Linux 4.x Tracing: Performance Analysis with bcc/BPF

Brendan Gregg
Senior Performance Architect
Mar 2017
Linux 4.x Tracing:
Performance Analysis with bcc/BPF

Linux tracing
in the last 3 years…

How do we
use these
superpowers?

Take aways
1.  Understanding the value of Linux tracing superpowers
2.  Upgrade to Linux 4.4+ (4.9 is beDer)
3.  Ask for eBPF support in your perf analysis/monitoring tools

Ye Olde BPF
Berkeley Packet Filter
# tcpdump host 127.0.0.1 and port 22 -d
(000) ldh [12]
(001) jeq #0x800 jt 2 jf 18
(002) ld [26]
(003) jeq #0x7f000001 jt 6 jf 4
(004) ld [30]
(005) jeq #0x7f000001 jt 6 jf 18
(006) ldb [23]
(007) jeq #0x84 jt 10 jf 8
(008) jeq #0x6 jt 10 jf 9
(009) jeq #0x11 jt 10 jf 18
(010) ldh [20]
(011) jset #0x1fff jt 18 jf 12
(012) ldxb 4*([14]&0xf)
(013) ldh [x + 14]
[...]
User-deﬁned bytecode
executed by an in-kernel
sandboxed virtual machine

Steven McCanne and Van Jacobson, 1993
2 x 32-bit registers
& scratch memory
OpVmizes packet ﬁlter
performance

Enhanced BPF
aka eBPF or just "BPF"
Alexei Starovoitov, 2014+
10 x 64-bit registers
maps (hashes)
acIons

Enhanced BPF Use Cases
Kernel
kprobes
uprobes
tracepoints
BPF
sockets verifier
SDN ConfiguraIon
User-Defined BPF Programs
DDoS MiIgaIon
Intrusion DetecIon
Container Security
…
Event Targets RunIme
BPF acVons
Observability
perf_events

New Observability Tools
•  Eﬃcient, producVon safe, useful metrics:
# biolatency -mT 1
Tracing block device I/O... Hit Ctrl-C to end.
06:20:16
msecs : count distribution
0 -> 1 : 36 |**************************************|
2 -> 3 : 1 |* |
4 -> 7 : 3 |*** |
8 -> 15 : 17 |***************** |
16 -> 31 : 33 |********************************** |
32 -> 63 : 7 |******* |
64 -> 127 : 6 |****** |
[…]
These CLI tools may be useful even if you never use them, as examples of what to implement in GUIs

New VisualizaVons and GUIs
Flame Graphs
Tracing Reports
…
Eg, Neclix self-service UI:
Should be open sourced; you may also build/buy your own

BPF TRACING
Introducing enhanced BPF

A Linux Tracing Timeline
-  1990’s: StaVc tracers, prototype dynamic tracers
-  2000: LTT + DProbes (dynamic tracing; not integrated)
-  2004: kprobes (2.6.9)
-  2005: DTrace (not Linux), SystemTap (out-of-tree)
-  2008: irace (2.6.27)
-  2009: perf_events (2.6.31)
-  2009: tracepoints (2.6.32)
-  2010-2016: irace & perf_events enhancements
-  2012: uprobes (3.5)
-  2014-2017: enhanced BPF patches: supporIng tracing events
-  2016-2017: irace hist triggers
also: LTTng, ktap, sysdig, ...

