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Localizing Mobile Apps

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Daniel Schneller

The document discusses localization of mobile apps. It begins with an overview of internationalization (I18N) versus localization (L10N), and how I18N is the process of making an app adaptable to other languages/regions without changes, while L10N is the process of adapting an I18N app for a specific language/region. It then covers specific aspects of localization including text, date/time formatting, numbers, and images/resources. Key aspects discussed are using localized strings files, NSLocale for region settings, and NSDateFormatter for date/time formatting that adjusts based on locale.

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Localizing Mobile Apps Daniel Schneller, CenterDevice GmbH
Agenda I18N vs. L10N Languages and Regions Text Date and Time Numbers Images and other Resources https://github.com/dschneller/I18N-Example
I18N vs. L10N
I18N L10N
I — 18 Characters — N L-10 Characters-N
Internationalization I — 18 Characters — N Localization L-10 Characters-N
Internationalization
Internationalization […] process of designing a software application so that it can potentially be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. […]* * Wikipedia
Localization
Localization […] the process of adapting internationalized software for a specific region or language by adding locale-specific components and translating text. […]* * Wikipedia
Localizing Mobile Apps
I18N L10NApp Localized
 App !"#$%&! ! 🌐 🌐 !"# $%&
Languages and Regions
Languages and Regions Language ≠ Region 12h time used by an American living in Germany „Jänner“ – „Januar“ [German in Austria vs. in Germany for January] Localization ≠ Locale German user might prefer English user interface texts But: 24h time display
Languages and Regions
Languages and Regions
Languages and Regions
Languages and Regions Scheme Launch Arguments -AppleLanguages (ar,de,fr) Order determines preference -AppleLocale en_US
NSLocale Encapsulates Region Settings + (id)autoupdatingCurrentLocale
 + (id)currentLocale NSCurrentLocaleDidChangeNotification [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter]
 addObserver:self
 selector:@selector(localeDidChange:)
 name:NSCurrentLocaleDidChangeNotification
 object:nil] Refresh formatters, caches NSLocale instances Refresh screen content
NSLocale -[NSLocale objectForKey:] NSString* NSLocaleIdentifier NSString* NSLocaleMeasurementSystem NSString* NSLocaleLanguageCode NSString* NSLocaleDecimalSeparator NSString* NSLocaleCountryCode NSString* NSLocaleGroupingSeparator NSString* NSLocaleScriptCode NSString* NSLocaleCurrencySymbol NSString* NSLocaleVariantCode NSString* NSLocaleExemplarCharacterSet NSString* NSLocaleCurrencyCode NSString* NSLocaleCollatorIdentifier NSString* NSLocaleCalendar NSString* NSLocaleQuotationBeginDelimiterKey NSString* NSLocaleCollationIdentifier NSString* NSLocaleQuotationEndDelimiterKey NSString* NSLocaleUsesMetricSystem
NSLocale Does not contain the current language! Locale ≠ Localization [NSBundle mainBundle].localizations; // NSArray, (all) [NSBundle mainBundle].preferredLocalizations[0]; // (current) Caveats Localizations of InfoPlist.strings determine content of „localizations“ Intersected with user’s region preferences in Settings.app AppleLanguages launch parameter
Text
Localizing Mobile Apps
Localizing Mobile Apps
Text ≠ Text Language of messages, buttons, labels etc. Writing direction & alignment Writing systems (Latin, Hebrew, Arabic…) Numbers in text Names & addresses Phrases, idioms and terminology Plurals Sorting …
Text ≠ Text Language of messages, buttons, labels etc. Writing direction & alignment Writing systems (Latin, Hebrew, Arabic…) Numbers in text Names & addresses Phrases, idioms and terminology Plurals Sorting …
Base Localization
Base Localization One leading (base) language
Base Localization One leading (base) language Add Localization
Base Localization One leading (base) language Add Localization
Base Localization One leading (base) language Add Localization “.strings”files
Base Localization One leading (base) language Add Localization “.strings”files genstrings
Base Localization One leading (base) language Add Localization “.strings”files genstrings ibtool
Base Localization One leading (base) language Add Localization “.strings”files genstrings ibtool One copy per language
Base Localization One leading (base) language Add Localization “.strings”files genstrings ibtool One copy per language “.lproj”Ordner
Base Localization Eine Leitsprache (Base) “.strings”Files genstrings ibtool Eine Kopie pro Sprache “.lproj”Ordner
Base Localization Eine Leitsprache (Base) “.strings”Files genstrings ibtool Eine Kopie pro Sprache “.lproj”Ordner
Base Localization Eine Leitsprache (Base) “.strings”Files genstrings ibtool Eine Kopie pro Sprache “.lproj”Ordner
Base Localization … /* Class = "IBUILabel"; text = "Loaded by SecondViewController"; ObjectID = "NDk-cv-Gan"; */ "NDk-cv-Gan.text" = "Loaded by SecondViewController"; " /* Class = "IBUILabel"; text = "First View"; ObjectID = "KQZ-1w-vlD"; */ "KQZ-1w-vlD.text" = "First View"; …
Base Localization Preview in Assistant Editor Xcode 6: Pick Language Double-Length Pseudo- Language Auto Layout
NSLocalizedString Family of macros NSLocalizedString
 NSLocalizedStringFromTable
 NSLocalizedStringFromTableInBundle
 NSLocalizedStringWithDefaultValue Access “.strings”files Utilize NSBundle -[[NSBundle mainBundle] localizedStringForKey:value:table:]
NSLocalizedString Example [button setTitle:NSLocalizedString(@"reset.counter.button.title", 
 @"Reset Counter action button")
 forState:…]; genstrings — Localizable.strings /* Reset Counter action button */
 "reset.counter.button.title" = "Zurücksetzen";
.strings Files Updates?
.strings Files Updates? Use ibtool every time you update your labels and text.
 In the Base.lproj folder:
 
