The document discusses two approaches to asynchronous I/O in Linux: POSIX AIO and Linux native AIO. POSIX AIO is implemented in userspace using pthreads, supports common operations like read and write, and queues requests to a thread pool for processing. Linux native AIO runs in the kernel, only supports direct I/O, and uses workqueues to handle requests asynchronously without threads. It provides syscalls like io_setup() and io_submit() as well as libaio wrappers for submitting and getting results of asynchronous I/O operations.