risk of portfolios through the addition of managed the correlations among managers since these provide the most
futures “alpha” strategies. These include sub-styles such as short- information about potential benefits to be had from diversification.
term trading, niche discretionary strategies, relative-value, etc. For simplicity, it also will distill correlations among managers into
These qualities make it possible to construct diversified, liquid, average pair-wise correlation.
transparent fund of funds and portfolios by combining uncorrelated
This section also draws upon the performance of the constituents
programs. Lintner’s pioneering research demonstrated that there
of the Newedge Short-Term Traders Index, a theoretical index of
are substantial benefits which accrue from “selective diversification”
10 trading programs whose holding period is less than ten days on
across a number of different futures managers and funds due to the
average, trade two or more market sectors, and which are open for
“rather moderate” correlations among them (Lintner 1996, 105).
investment (Burghardt et.al. June 9, 2008, 4). There is some risk of
The astronomically high number of combinations and permutations
survivorship bias since all of the constituent programs remain open
of portfolio holdings and investment horizons of short-term traders,
for investment. Selection bias appears to be less of a concern since
and accordingly, the unique and uncorrelated returns which result,
this index contains managers of all trading styles, track records of
make them a fascinating case for revisiting Lintner’s analysis of
various lengths, and various levels of assets under management.
diversification among futures managers.
Regardless, while the constituents of the index do not provide
an exhaustive sample, it is likely that they provide one which is
representative of short-term trading and its correlation properties.


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EXHIBIT 7: Correlation Matrix of Traditional Alternative Investment Benchmarks
S&P 500 Total Return Index




Newedge Short-Term
S&P/Citigroup World
Composite US Index
MSCI World Index

LPX Buyout Index
Barclays Capital

Traders Index
REIT Index
GSCI TR
Barclay BTOP 50 Index 1.00

S&P 500 Total Return Index -0.04 1.00

MSCI World Index -0.01 0.88 1.00

Barclays Capital Composite 0.20 -0.10 -0.09 1.00
US Index

Barclays Capital Bond 0.22 0.19 0.23 0.89 1.00

GSCI TR 0.12 0.17 0.23 -0.03 0.00 1.00

DJ UBS Commodity Index 0.17 0.30 0.40 0.01 0.11 0.90 1.00

HFRI Fund Weighted Index -0.02 0.74 0.75 -0.08 0.06 0.30 0.44 1.00

HFRI Equity Hedge Index -0.02 0.73 0.72 -0.08 0.06 0.35 0.43 0.95 1.00

LPX Buyout Index -0.21 0.75 0.77 -0.10 -0.14 0.30 0.31 0.77 0.78 1.00

S&P/Citigroup World -0.02 0.61 0.64 0.18 0.26 0.22 0.37 0.51 0.49 0.60 1.00
REIT Index

Newedge Short-Term 0.54 -0.50 -0.44 0.00 0.08 -0.14 -0.09 -0.34 -0.40 -0.48 -0.42 1.00
Traders Index

Sources: AlphaMetrix Alternative Investment Advisors, Bloomberg, LPX GmbH, Newedge. All statistics calculated to maximize number of observations; as such, number of
observations used for calculations varies (Starting Dates: BTOP 50 - Jan 1987, S&P 500 Total Return Index - Jan 1980, MSCI World - Jan 1980, Barclays Capital Bond Composite US
Index - Sep 1997, Barclays Capital Bond Composite Global Index - Feb 1980, GSCI TR - Jan 1980, DJ UBS Commodity Index - Feb 1991, HFRI Fund Weighted Index - 1990, HFRI Equity
Hedge Index - Jan 1990, LPX Buyout Index - Jan 1998, S&P/Citigroup World REIT TR Index - Jan 1990, Newedge Short-Term Traders Index - Jan 2008). All statistics calculated through
Dec 2011 with the exception of the Barclays Capital Bond indices, which did not report returns for Sep 2008 or Oct 2008.

Lintner found that the “average correlation between the monthly The average pair-wise correlation among the constituents of the
returns of each manager with those of every other manager,” or Newedge Short-Term Traders Index was 0.175, another very low
average pair-wise correlation, among the fifteen managers in his value which supports the conclusion that short-term traders, like
sample was 0.285, with a minimum of 0.064 and a maximum of those managed futures programs in Lintner’s sample, generally
0.421 (Lintner 1996, 110). This extremely low average pair-wise exhibit low correlations to one another (Burghardt et.al. June 9,
correlation, and the sample maximum of 0.421 suggests that 2008, 4).
the trading programs Lintner analyzed would generally have
contributed to a portfolio in which any of them were part of the
whole.