Linux Events & BPF Support
Linux 4.3
Linux 4.7 Linux 4.9
Linux 4.9
Linux 4.1
BPF stacks
Linux 4.6
BPF output
Linux 4.4
(version
BPF
support
arrived)

Event Tracing Efficiency
send
receive
tcpdump
Kernel
buffer
file system
1. read
2. dump
Analyzer 1. read
2. process
3. print
disks
Old way: packet capture
New way: dynamic tracing
Tracer 1. configure
2. read
tcp_retransmit_skb()
E.g., tracing TCP retransmits

BPF Tracing Internals
BPF
bytecode
Observability Program Kernel
tracepoints
kprobes
uprobes
BPF
maps
per-event
data
staVsVcs
veriﬁer
output
staVc tracing
dynamic tracing
async
copy
perf_events
sampling, PMCs
BPF
program
event conﬁg
aDach
load

BPF COMPILER COLLECTION
Introducing bcc

bcc
•  BPF Compiler CollecVon
–  hDps://github.com/iovisor/bcc
–  Lead developer: Brenden Blanco
•  Includes tracing tools
•  Provides BPF front-ends:
–  Python
–  Lua
–  C++
–  C helper libraries
–  golang (gobpf) BPF
Python
Events
Kernel
lua
bcc
front-ends
bcc tool bcc tool …
…
user
kernel
Tracing layers:

Raw BPF
samples/bpf/sock_example.c
87 lines truncated

C/BPF
samples/bpf/tracex1_kern.c
58 lines truncated

bcc/BPF (C & Python)
bcc examples/tracing/bitehist.py
enIre program

ply/BPF
hDps://github.com/iovisor/ply/blob/master/README.md
enIre program

The Tracing Landscape, Mar 2017
Scope & Capability
Ease of use
sysdig
perf
irace
C/BPF
ktap
stap
Stage of
Development
(my opinion)
dtrace4L.
(brutal) (less brutal)
(alpha) (mature)
bcc/BPF
ply/BPF
Raw BPF
LTTng
(hist triggers) recent changes
(many)

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS WITH
BCC/BPF
For end-users

Pre-BPF: Linux Perf Analysis in 60s
1.  uptime
2.  dmesg -T | tail
3.  vmstat 1
4.  mpstat -P ALL 1
5.  pidstat 1
6.  iostat -xz 1
7.  free -m
8.  sar -n DEV 1
9.  sar -n TCP,ETCP 1
10.  top
hDp://techblog.neclix.com/2015/11/linux-performance-analysis-in-60s.html

bcc InstallaVon
•  hDps://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/INSTALL.md
•  eg, Ubuntu Xenial:
–  Also available as an Ubuntu snap
–  Ubuntu 16.04 is good, 16.10 beDer: more tools work
•  Installs many tools
–  In /usr/share/bcc/tools, and …/tools/old for older kernels
# echo "deb [trusted=yes] https://repo.iovisor.org/apt/xenial xenial-nightly main" | 
sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/iovisor.list
# sudo apt-get update
# sudo apt-get install bcc-tools

bcc General Performance Checklist
1.  execsnoop
2.  opensnoop
3.  ext4slower (…)
4.  biolatency
5.  biosnoop
6.  cachestat
7.  tcpconnect
8.  tcpaccept
9.  tcpretrans
10.  gethostlatency
11.  runqlat
12.  profile

1. execsnoop
•  Trace new processes and debug short-lived process issues:
# execsnoop
PCOMM PID RET ARGS
bash 15887 0 /usr/bin/man ls
preconv 15894 0 /usr/bin/preconv -e UTF-8
man 15896 0 /usr/bin/tbl
man 15897 0 /usr/bin/nroff -mandoc -rLL=169n -rLT=169n -Tutf8
man 15898 0 /usr/bin/pager -s
nroff 15900 0 /usr/bin/locale charmap
nroff 15901 0 /usr/bin/groff -mtty-char -Tutf8 -mandoc -rLL=169n ...
groff 15902 0 /usr/bin/troff -mtty-char -mandoc -rLL=169n -rLT=16...
groff 15903 0 /usr/bin/grotty
[…]
Eﬃcient: only traces exec()