 ibtool ChangedNib.xib --generate-strings- file NewStrings.strings
 
 Open the generated output file and copy all new string entries to ChangedNib.strings in each lproj. #fail
Do not normalize text
Do not normalize text DRY! — Do Repeat Yourself [NSString stringWithFormat:@”…”]
Do not normalize text DRY! — Do Repeat Yourself [NSString stringWithFormat:@”…”] Localizable.strings “count” = “Anzahl” “game” = “Spiel” “reset” = “zurücksetzen” “save” = “sparen” “thumbnail” = “Daumennagel”
Do not normalize text DRY! — Do Repeat Yourself [NSString stringWithFormat:@”…”] Localizable.strings “count” = “Anzahl” “game” = “Spiel” “reset” = “zurücksetzen” “save” = “sparen” “thumbnail” = “Daumennagel” “reset count” ”zurücksetzen Anzahl” “save game” “sparen Spiel” …
Do not normalize text
Do not normalize text Context and grammar are lost
Do not normalize text Context and grammar are lost Structure of sentences
Do not normalize text Context and grammar are lost Structure of sentences Declination & conjugation …
Do not normalize text Context and grammar are lost Structure of sentences Declination & conjugation … Use dedicated strings per use case
Do not normalize text Context and grammar are lost Structure of sentences Declination & conjugation … Use dedicated strings per use case “reset.counter.button” = “Auf 0 stellen”
Do not normalize text Context and grammar are lost Structure of sentences Declination & conjugation … Use dedicated strings per use case “reset.counter.button” = “Auf 0 stellen” Context for translators
Do not normalize text Context and grammar are lost Structure of sentences Declination & conjugation … Use dedicated strings per use case “reset.counter.button” = “Auf 0 stellen” Context for translators Use self explanatory keys
Do not normalize text Context and grammar are lost Structure of sentences Declination & conjugation … Use dedicated strings per use case “reset.counter.button” = “Auf 0 stellen” Context for translators Use self explanatory keys Provide useful comments (button vs. label, approx. length, etc.)
Variables Parameters [NSString stringWithFormat:
 NSLocalizedString(@"click.counter.label",
 @"P1: Current Click Count."),
 self.clickCount] " /* P1: Current Click Count. */
 "click.counter.label" = "%1d x geklickt”;
Variables Document parameter order! “Zeige 4 von 12 gesamt” “Total 12 — Showing 4” /* … Param 1: current page; Param 2: total count */
 "current.page.label" = “Zeige %1d von %2d gesamt”;
 