The minimum pair-wise correlation within the sample was -0.142 of diversified, liquid, transparent “alpha” strategies. If managed
and the maximum was 0.556, comparable to the results from futures consisted solely of trend following strategies, this would
Lintner’s sample albeit with slightly wider dispersion. Pair-wise be a difficult if not impossible exercise, given the tendency
correlations are displayed in Exhibit 8. toward high correlation among trend followers. The diverse
and uncorrelated investments offered by CTAs, however, allow
The lack of correlation among managed futures strategies, as
institutional investors access to an entire universe of liquid,
well as with traditional and other alternative investments, allows
transparent hedge fund strategies.
them to contribute to most portfolios. The analysis of pair-
wise correlation also provides an illuminating example of how
futures trading programs can be combined to create a portfolio

EXHIBIT 8: Distribution of Pair-Wise Correlations Newedge Short-Term Traders Index

Source: AlphaMetrix Alternative Investment Advisors, Newedge Group, Burghardt et.al


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MANAGED FUTURES AND PERFORMANCE DURING
FINANCIAL MARKET DISLOCATIONS

The volatility and market dislocation that accompanied the Although managed futures returns tend to be uncorrelated to other
subprime mortgage crisis, credit crunch, and explosion and collapse investments over the long run, correlations are non-stationary over
of commodities prices during the second half of 2007 and 2008, shorter time horizons and may temporarily converge during crisis
was briefly alluded to earlier in this paper. The diversified mix of conditions. Ramsey and Kins point to “the case of exogenous events
investments many institutional investors had relied upon failed to like the failed Russian coup in the 1990s or September 11, 2001”
generate returns. The major U.S. and Global equities market indices, as examples where managed futures would not have been effective
the S&P 500 and MSCI World, performed dismally, returning -37.94 as a portfolio hedge and would have experienced losses alongside
percent and -39.90 percent, respectively, from August 2007 when other investments and actively managed strategies (Ramsey and
the credit crisis began, through December 2008. Kins 2004, 130). Not all market dislocations are the same, making
CTAs vulnerable to rapid reversals or the sudden onset of volatility.
Most alternative investments, which had promised absolute returns,
The reaction of managed futures strategies to price action is path
disappointed investors as well. The HFRI Fund Weighted Composite
dependent, and the response of the program to prevailing price
Index, an equally weighted index designed to represent the returns of
action during a crisis determines performance, at least in the short-
hedge funds across all strategies, returned -17.21 percent from August
term.
2007 through December 2008. The HFRI Equity Hedge (Total)
Index, which includes hedge funds whose core holdings consist of Certain generalizations about CTA returns and the market
equities and therefore does not benefit as much from diversification conditions that generate them do tend to result in bouts of strong,
as the HFRI Fund Weighted Composite Index, returned -25.06 positive performance during certain kinds of market dislocations.
percent. Private Equity and Real Estate Investment Trusts, The majority of CTAs trade “long volatility” strategies, which tend
represented by the LPX Buyout Index and the S&P/Citigroup World to produce a positively skewed distribution of monthly returns. The
REIT Index, returned an atrocious -71.91 percent and -47.40 percent, long option/positive gamma returns profile originates from the tight
respectively, from August 2007 through December 2008. CTAs, control of downside risk relative to less frequent outsized returns,
however, capitalized on the market dislocations of 2007 and 2008, suggesting that these managers generate the majority of their
providing managed futures investors with returns of 17.57 percent returns during lower frequency, high impact events. In contrast,
over the same period, as measured by the BTOP 50 index. most hedge fund strategies have fat left tails in their distributions of
returns since they perform well under normal conditions but suffer
Ramsey and Kins posit that “though not a hedge, CTAs often
infrequent, large losses under highly volatile conditions and should
perform very well when markets are under extreme stress, and
therefore be considered short volatility strategies (Ramsey and Kins
have a high probability of adding value to an existing portfolio
2004, 130). These “tail events” for CTAs and hedge funds tend to
during difficult market conditions” (Ramsey and Kins 2004,
coincide with massive shifts of capital which create trends in global
134). This is because managed futures tend to capture massive
equity, interest rate, and commodities markets stemming from a
flows of capital as markets reestablish equilibrium in the wake of
flight to or from quality. Any dislocations which catalyze trends of
new information or in the transition from one economic cycle to
this sort can and often do result in strong performance for managed
another. It cannot be emphasized enough that managed futures
futures.
are not and should not be treated as a portfolio hedge, but rather
as an additional source of non-correlated returns, as this paper has
demonstrated.