2. opensnoop
•  Find config, log, and data files, and inefficient file usage:
# opensnoop
PID COMM FD ERR PATH
27159 catalina.sh 3 0 /apps/tomcat8/bin/setclasspath.sh
4057 redis-server 5 0 /proc/4057/stat
2360 redis-server 5 0 /proc/2360/stat
30668 sshd 4 0 /proc/sys/kernel/ngroups_max
30668 sshd 4 0 /etc/group
30668 sshd 4 0 /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
30669 30668 sshd -1 2 /var/run/nologin
30668 sshd -1 2 /etc/nologin
30668 sshd 4 0 /etc/login.defs
30668 sshd 4 0 /etc/passwd
[…]
Like "strace -feopen", but system-wide and low overhead

3. ext4slower
•  Trace slow FS I/O, to beDer idenVfy I/O issues and outliers:
# ext4slower 1
Tracing ext4 operations slower than 1 ms
TIME COMM PID T BYTES OFF_KB LAT(ms) FILENAME
06:49:17 bash 3616 R 128 0 7.75 cksum
06:49:17 cksum 3616 R 39552 0 1.34 [
06:49:17 cksum 3616 R 96 0 5.36 2to3-2.7
06:49:17 cksum 3616 R 96 0 14.94 2to3-3.4
06:49:17 cksum 3616 R 10320 0 6.82 411toppm
06:49:17 cksum 3616 R 65536 0 4.01 a2p
06:49:17 cksum 3616 R 55400 0 8.77 ab
06:49:17 cksum 3616 R 36792 0 16.34 aclocal-1.14
[…]
More reliable and complete indicator than measuring disk I/O latency
Also: btrfsslower, xfsslower, zfslower

4. biolatency
•  IdenVfy mulVmodal latency and outliers with a histogram:
# biolatency -mT 1
Tracing block device I/O... Hit Ctrl-C to end.
06:20:16
0 -> 1 : 36 |**************************************|
2 -> 3 : 1 |* |
4 -> 7 : 3 |*** |
8 -> 15 : 17 |***************** |
16 -> 31 : 33 |********************************** |
32 -> 63 : 7 |******* |
64 -> 127 : 6 |****** |
[…]
Average latency (iostat/sar) may not be represenVVve with mulVple modes or outliers
The "count" column is
summarized in-kernel

5. biosnoop
•  Dump disk I/O events for detailed analysis. tcpdump for disks:
# biosnoop
TIME(s) COMM PID DISK T SECTOR BYTES LAT(ms)
0.000004001 supervise 1950 xvda1 W 13092560 4096 0.74
0.000178002 supervise 1950 xvda1 W 13092432 4096 0.61
0.001469001 supervise 1956 xvda1 W 13092440 4096 1.24
0.001588002 supervise 1956 xvda1 W 13115128 4096 1.09
1.022346001 supervise 1950 xvda1 W 13115272 4096 0.98
1.022568002 supervise 1950 xvda1 W 13188496 4096 0.93
1.023534000 supervise 1956 xvda1 W 13188520 4096 0.79
1.023585003 supervise 1956 xvda1 W 13189512 4096 0.60
2.003920000 xfsaild/md0 456 xvdc W 62901512 8192 0.23
[…]
Can import this into a spreadsheet and do a scaDer plot of Vme vs latency, e.t.c.

6. cachestat
•  Measure ﬁle system cache hit raVo staVsVcs:
# cachestat
HITS MISSES DIRTIES READ_HIT% WRITE_HIT% BUFFERS_MB CACHED_MB
170610 41607 33 80.4% 19.6% 11 288
157693 6149 33 96.2% 3.7% 11 311
174483 20166 26 89.6% 10.4% 12 389
434778 35 40 100.0% 0.0% 12 389
435723 28 36 100.0% 0.0% 12 389
846183 83800 332534 55.2% 4.5% 13 553
96387 21 24 100.0% 0.0% 13 553
120258 29 44 99.9% 0.0% 13 553
255861 24 33 100.0% 0.0% 13 553
191388 22 32 100.0% 0.0% 13 553
[…]
These stats should be added to /proc

