Livelihood security
- 1. ICAR-NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE EASTERN REGIONAL STATION A-12, Kalyani-Nadia-741235, West Bengal Development of Livelihood Security Index to Measure Livelihood Status of Different Social Groups Affected by Adverse Weather Events Dr. Asif Mohammad Sr. Scientist
- 2. (Source: West Bengal Disaster Management Department website:http://wbdmd.gov.in/Pages/Drought.aspx) Drought is the most complex of all natural hazards. Drought has subsequent negative impact on the economic, environment and the society. Globally, examining the effects of the recent drought in many areas demonstrates its wide reaching impacts on society and the environment.
- 3. HISTORY OF NATURAL DISASTERS Year Incidences 1983 Tornado at Gaighata Development Block 1988 Very severe Cyclone at Hingalganj Development Block 1998 Flood in Bongaon Sub-Division due to incessant rains and over flow of river Ichhamati 2000 Huge flood all over the state having highest intensity in about last two centuries. 2001 Severe Thunder Storm on 20.05.2001 at Gaighata Block 2002 A severe cyclonic storm passed over Sandeshkhali-I, Sandeshkhali- II, Hingalgunj and Minakhan blocks 2003 Breach of embankments and erosion were reported from Hingalgunj, Sandeshkhali-I and Sandeshkhali-I blocks 2009 On 25 May, Cyclone AILA hit costal Bengal with a maximum wind speed of 120 kmph affecting over 1.5 million people.
- 4. What is livelihood? • A livelihood comprises the assets (natural, physical, human, financial and social capital), the activities and the access to these (mediated by institutions and social relations) that together determine the living gained by the individual or household (Chambers & Conway, 1992)
- 5. Livelihood Security • Adequate and sustainable access to income and other resources to enable households to meet basic needs. This includes adequate access to food, potable water, health facilities, educational opportunities, housing, time for community participation and social integration. (Frankenberger, 1996).
- 6. One of the main reasons for most of the farmers’ suicide cases was not having any other option of livelihood generation besides doing crop farming (Jadhav, 2008). In a normal year, crop production can generate employment for only 90 -120 days, while for the remaining period, rural workforce remains unemployed (Chauhan and Singh, 2007).
- 7. In integrated farming system 45.34 percent respondents were having the food security while 42.67 percent were having nutritional security (Ponnusamy, 2006) The mean values of SLPI were 0.39 out of maximum 1.00 and it ranges from 0.229 to 0.550 (Premchand,2008)
- 8. • Timmerman (1981) defined resilience as a system's capacity to absorb and recover from the occurrence of a hazardous event; reflective of a society's ability to cope and to continue to cope in the future. • The term “resilience” is often used to describe the characteristic features of a system that are related to sustainability (Carpenter et al., 2001).
- 10. Sampling plan West Bengal Coastal saline Soil zone Block-I 20 tribal farmers 20 non-tribal farmers Block-II 20 non-tribal farmers 20 tribal farmers Red and lateritic soil zone Block-I 20 non-tribal farmers 20 tribal farmers Block-II 20 non tribal farmers 20 Tribal farmers
- 11. AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES OF WEST BENGAL Hill Zone (2.4 to 8 lakh ha) Terai Zone (2.149 lakh ha) Old Alluvial Zone (17.537 lakh ha) New Alluvial Zone (15.304 lakh ha) Red and Laterite Zone (24.842 lakh ha) Coastal and Saline Zone (14.569 lakh ha)
- 12. Components of Household Livelihood Security
- 13. Results
- 14. Assessment of the level of livelihood security of Different Social Groups Affected by Adverse Weather Events
- 15. Issues pertaining to Livelihood Security • Introduction of MGNREGA reduced extreme poverty • Reducing scope of MGNREGA (Less than 50%) • No work in the month of Bhadra, Ashvina and Kartik (August, September, October) • Scarcity of Drinking water in drought prone zone affect agricultural activities • Flood prone zone suffering from soil degradation due to cyclones, flooding etc.
- 16. • Help from PDS • Restriction in hunting (Though the festival in Buddha Purnima is still going on) • Benefits from bank account • Functioning of SHG (Mid day meal scheme), though implemented in much later stage • Appointment of educated person as Majiharam (Head of village) • I/C , PS consults with Majiharam before action • Working of several NGOs (National/ International)
- 17. Category Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Tribal (Jhargram) 41.36 2.07 .46 Non-Tribal (Jhargram) 44.74 2.84 .63 Tribal (Birbhum) 43.05 2.46 .55 Non- Tribal (Birbhum) 68.05 3.02 .67 Tribal (S. 24 Pgs) Bl-1 44.48 3.34 .74 Non-Tribal (S. 24 Pgs) Bl-1 77.66 2.96 .66 Tribal (S. 24 Pgs) Bl-2 44.48 3.34 .74 Non-Tribal (S. 24 Pgs) Bl-2 74.80 3.48 .77 Livelihood Security Scores
- 18. ANOVA (Livelihood Security) Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 34624.72 7 4946.3 9 558.37 .000 Within Groups 1346.52 152 8.86 Total 35971.23 159
- 19. Livelihood Security Index Name Subset 1 2 3 4 5 Tribal (Jhargram) 41.36 Tribal (Birbhum) 43.05 43.05 Tribal (S. 24 Pgs) Bl-1 44.48 Tribal (S. 24 Pgs) Bl-2 44.49 Non-Tribal (Jhargram) 44.74 Non- Tribal (Birbhum) 68.05 Non-Tribal (S. 24 Pgs) Bl-2 74.81 Non-Tribal (S. 24 Pgs) Bl-1 77.66
- 20. Zone Group Mean Std. Deviation N Drought prone zone Tribal 42.20 2.40 40 Non-Tribal 56.39 12.15 40 Total 49.30 11.25 80 Flood prone zone Tribal 44.48 3.29 40 Non-Tribal 76.23 3.50 40 Total 60.35 16.33 80 Total Tribal 43.34 3.08 80 Non-Tribal 66.31 13.36 80 Total 54.82 15.04 160 Variations Zone F-value-110.67 (p<.01) Social Group F-value-477.81(p<.01) Zone*Social Group F-value-69.85 (p<.01) Zone wise variation in livelihood security
- 21. Zone 1- Drought prone Group 1- Tribal Zone 2- Flood prone Group 2- Non Tribal
- 22. Points to reckon with….. • Livelihood security not only depends on the social stratification (caste) but also on the total agro-climatic situation of the zone. • Infrastructural development of the zone determines level of livelihood • Drought prone zones are suffering more than the flood prone zone • Intervention should be given in the following sequence: Jhargram, Birbhum, S. 24 Parganas