Exhibit 9, “Performance of BTOP 50 During Worst 15 Quarters of “Black Monday” in 1987, the events leading up to the Persian Gulf
S&P 500 Index,” illustrates that CTAs have historically capitalized War in 1990, Long Term Capital Management and the Russian
on the various forms of volatility which accompany market Crisis in 1998, the burst of the tech bubble and ensuing recession in
dislocations, be they sustained trends consistent with a flight to or 2000-2002, the credit crunch and commodity run-up of 2007-2008,
from quality, shorter-term choppy price action, or sudden reversals and the European Sovereign Debt Crisis, all serve as examples of
associated with rapid swings in sentiment explained by market market dislocations during which the performance of equities
psychology and behavioral finance. Exhibit 9 provides a compelling suffered and managed futures performed well.
reason to include managed futures in a prudent and properly
diversified portfolio.

EXHIBIT 9: Performance of the BTOP 50 Index During 15 Worst Quarters of S&P 500 (Total Return) Index

Period Event S&P 500 Total Return Index Barclay BTOP 50 Index Difference

Fourth Quarter 1987 Black Monday - Global Stock Markets Crash -22.53% 16.88% 39.41%
Fourth Quarter 2008 Bear Market in U.S. Equities led by Financials -21.95% 9.14% 31.08%
Third Quarter 2002 WorldCom Scandal -17.28% 9.41% 26.69%
Third Quarter 2001 Terrorist Attacks on World Trade Center -14.68% 4.12% 18.79%
and Pentagon
Third Quarter 1990 Iraq Invades Kuwait -13.75% 11.22% 24.97%
Second Quarter 2002 Continuing Aftermath of Technology -13.39% 8.52% 21.92%
Bubble Bursting
First Quarter 2001 Bear Market in U.S. Equities led by Technology -11.86% 5.97% 17.83%
Second Quarter 2010 European Sovereign Debt Crisis, "Flash Crash" -11.42% -1.94% 9.48%
First Quarter 2009 Credit Crisis Continues -11.01% -1.75% 9.26%
Third Quarter 1998 Russia Defaults on Debt, LTCM Crisis -9.94% 10.54% 20.48%
First Quarter 2008 Credit Crisis, Commodity Prices Rally -9.45% 6.43% 15.88%
Third Quarter 2011 European Sovereign Debt Crisis -8.90% 0.44% 9.34%
Third Quarter 2008 Credit Crisis, Government-Sponsored Bailout -8.37% -4.11% 4.26%
of Banks
Fourth Quarter 2000 DotCom Bubble Bursts -7.82% 19.78% 27.60%
Third Quarter 1999 Anxiety during Run Up to Y2K -6.24% -0.67% 5.57%

Source: AlphaMetrix Alternative Investments Advisors, Bloomberg


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Exhibit 10, “BTOP 50 vs. S&P 500 During S&P 500’s Worst Five The quarter-by-quarter analysis provides a high level of granularity,
Drawdowns Since 1987,” illustrates the tendency of CTAs to and also provides further evidence that managed futures tend to
perform well during periods which are difficult for equity markets, perform well during extended dislocations, but do not always do
albeit through a different lens. It illustrates the performance of so. It is also worth noting that the historic quarters referred to in
the BTOP 50 Index from peak to valley during the five worst Exhibit 9 all are referencing periods after the Lintner study, and
drawdowns of the S&P 500, each associated with a different thus further corroborate his important findings.
financial market dislocation.

EXHIBIT 10: BTOP 50 vs. S&P 500 Total Return Index’s Worst Five Drawdowns since 1987


*S&P 500 Total Return Index had not completely recoved from its drawdown beginning in 11/07, due in part to its depth and severity; the drawdown
beginning 5/11 is included because it would have qualified as one of the worst had the index recovered to its previous highs



Similarly, Exhibit 11, “Performance of the BTOP 50 in Worst 10 CTA performance tend to coincide with the left tail events of
Quarters of HFRI Fund Weighted Composite Index,” suggests that hedge funds, suggesting that managed futures should complement
managed futures have historically tended to perform well when most alternative investment portfolios.
the performance of many other hedge fund strategies suffers.
This lends credence to the idea that the tail events which drive

EXHIBIT 11: Performance of the BTOP 50 Index During Worst 10 Quarters of HFRI Fund Weighted Index