7. tcpconnect
•  Trace acVve ("outbound") TCP connecVons :
# tcpconnect
PID COMM IP SADDR DADDR DPORT
25333 recordProgra 4 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 28527
25338 curl 4 100.66.3.172 52.22.109.254 80
25340 curl 4 100.66.3.172 31.13.73.36 80
25342 curl 4 100.66.3.172 104.20.25.153 80
25344 curl 4 100.66.3.172 50.56.53.173 80
25365 recordProgra 4 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 28527
26119 ssh 6 ::1 ::1 22
25388 recordProgra 4 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 28527
25220 ssh 6 fe80::8a3:9dff:fed5:6b19 fe80::8a3:9dff:fed5:6b19 22
[…]
Eﬃcient: dynamic tracing of TCP connect funcVons only; does not trace send/receive

8. tcpaccept
•  Trace passive ("inbound") TCP connecVons :
# tcpaccept
PID COMM IP RADDR LADDR LPORT
2287 sshd 4 11.16.213.254 100.66.3.172 22
4057 redis-server 4 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 28527
4057 redis-server 4 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 28527
4057 redis-server 4 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 28527
4057 redis-server 4 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 28527
2287 sshd 6 ::1 ::1 22
4057 redis-server 4 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 28527
4057 redis-server 4 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 28527
2287 sshd 6 fe80::8a3:9dff:fed5:6b19 fe80::8a3:9dff:fed5:6b19 22
[…]
Eﬃciently: no send/receive traicng

9. tcpretrans
•  Trace TCP retransmits with kernel state (not on the wire):
# tcpretrans
TIME PID IP LADDR:LPORT T> RADDR:RPORT STATE
01:55:05 0 4 10.153.223.157:22 R> 69.53.245.40:34619 ESTABLISHED
01:55:05 0 4 10.153.223.157:22 R> 69.53.245.40:34619 ESTABLISHED
01:55:17 0 4 10.153.223.157:22 R> 69.53.245.40:22957 ESTABLISHED
[…]
Eﬃciently: no send/receive traicng

10. gethostlatency
•  Trace DNS latency system-wide (it's always DNS):
# gethostlatency
TIME PID COMM LATms HOST
06:10:24 28011 wget 90.00 www.iovisor.org
06:10:28 28127 wget 0.00 www.iovisor.org
06:10:41 28404 wget 9.00 www.netflix.com
06:10:48 28544 curl 35.00 www.netflix.com.au
06:11:10 29054 curl 31.00 www.plumgrid.com
06:11:16 29195 curl 3.00 www.facebook.com
06:11:24 25313 wget 3.00 www.usenix.org
06:11:25 29404 curl 72.00 foo
06:11:28 29475 curl 1.00 foo
[…]
Instruments getaddrinfo(), gethostbyname(), e.t.c.

11. runqlat
•  Examine CPU scheduler run queue latency as a histogram:
# runqlat -m 5
Tracing run queue latency... Hit Ctrl-C to end.
0 -> 1 : 3818 |****************************************|
2 -> 3 : 39 | |
4 -> 7 : 39 | |
8 -> 15 : 62 | |
16 -> 31 : 2214 |*********************** |
32 -> 63 : 226 |** |
[…]
As eﬃcient as possible: scheduler calls can become frequent

12. profile
•  An efficient profiler. Count unique stacks in kernel:
# profile
Sampling at 49 Hertz of all threads by user + kernel stack... Ctrl-C to end.
^C
[…]
ffffffff813d0af8 __clear_user
ffffffff813d5277 iov_iter_zero
ffffffff814ec5f2 read_iter_zero
ffffffff8120be9d __vfs_read
ffffffff8120c385 vfs_read
ffffffff8120d786 sys_read
ffffffff817cc076 entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath
00007fc5652ad9b0 read
- dd (25036)
7
[…]
This stack was sampled 7 Vmes

