Linux intro
0 likes148 views
This document provides an overview of Linux and its origins and architecture. It discusses how Unix originally dominated the commercial market in the 1970s-1990s. It then describes the development of key free and open-source tools and standards like GNU, POSIX, and Linux itself. It explains the standard Linux directory structure and process management. It also summarizes Linux's architecture principles like treating everything as a file and its evolution from physical installations to containers and cloud-based deployments.
Linux intro
- 1. *nix Intro Everything is a fi le
- 2. Why do we Linux? Why Do we do it ? The why!
- 3. Why ? Why do we care bout Linux ? Not only cause everyone’s doin it !
- 4. Unix dominates the commercial market In the 70’s til early 90’s Unix dominated the market AT&T to begin commercial licensing of Unix as a binary product - commercialization of Software and legislation. Good for business | Bad for Developers ! From Hardware “single purpose” to multiple purpose / multi threaded processing. A concept you could use only if your RICH
- 5. GNU Which came fi rst really - Richard Stallman a.k.a RMathewS (1984) Founder of Free Software Foundation GNU fi ndutils - fi nd, locate, xargs etc Emacs Make - a.k.a GNU MAKE ls, mkdir, the works …. https://www.gnu.org/software/software.html#allgnupkgs
- 6. Tools inspired by Unix / BSD Os Software should be free -> GNU’s not UNIX ! (Unix is proprietary / not free !) The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose (freedom 0). The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others (freedom 2). The freedom to distribute copies of your modi fi ed versions to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to bene fi t from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
- 7. POSIX Portable Operating System Interface | Portability (1988) POSIX de fi nes a standard for: operating system shells (command line interfaces), system utilities such as awk and echo, system libraries File-system attributes Sockets Virtual File System(s)
- 8. Linux - Linus Torvalds The author & maintainer of the Linux Kernel (1991) https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~awb/linux.history.html
- 9. Why ? Why do we care bout Linux ? It’s the most common It’s the most free It’s the most fl exible It’s the most customizable It’s the most ef fi cient ! It’s the most cost affective
- 10. Why ? Why do we care bout Linux ? It’s the most common It’s the most free It’s the most fl exible It’s the most customizable It’s the most ef fi cient ! It’s the most cost affective
- 11. Why ? Why do we care bout Linux ?
- 12. What is it ? What Is Linux ? Linux Experience !
- 13. Architecture | Linux == a kernel GNU linux is Kernel + many GNU’s programs The Heart of Linux A design pattern which is loosely couples HW from SW https://www.kernel.org/
- 14. Architecture | The Linux kernel GNU's Not Unix The Heart of Linux A design pattern which is loosely couples HW from SW The only one allowed to communicate with hardware via Standards https://github.com/LinuxStandardBase https://www.kernel.org/
- 15. Architecture | Virtual Machine Management A concept which resides in the heart of the OS By design each Process is a Virtual Machine which is confusing nowadays with VM’s, Containers etc - lets refer to them as Process by their ProcessID https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/the-linux-kernel/
- 16. Architecture | Virtual Machine Management A concept which resides in the heart of the OS - kernel is lightweight ! By design each Process is a Virtual Machine which is confusing nowadays with VM’s, Containers etc - lets refer to them as Process by their ProcessID ~115 MB full size Some dists are few MB …
- 17. Architecture | Process management of the GNU/Linux operating system By design each Process is a Virtual Machine which is confusing nowadays with VM’s, Containers etc - lets refer to them as Process by their ProcessID Process Trees & Inheritance Process queue up for resources - CPU | RAM | DISK | NETWORK Old linux distros had `zombies` … https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/the-linux-kernel/
- 18. Architecture | Processes, status / state Process trees init(1)-+-crond(98 ) |-emacs(387 ) |-gpm(146 ) |-inetd(110 ) |-kerneld(18 ) |-kflushd(2 ) |-klogd(87 ) |-kswapd(3 ) |-login(160)---bash(192)---emacs(225 ) |-lpd(121 ) |-mingetty(161 ) |-mingetty(162 ) |-mingetty(163 ) |-mingetty(164 ) |-login(403)---bash(404)---pstree(594 ) |-sendmail(134 ) |-syslogd(78 ) `-update(166 )
- 19. Architecture | Standard directory structure Process trees Context Bound built in indexing Base of many Standards !
- 20. Architecture | *Everything is a file Common directory Access Control List "Everything is a fi le" is a bit too broad. "Everything appears somewhere in the fi lesystem" is more accurate, and even then, it's more an ideal than a law of system design.
- 21. Architecture | Standard Communication Interfaces I/O management Process IPC - Inner Process Communication Inner / Outer Network Communications FileSystem I/O R/W Dynamic / Static / Virtual Namespaces USer Kernel
- 22. How do we (you ?) Linux Experience The How ! How Methodology
- 23. Linux Disto’s To some It’s a religion ;) Many distributions of Linux Developers Production Community Supported Commercially supported
- 24. Package Managers Linux’s Flavors Community driven distributions such as dabian with apt Commercial driven distributions such as redhat with rpm Many more to follow … apk, pacman
- 25. Containers Universal packaging unit Production Anywhere Runtime Any OS Code Any Language The bigger picture Linux’s everywhere
- 26. Linux Environment Evolution Server-Rack Telnet, RDC, SSH Virtualization Docker Kubernetes Cloud OS The cloud Public | Private | Multi | Poly kubectl Taking over | flexible | multipurpose OS
- 27. Linux Principles | Consumption model Everything is a fi le Bare Metal Installation | Kernel + GNU
- 28. Linux Principles | Consumption model Containers | Jails | Chroot Bare Metal Installation | Kernel + GNU VM’s / Containers | vmlinuz, solaris jails, docker, containerd
- 29. Linux Principles | Consumption model Containers | Jails | Chroot Bare Metal Installation | Kernel + GNU VM’s / Containers | vmlinuz, solaris jails, docker, containerd “Virtual Machine” -> A Hypervisor which simulates HW
- 30. Linux Principles | Consumption model From Vanilla (Iaas) / Multipurpose to Usage sprci fi c (PaaS) Bare Metal Installation | Kernel + GNU VM’s / Containers | vmlinuz, solaris jails, docker, containerd “Virtual Machine” -> A Hypervisor which simulates HW Function | FaaS architecture
- 31. More practice ?Linux Experience The How !
- 32. Files / Shell scripts Directories LibreOf fi ce documents Serial ports Kernel data structures Kernel tuning parameters Hard drives Partitions Logical Volumes (LVM) Printers Sockets *nix flavors