Period Event HFRI Fund BTOP 50 Index Difference
Weighted Index
Third Quarter 2008 Credit Crisis, Government-Sponsored Bailout -9.60% -4.11% 5.49%
of Banks
Fourth Quarter 2008 Bear Market in U.S. Equities led by Financials -9.19% 9.14% 18.33%
Third Quarter 1998 Russia Defaults on Debt, LTCM Crisis -8.80% 10.54% 19.34%
Third Quarter 2011 European Sovereign Debt Crisis -4.14% 0.44% 4.58%
Third Quarter 2001 September 11th Terrorist Attacks -4.03% 4.12% 8.15%
Third Quarter 1990 Saddam Hussein invades Kuwait, Oil Price Shock -3.92% 11.22% 15.15%
Third Quarter 2002 WorldCom Scandal -3.85% 9.41% 13.27%
First Quarter 2008 Credit Crisis, Collapse of Bear Stearns -3.44% 6.43% 9.88%
Fourth Quarter 2000 DotCom Bubble Bursts -3.26% 19.78% 23.03%
Second Quarter 2010 European Sovereign Debt Crisis, "Flash Crash" -2.67% -1.94% 0.73%



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Exhibit 12, “BTOP 50 vs. HFRI Fund Weighted Composite Index’s Short-term traders are usually engineered to perform better during
Worst Five Drawdowns Since 1990,” provides an additional a higher volatility regime, although of a different type than that
perspective as before. Once again it seems that the performance of which is conducive to trend following. Volatility describes only the
managed futures complements other actively managed strategies dispersion of changes in price around the mean, not the manner in
during periods of market dislocation or duress. which they unfold. Proper, rigorous due diligence always needs to be
conducted, but there are many excellent CTAs of various strategies
While managed futures have proven to be a great diversifier
that should do well on a risk-adjusted basis over the long-run.
during equity drawdowns, it is incorrect to assume that they are
necessarily a pure hedge for equities. It is true that good trend- It is also essential to highlight the fact that certain dislocations
followers are supposed to catch trends, so during a prolonged bear or events may produce market environments which are difficult
market, a good trend-following program should be able to generate for most hedge fund strategies, including certain managed
returns. However, that does not mean that if there is a quick and futures strategies. The diversity within and the lack of correlation
sudden drop in the equity market, that a trend-following CTA will among alternative investments, and within and among managed
necessarily be positive. As stated earlier, the universe of managed futures in particular, suggests that it is highly likely that at least
futures is diverse, with many different types of trading strategies – a few alternative strategies will outperform during any given
not just trend followers. environment. Again, it may be helpful to think of different
alternative investments and market environments in terms of the
radio signal and receiver analogy.

EXHIBIT 12: BTOP 50 vs. HFRI Fund Weighted Index’s Worst Five Drawdowns since 1990




Managed futures present very real risks for investors just like trade execution and order flow, and compliance and operational
any other hedge fund style. Investors can potentially experience policies and procedures. The investor should also take care to
volatility and substantial drawdowns, especially if the trading read and understand any disclosure documents, prospectuses,
manager has set a higher return objective and is taking more risk and offering memoranda prior to investing in a manager’s fund
to try to obtain it. Investors should always conduct thorough due in order to understand additional risks and relevant disclosures.
diligence to properly understand the potential risks and weaknesses It is also important to make sure that proper governance and
of trading programs before investing. This is especially important separation of duties exists within the trading manager as well as
because the trading methodologies employed by CTAs, the level of among the trading manager, its fund, and service providers. Only
risk and return that is targeted, and the quality of the operational by conducting proper due diligence and vetting of the trading
infrastructure of trading managers may vary tremendously across methodology and manager’s credentials can the investor determine
the space. As such, it is critical that the investor takes the time the suitability and potential risks of the investment.
to properly understand the nuances of the trading manager’s
Managed futures provide an additional source of uncorrelated
investment strategy, risk management, as well as the domain of
absolute return that complements other alternative investment
instruments traded and potential concentration risks. The investor
strategies by demonstrating a proclivity for outperformance during
should also be acutely aware of operational risks and should make
periods which tend to be difficult for many other actively managed
every effort to understand the relationship between the trading
investments.
manager, associated entities, patterns in personnel turnover,