Advanced Analysis
•  Find/draw a funcVonal diagram
•  Apply performance methods
hDp://www.brendangregg.com/methodology.html
1.  Workload CharacterizaVon
2.  Latency Analysis
3.  USE Method
4.  Performance Mantras
•  Start with the Q's,
then ﬁnd the A's
•  Use mulV-tools:
–  funccount, trace, argdist, stackcount
e.g., storage I/O subsystem:

Performance Mantras
1.  Don't do it
2.  Do it, but don't do it again
3.  Do it less
4.  Do it later
5.  Do it when they're not looking
6.  Do it concurrently
7.  Do it cheaper
eliminate unnecessary work
from Craig Hanson and Pat Crain, and the performance engineering community

trace
# trace 'sys_read (arg3 > 20000) "read %d bytes", arg3'
TIME PID COMM FUNC -
05:18:23 4490 dd sys_read read 1048576 bytes
^C
by Sasha Goldshtein
# trace -h
[...]
trace –K blk_account_io_start
Trace this kernel function, and print info with a kernel stack trace
trace 'do_sys_open "%s", arg2'
Trace the open syscall and print the filename being opened
trace 'sys_read (arg3 > 20000) "read %d bytes", arg3'
Trace the read syscall and print a message for reads >20000 bytes
trace r::do_sys_return
Trace the return from the open syscall
trace 'c:open (arg2 == 42) "%s %d", arg1, arg2'
Trace the open() call from libc only if the flags (arg2) argument is 42
trace 't:block:block_rq_complete "sectors=%d", args->nr_sector'
Trace the block_rq_complete kernel tracepoint and print # of tx sectors
[...]
trace -h
lists example
one-liners
trace custom events

argdist
# argdist -H 'p::tcp_cleanup_rbuf(struct sock *sk, int copied):int:copied'
[15:34:45]
copied : count distribution
0 -> 1 : 15088 |********************************** |
2 -> 3 : 0 | |
4 -> 7 : 0 | |
8 -> 15 : 0 | |
16 -> 31 : 0 | |
32 -> 63 : 0 | |
64 -> 127 : 4786 |*********** |
128 -> 255 : 1 | |
256 -> 511 : 1 | |
512 -> 1023 : 4 | |
1024 -> 2047 : 11 | |
2048 -> 4095 : 5 | |
4096 -> 8191 : 27 | |
8192 -> 16383 : 105 | |
16384 -> 32767 : 0 | |
by Sasha Goldshtein
funcVon
argument
distribuVons

BCC/BPF VISUALIZATIONS
Coming to a GUI near you

CPU + Oﬀ-CPU Flame Graphs
hDp://www.brendangregg.com/ﬂamegraphs.html
•  Can now be
BPF opVmized

Conquer Performance
On-CPU + oﬀ-CPU
means we can
measure everything

Except someVmes
one oﬀ-CPU stack
isn't enough…

Oﬀ-Wake Flame
Graphs
•  Shows blocking stack with
waker stack
–  BeDer understand why blocked
–  Merged in-kernel using BPF
–  Include mulVple waker stacks ==
chain graphs
•  We couldn't do this before

HOW TO PROGRAM BCC/BPF
Overview for tool developers

bcc Tutorials
1.  hDps://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/INSTALL.md
2.  …/docs/tutorial.md
3.  …/docs/tutorial_bcc_python_developer.md
4.  …/docs/reference_guide.md
5.  .../CONTRIBUTING-SCRIPTS.md

bitehist.py Output
# ./bitehist.py
Tracing... Hit Ctrl-C to end.
^C
kbytes : count distribution
0 -> 1 : 3 | |
2 -> 3 : 0 | |
4 -> 7 : 211 |********** |
8 -> 15 : 0 | |
16 -> 31 : 0 | |
32 -> 63 : 0 | |
64 -> 127 : 1 | |
128 -> 255 : 800 |**************************************|

bitehist.py Code

bytehist.py Annotated
C BPF Program Python Program Map
StaVsVcs
"kprobe__" is a shortcut for BPF.aDach_kprobe()
Event