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An analysis of the semicorrelations provides further insight into the The lack of strong negative semicorrelation with cyclical investments
performance of managed futures during financial market dislocations. provides further evidence that a managed futures strategy is not a
Semicorrelation provides a clear picture of the relationship between portfolio hedge. The weak negative semicorrelation, however, may
the returns of two investments when one of them experiences losses. suggest that managed futures do offer an uncorrelated investment style
Exhibit 13 shows the semicorrelations among the BTOP 50 Index that tends to perform well during financial market dislocations; rolling
and various other traditional and alternative benchmarks. Like the analysis may provide deeper insight into this question.
correlations in Exhibit 7, all of the coefficients of semicorrelation
Paradoxically, the tremendous diversity of trading styles and
are less than 0.30, and many of them are negative. The fact that
methodologies within managed futures and the lack of correlation
all semicorrelations are bounded between -0.30 and 0.20 does
among many of them does not appear to preclude them from sharing a
not provide evidence of any strong relationships among the BTOP
penchant for most kinds of volatility or apparent resistance to it. Trend
50 Index and the other indices on the downside. The signs of
following conjures up the archetypal image of the long gamma strategy
the coefficients, however, are congruent with intuition and the
that thrives during financial market dislocations, but trading managers
hypothesis that managed futures perform well during financial market
across the entire space tend to generate strong performance in difficult
dislocations. The semicorrelation coefficient between the BTOP 50
environments for other investments. The tendency toward high
Index and each of the investments that tend to be cyclical in nature,
correlation among trend followers suggests that investors can typically
namely equities, hedge funds, and private equity, is weak negative.
maximize the benefits to their portfolios with a small number of
Conversely, the semicorrelation coefficient between the BTOP 50
them. Other managed futures strategies, however, successfully exploit
Index and each of those investments which tend to be counter-
the sustained massive flows of capital that create trends in different
cyclical, such as fixed income and commodities, is weak positive.
ways, resulting in distinct and uncorrelated returns profiles. Still
Others still are so close to zero that it appears there is no relationship.
others exploit altogether distinct phenomena that tend to accompany
financial market dislocations or are independent of them.

EXHIBIT 13: Semicorrelations of BTOP 50 Index and Various Traditional and Alternative
Investment Benchmarks
January 1980 - December 2011


Newedge Short-Term
S&P/Citigroup World
Composite US Index
Return Net (USD)

LPX Buyout Index
Barclays Capital
S&P 500 Total

REIT TR Index

Traders Index
Return Index

GSCI TR

Barclay BTOP 50 Index -0.23 -0.22 0.12 0.14 0.11 -0.03 -0.30 -0.19 -0.30 -0.09 0.37

Sources: AlphaMetrix Alternative Investment Advisors, Bloomberg, LPX GmbH, Newedge. All statistics calculated to maximize number of observations; as such, number of observations
used for calculations varies (Starting Dates: BTOP 50 - Jan 1987, S&P 500 Total Return Index - Jan 1980, MSCI World - Jan 1980, Barclays Capital Bond Composite US Index - Sep 1997,
Barclays Capital Bond Composite Global Index - Feb 1980, GSCI TR - Jan 1980, DJ UBS Commodity Index - Feb 1991, HFRI Fund Weighted Index - 1990, HFRI Equity Hedge Index - Jan 1990,
LPX Buyout Index - Jan 1998, S&P/Citigroup World REIT TR Index - Jan 1990, Newedge Short-Term Traders Index - Jan 2008). All statistics calculated through Dec 2011 with the exception
of the Barclays Capital Bond indices, which did not report returns for Sep 2008 or Oct 2008.



Discretionary macro traders who utilize the liquid, transparent volatility is high. Other short-term traders appear to generate returns
futures markets to express their views tend to capture many of independent of volatility or the prevailing volatility regime. The
the same sustained capital flows as trend followers. Unlike trend highly flexible nature of short-term traders enables them to quickly
followers, however, these trading managers retain the flexibility reposition themselves within rapidly changing market environments.
to quickly reduce risk or reverse their positions, often resulting in As such, they often perform very well during market dislocations
completely unique and uncorrelated returns for their investors. Other since they adapt quickly to take advantage of the opportunities these
discretionary CTAs focus on relative value relationships or on a niche shock events present.
market or sector which may not be sensitive to global systematic
Exhibit 14 illustrates the semicorrelations between the Newedge
events. As such, these trading managers often generate strong returns
Short-Term Traders Index (Proforma) and different traditional and
during shocks or dislocations to the system and display non-correlated
alternative benchmarks over the life of the index.
properties to trend followers and other investments.
The extremely short track record of this theoretical index may result
Short-term traders thrive on many kinds of volatility, including the
in some spurious correlations, but in the tradition of Professor
sustained variety that generates trends, but also on choppy, range-
Lintner, we attempt to make due with the data available.
bound activity and rapidly shifting volatility regimes where volatility of

EXHIBIT 14: Semicorrelations of Newedge Short-Term Traders Index and Various Traditional and Alternative
Investment Benchmarks
January 1980 - December 2011




S&P/Citigroup World
Composite US Index
Return Net (USD)