Current ComplicaVons
•  IniValize all variables
•  Extra bpf_probe_read()s
•  BPF_PERF_OUTPUT()
•  Veriﬁer errors

File opens
# ply -c 'kprobe:do_sys_open { printf("opened: %sn", mem(arg(1), "128s")); }'
1 probe active
opened: /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/enable
opened: /etc/ld.so.cache
opened: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libselinux.so.1
opened: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6
opened: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpcre.so.3
opened: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2
opened: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0
opened: /proc/filesystems
opened: /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive
opened: .
[...]

Count vfs calls
# ply -c 'kprobe:vfs_* { @[func()].count(); }'
WRN kprobe_attach_pattern: 'vfs_caches_init_early' will not be probed
WRN kprobe_attach_pattern: 'vfs_caches_init' will not be probed
49 probes active
^Cde-activating probes
@:
vfs_fstat 33
vfs_getattr 34
vfs_getattr_nosec 35
vfs_open 49
vfs_read 66
vfs_write 68
[...]

Read return size
# ply -c 'kretprobe:SyS_read { @ret.quantize(retval()); }'
1 probe active
@ret:
0 7
1 24
[ 2, 3] 5
[ 4, 7] 0
[ 8, 15] 1
[ 16, 31] 1
[ 32, 63] 3
[ 64, 127] 3
[ 128, 255] 2
[ 256, 511] 1
[ 512, 1k) 11

Read return size (ASCII)
# ply -A -c 'kretprobe:SyS_read { @ret.quantize(retval()); }'
1 probe active
@ret:
0 7 |################### |
1 12 |################################|
[ 2, 3] 7 |################### |
[ 4, 7] 0 | |
[ 8, 15] 1 |### |
[ 16, 31] 2 |##### |
[ 32, 63] 7 |################### |
[ 64, 127] 3 |######## |
[ 128, 255] 2 |##### |
[ 256, 511] 1 |### |
[ 512, 1k) 11 |############################# |

Read latency
# ply -A -c 'kprobe:SyS_read { @start[tid()] = nsecs(); }
kretprobe:SyS_read /@start[tid()]/ { @ns.quantize(nsecs() - @start[tid()]);
@start[tid()] = nil; }'
2 probes active
[...]
@ns:
[ 512, 1k) 3 |######## |
[ 1k, 2k) 7 |################### |
[ 2k, 4k) 12 |################################|
[ 4k, 8k) 3 |######## |
[ 8k, 16k) 2 |##### |
[ 16k, 32k) 0 | |
[ 32k, 64k) 0 | |
[ 64k, 128k) 3 |######## |
[128k, 256k) 1 |### |
[256k, 512k) 1 |### |
[512k, 1M) 2 |##### |
[...]

CounVng Oﬀ-CPU stacks
# ply -c 'kprobe:schedule { @[stack()].count() }'
1 probe active
@:
schedule+0x1
sys_exit+0x17
do_syscall_64+0x5e
return_from_SYSCALL_64 1
[...]
schedule+0x1
fuse_dev_read+0x63
new_sync_read+0xd2
__vfs_read+0x26
vfs_read+0x96
sys_read+0x55
do_syscall_64+0x5e
schedule+0x1
do_syscall_64+0xa2

ply One-Liners
# Trace file opens:
ply -c 'kprobe:do_sys_open { printf("opened: %sn", mem(arg(1), "128s")); }'
# Counting vfs functions by process name:
ply -c 'kprobe:vfs_* { @[comm(), func()].count(); }'
# Counting off-CPU stacks:
ply -c 'kprobe:schedule { @[stack()].count() }'
# Syscall read return size as a histogram:
ply -c 'kretprobe:SyS_read { @ret.quantize(retval()); }'
# Syscall read latency as a histogram:
ply -A -c 'kprobe:SyS_read { @start[tid()] = nsecs(); }
kretprobe:SyS_read /@start[tid()]/ { @ns.quantize(nsecs() - @start[tid()]);
@start[tid()] = nil; }'
[...]
also see ply/oneliners.md

ply
•  A new BPF-based dynamic tracer for Linux
–  Created by Tobias Waldekranz
–  hDps://github.com/iovisor/ply hDps://wkz.github.io/ply/
•  High-level language
–  Simple one-liners
–  Short scripts
•  In development
–  kprobes and tracepoints only, uprobes/perf_events not yet
–  Successful so far as a proof of concept
–  Not producVon tested yet (bcc is)

Challenges
•  MarkeVng
•  DocumentaVon
•  Training
•  Community

Without these, we may have another irace: a built in "secret" of Linux. Not good for adopVon!
hDps://www.iovisor.org project helps, but tracing (observability) is only one part.

Take aways
1.  Understanding the value of Linux tracing superpowers
2.  Upgrade to Linux 4.4+ (4.9 is beDer)
3.  Ask for eBPF support in your perf analysis/monitoring tools
BPF Tracing in Linux
•  3.19: sockets
•  3.19: maps
•  4.1: kprobes
•  4.3: uprobes
•  4.4: BPF output
•  4.6: stacks
•  4.7: tracepoints
•  4.9: proﬁling
•  4.9: PMCs
Please contribute:
-  hDps://github.com/
iovisor/bcc
-  hDps://github.com/
iovisor/ply

Links & References
iovisor bcc:
-  hDps://github.com/iovisor/bcc hDps://github.com/iovisor/bcc/tree/master/docs
-  hDp://www.brendangregg.com/blog/ (search for "bcc")
-  hDp://www.brendangregg.com/ebpf.html#bcc
-  hDp://blogs.microsoi.co.il/sasha/2016/02/14/two-new-ebpf-tools-memleak-and-argdist/
-  I'll change your view of Linux tracing: hDps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GsMs3n8CB6g
-  On designing tracing tools: hDps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uibLwoVKjec
BPF:
-  hDps://www.kernel.org/doc/DocumentaVon/networking/filter.txt
-  hDps://github.com/iovisor/bpf-docs
-  hDps://suchakra.wordpress.com/tag/bpf/
Flame Graphs:
-  hDp://www.brendangregg.com/flamegraphs.html
-  hDp://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-01-20/ebpf-offcpu-flame-graph.html
-  hDp://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-02-01/linux-wakeup-offwake-profiling.html
Dynamic InstrumentaVon:
-  hDp://ip.cs.wisc.edu/par-distr-sys/papers/Hollingsworth94Dynamic.pdf
-  hDps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTrace
-  DTrace: Dynamic Tracing in Oracle Solaris, Mac OS X and FreeBSD, Brendan Gregg, Jim Mauro; PrenVce Hall 2011
Neclix Tech Blog on Vector:
-  hDp://techblog.neclix.com/2015/04/introducing-vector-neclixs-on-host.html
Linux Performance: hDp://www.brendangregg.com/linuxperf.html

Thanks
–  QuesVons?
–  iovisor bcc: hDps://github.com/iovisor/bcc
–  hDp://www.brendangregg.com
–  hDp://slideshare.net/brendangregg
–  bgregg@neclix.com
–  @brendangregg

Thanks to Alexei Starovoitov (Facebook), Brenden Blanco (PLUMgrid/
VMware), Sasha Goldshtein (Sela), Daniel Borkmann (Cisco), Wang
Nan (Huawei), and other BPF and bcc contributors!

Linux 4.x Tracing: Performance Analysis with bcc/BPF

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Linux 4.x Tracing: Performance Analysis with bcc/BPF