LPX Buyout Index
Barclays Capital
S&P 500 Total
Return Index

REIT Index
GSCI TR

Newedge Short-Term 0.34 -0.50 -0.54 0.35 0.58 -0.39 -0.53 -0.54 -0.58 -0.52 -0.41
Traders Index

Sources: AlphaMetrix Alternative Investment Advisors, Bloomberg, LPX GmbH, Newedge. All statistics calculated to maximize number of observations; as such, number of observations
used for calculations varies (Starting Dates: BTOP 50 - Jan 1987, S&P 500 Total Return Index - Jan 1980, MSCI World - Jan 1980, Barclays Capital Bond Composite US Index - Sep 1997,
Barclays Capital Bond Composite Global Index - Feb 1980, GSCI TR - Jan 1980, DJ UBS Commodity Index - Feb 1991, HFRI Fund Weighted Index - 1990, HFRI Equity Hedge Index - Jan 1990,
LPX Buyout Index - Jan 1998, S&P/Citigroup World REIT TR Index - Jan 1990, Newedge Short-Term Traders Index - Jan 2008). All statistics calculated through Dec 2011 with the exception
of the Barclays Capital Bond indices, which did not report returns for Sep 2008 or Oct 2008.


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BENEFITS TO INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS

Managed futures provide institutional investors with a variety Rather than allowing cash to sit idle, many futures investors prefer
of liquid, transparent investment programs that do not exhibit to deploy part of this cash to increase their trading level and
correlation to traditional or alternative investments, and notional exposure. For instance, if an investor buys a theoretical
oftentimes, one another. Though not a hedge, they often provide futures contract with a notional value of $100,000 and a margin
robust performance in unfavorable environments for equities requirement of $10,000, $10,000 will be deployed as margin and
and most alternative investments. The exchange-listed nature of $90,000 will remain in cash. If the investor chooses to do so, he
the underlying instruments traded facilitates risk management could double his notional exposure from $100,000 to $200,000
and mitigates many of the dangers associated with model risk. by posting an additional $10,000 as margin on the purchase of
Additionally, institutional investors who access the space via a second futures contract. The investor now holds a notional
separately managed accounts substantially minimize operational position of $200,000 on his $100,000 cash. This position will be
risks and the possibility of fraud, maintain custody of assets, and able to withstand losses of 40 percent before all of the investor’s
have access to full transparency of positions. This section attempts cash is consumed, triggering a margin call (a 40 percent loss on
to shed insight into other intrinsic features of managed futures two $100,000 contracts equals $80,000. Any losses surpassing this
which enable institutional investors to capitalize on these desirable level would dip below the margin requirement on this position of
characteristics. $20,000).

One of the unique advantages managed futures offer institutional
investors is the ability to notionally fund investments, allowing
investors to efficiently deploy cash to gain increased exposure or
for allocation elsewhere in the portfolio. Due to the low margin
requirements for most futures contracts, only a small fraction of
the cash deposited at the manager’s futures commission merchant
is deployed as margin for trading. The remainder sits in cash
equivalent instruments, earning interest and serving as a reserve
in the event of trading losses.



EXHIBIT 15: Managed Futures Alpha Overlay – How It Works

• Begin with initial capital outlay (100%).

• Invest 10% of the cash in managed futures. Since futures Initial Capital
require only a small cash deposit, it is easy and prudent to use 100%
notional funding to increase exposure to the managed futures
component to 20%.
Managed Futures
• Invest remaining 90% of cash in fund investments. 10% Cash

• Result is enhanced portfolio diversification for small cash outlay.
Managed Futures Managed Futures
10% Cash 10% Notional 2X
(held at FCM/Prime Broker) (posted as margin)

Fund Investments
90% Cash

Managed Futures
Alpha Overlay Portfolio
110% Notional Exposure

The liquidity and transparency of these instruments tremendously Many institutional investors also appreciate the fact that managed
facilitates risk management since the notional exposure, margin futures offer favorable 60 percent long-term, 40 percent short-term
usage, and prices of the instruments are all known. The risk capital gains tax treatment, despite the fact that the holding period
manager can therefore easily determine and monitor portfolio risk. for the underlying instruments is typically less than what would
qualify as “long-term” under U.S. tax laws.
The low margin requirements of futures contracts in effect allow for
free leverage. Whereas leverage typically involves borrowing funds The question of asset-liability mismatch is an important
or instruments at LIBOR plus a spread, the only cost associated with consideration for many institutional investors, particularly those
leverage via notional funding is the opportunity cost of interest income who manage pension funds, endowments, or otherwise meet
foregone on the idle cash. Aside from utilizing idle cash to increase recurring obligations by making periodic payments. The liquidity
notional exposure, many investors choose to reallocate it to other of managed futures and other highly liquid hedge fund strategies
parts of their portfolio, effectively allowing them to create an alpha alleviates asset-liability mismatch, allowing institutional investors
overlay for a relatively small fraction of the total investment capital, for whom it is an issue to mitigate the effects of illiquid investments
as explained in Exhibit 15. Strategies like this allow for substantial elsewhere in their portfolio. In the event that the investor needed
increases in portfolio diversification for a relatively small cash outlay. to suddenly liquidate assets to meet an unanticipated obligation, it
could easily do so from this part of its book without foregoing the
opportunity to attain absolute returns.


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CONCLUSION

Managed futures have evolved tremendously since the first CTAs of all persuasions offer institutional investors virtually
iterations of long-term trend following in the late 1940s. Advances limitless potential sources of uncorrelated returns to enhance the
in technology, computing power, and telecommunications have diversification of portfolios. The fact that managed futures strategies
opened up heretofore inconceivable possibilities in futures trading, as a whole have historically performed well in environments that
not only for quantitative or systematic managers, but also for niche tend to be difficult for most other investments provides additional
and discretionary experts whose access to critical information has benefits to portfolios.
been facilitated by these developments.
While it is important to remember that managed futures are not
Quantitative scientists and researchers have been able to apply a portfolio hedge, the mechanics of trend following, short-term
highly technical and sophisticated methods to the markets for the trading, discretionary macro, and statistical pattern recognition
first time since the clean, high quality data which they require explain their respective intrinsic proclivities for different kinds of
has only recently become available at accessible prices. Short- volatile markets. The prolonged dislocation in the global financial
term traders are scouring tick databases which took years to markets of 2007 and 2008 serves as only the latest example in a
build for persistent statistical aberrations whose exploitation has canon of many.
been made possible by the meteoric ascent of electronic markets
While the growth of managed futures has been impressive, it has
and decreased transactions costs. Short-term traders are at the
paled in comparison with that of other alternative investments
frontiers of interfacing trading with technology. Trend following has
(hedge funds that are non-managed futures, private equity, and real
emerged from its naive, primarily rules-based beginnings to a highly
estate). There are hedge funds on the entire liquidity continuum
sophisticated group of strategies whose ability to generate robust
between mutual funds and private equity funds, and managed
returns has been enhanced, while more closely controlling risk and
futures should be regarded as liquid alpha, as opposed to the more
drawdown. Some trend followers employ armies of scientists and
limited characterization of simple trend follower. The space of
mathematicians, and have formed alliances with top universities.
managed futures is rich and fertile, with a very broad range of
If these developments are any indication, the future of managed
strategies and styles.
futures is bright and incredible opportunities lay ahead for the next
generation of traders and investors alike.



The liquidity and transparency of the underlying instruments The propensity of managed futures toward positively skewed
substantially mitigate the hidden risks which often accompany distributions of returns also suggests that few trading programs are
investing in hedge funds and alternative investments. Price susceptible to the risk of infrequent, potentially catastrophic losses.
discovery takes place constantly in futures markets, and settlements The mean-variance framework and Sharpe ratio rarely capture these
on all futures contracts are determined by the various exchanges at effects, suggesting that deep analysis of the higher statistical moments
the end of each trading day, facilitating the pricing of portfolios and or the application of the Omega function present superior approaches
the measurement and management of risk. The value of liquidity to the assessment of investment performance, risk, and return.
is often under-estimated, and the performance of hedge funds that
As plan sponsors, endowments and foundations reacquaint
trade illiquid instruments have under-performed hedge funds that
themselves with managed futures – or as the case may well be,
have better liquidity terms [Bhaduri and Art, 2008].
truly discovers them for the first time – they should consider it an
Indeed one might argue that the space of managed futures has eclectic amalgamation of liquid alpha strategies. Managed futures
become so diverse with so many different types of risk-adjusted offers institutional investors actively managed exposure to a truly
return possibilities to legitimately target, that it is perhaps global and diversified array of liquid, transparent instruments. The
questionable why anyone would invest in alternatives that have returns of many of these do not display correlation and do not appear
onerous lock-ups and trade illiquid or non-exchange traded to be easily explained by traditional or alternative investments, and
instruments. A portfolio manager who is performing his or her oftentimes, one another. Institutional investors should view managed
fiduciary duty must justify that the investments that they are making futures not only as means to enhance portfolio diversification, but
are getting a proper liquidity premium. This in turn means that also as absolute return vehicles with intuitive risk management.
if they make an investment in an illiquid vehicle, then they are in
essence stating that they could not have achieved that risk-adjusted
return through more liquid investments in managed funds. The
excellent breadth and liquidity of CTAs, or portfolios of CTAs, lends
itself well as the engine of structured products. It is important to
realize that due diligence is needed in selecting good CTAs. Like
anything else, there are both good and bad CTAs, and only rigorous
and proper due diligence will help to differentiate them. In addition,
in recent years, 40 Act Funds have been introduced that mimic
managed futures strategies. These funds have attracted a good
amount of attention and a significant amount of assets.

For more information on Managed Futures, visit www.cmegroup.com.


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CONCLUSION IN CONTEXT OF LINTNER

It is not without some trepidation that the objective of this paper It is also fitting that during the silver anniversary of Dr. Lintner’s
was set—namely, a modern day Lintner paper. Dr. Lintner’s work fine work, it survived the ultimate litmus test through the historic
concerning the role of managed futures in a portfolio is considered financial meltdown of 2008. Managed futures have been one of
a classic. the very few bright spots for investments (both alternative and
traditional) during this recent crisis in the economy.
The famous quote by Sir Isaac Newton, “If I have seen further it
is only by standing on the shoulders of giants,” is in some sense an Indeed, one might argue that Dr. Lintner saved his very best work
understatement for our particular case as Dr. Lintner laid out the for last.
entire road map.

It is remarkable just how solid Dr. Lintner’s argument has
remained through the test of time. The inclusion of managed
futures in an institutional portfolio leads to better risk-adjusted
performance (either through the mean-variance framework,
or through the more modern Omega analysis). The results are
so compelling that the board of any institution, along with the
portfolio manager, should be forced to articulate in writing their
justification in not having an allocation to the liquid alpha space of
managed futures.

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Aleks Kins, Dr. Edgar Lobachevskiy, Charley Penna, and Dennis Zarr.

To contact the authors:
Ryan Abrams Ranjan Bhaduri Elizabeth Flores
rabrams@warf.org rbhaduri@alphametrix.com elizabeth.flores@cmegroup.com

For more information on Managed Futures or CME Group contact:
David Lerman Randy Warsager
Senior Director, CD&S, Senior Director, CD&S, Hedge Funds
Asset Managers randy.warsager@cmegroup.com
david.lerman@cmegroup.com 212-299-2352
312-648-3721



REFERENCES

1. Bhaduri, Ranjan and Bryon Kaneshige. “Risk Management – Taming the Tail.”
Benefits and Pensions Monitor, December 2005.

2. Bhaduri, Ranjan and Christopher Art. “Liquidity Buckets, Liquidity Indices, Liquidity Duration, and their Applications to Hedge
Funds.” Alternative Investment Quarterly, Second Quarter, 2008.

3. Bhaduri, Ranjan, Gunter Meissner and James Youn. “Hedging Liquidity Risk.”
Journal of Alternative Investments, Winter 2007.

4. Bhaduri, Ranjan and Niall Whelan. “The Value of Liquidity” Wilmott Magazine, January 2008.

5. Burghardt, Galen et.al. “Correlations and Holding Periods: The research basis for the AlternativeEdge Short-Term Traders Index”.
AlternativeEdge Research Note. Newedge Group, June 9, 2008.

6. Center for International Securities and Derivatives Markets (CISDM). “The Benefits of Managed Futures: 2006 Update.” Isenberg
School of Management, University of Massachusetts, 2006.

7. Fischer, Michael S. and Jacob Bunge. “The Trouble with Trend Following.”
Hedgeworld’s InsideEdge. November 20, 2007.

8. Keating, Con and William F. Shadwick. “A Universal Performance Measure.”
The Finance Development Centre, 2002.

9. Lintner, John. “The Potential Role of Managed Commodity-Financial Futures Accounts (and/or Funds) in Portfolios of Stocks and
Bonds.” The Handbook of Managed Futures: Performance, Evaluation & Analysis. Ed. Peters, Carl C. and Ben Warwick. McGraw-
Hill Professional, 1996. 99-137.

10. Ramsey, Neil and Aleks Kins. “Managed Futures: Capturing Liquid, Transparent, Uncorrelated Alpha.” The Capital Guide to
Alternative Investment. ISI Publications, 2004. 129-135.

*All charts, graphs, statistics, and calculations were generated using data from Bloomberg, the Barclays Capital Alternative Investment
Database, LPX GmbH, and Manager Reported Returns.


Lintner Revisited Quantitative Analysis (2)

Data sources: CME Group unless otherwise noted
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