 /* … Param 1: current page; Param 2: total count */
 "current.page.label" = “Total %2d — Showing %1d”;
Special cases: 0 and 1 Plurals Englisch German 0 No books Keine Bücher 1 One book Ein Buch sonstiges 100 books 100 Bücher Localizable.strings “books.0” = “No Books” “books.1” = “One Book” “books.n” = “%1d books” “books.0” = “Keine Bücher” “books.1” = “Ein Buch” “books.n” = “%1d Bücher” If-else-clause in the code: Problem solved.
Englisch Deutsch 0 No books Keine Bücher 1 1 book 1 Buch Vielleicht nicht ganz… Plural
Englisch Deutsch 0 No books Keine Bücher 1 1 book 1 Buch 2 2 books 2 Bücher wenige 3 books 3 Bücher viele 11 books 11 Bücher sonstiges 100 books 100 Bücher Vielleicht nicht ganz… Plural
0 1 2 wenige viele sonstiges Englisch No books 1 book 2 books 3 books 11 books 100 books German Keine Bücher 1 Buch 2 Bücher 3 Bücher 11 Bücher 100 Bücher Or is it…? Plural
0 1 2 wenige viele sonstiges Englisch No books 1 book 2 books 3 books 11 books 100 books German Keine Bücher 1 Buch 2 Bücher 3 Bücher 11 Bücher 100 Bücher Arabic ‫كتاب‬ ٠ ‫كتاب‬ ‫كتابان‬ ‫كتب‬ ٣ ‫ا‬ً‫ب‬‫كتا‬ ١١ ‫كتاب‬ ١٠٠ Or is it…? Plural
.strings + .stringsdict * http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html#ar
.strings + .stringsdict Available since iOS7 * http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html#ar
.strings + .stringsdict Available since iOS7 Implements (Unicode*) localization rules for Plural Gender [rdar://16670931] * http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html#ar
.strings + .stringsdict Available since iOS7 Implements (Unicode*) localization rules for Plural Gender [rdar://16670931] Plist Format Name must match .strings .strings must exist, but may be empty * http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html#ar
.strings + .stringsdict https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/releasenotes/Foundation/↩︎ RN-Foundation/index.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP30000742-CH2-SW56 <dict>
     <key>files.selected.label.%d</key>
     <dict>
         <key>NSStringLocalizedFormatKey</key>
 <string>%#@num_files_are@ selected</string>
         <key>num_files_are</key>
  <dict>
             <key>NSStringFormatSpecTypeKey</key>
 <string>NSStringPluralRuleType</string>
             <key>NSStringFormatValueTypeKey</key>
 <string>d</string>
             <key>zero</key>    <string>No file is</string>
             <key>one</key>     <string>A file is</string>
             <key>other</key>   <string>%d files are</string>
         </dict>
     </dict>
 </dict>
.stringsdict Categories per language according to Unicode iOS additionally supports„zero“ category for all languages Others, e. g.„few“, depend on language
String Tables Localizable.strings Default used by NSLocalizedString() Big projects — big file Can be split NSLocalizedStringFromTable(“MyController”,“Key”,“Comment”) MyController.strings Project structure — Context for translators 3rd party code Also works for .stringsdict
Date and Time
Date and Time NSDateFormatter
Date and Time Transforms between NSDate and NSString +[NSDateFormatter localizedStringFromDate:dateStyle:timeStyle:]
 -[NSDateFormatter setLocale:] NSDateFormatter
Date and Time Transforms between NSDate and NSString +[NSDateFormatter localizedStringFromDate:dateStyle:timeStyle:]
 -[NSDateFormatter setLocale:] NSDateFormatterStyle NSDateFormatter
Date and Time Transforms between NSDate and NSString +[NSDateFormatter localizedStringFromDate:dateStyle:timeStyle:]
 -[NSDateFormatter setLocale:] NSDateFormatterStyle German / Germany Englisch / USA NSDateFormatter
Date and Time Transforms between NSDate and NSString +[NSDateFormatter localizedStringFromDate:dateStyle:timeStyle:]
 -[NSDateFormatter setLocale:] NSDateFormatterStyle German / Germany Englisch / USA Short 08.07.14 22:32 7/8/14,10:32 PM NSDateFormatter
Date and Time Transforms between NSDate and NSString +[NSDateFormatter localizedStringFromDate:dateStyle:timeStyle:]
 -[NSDateFormatter setLocale:] NSDateFormatterStyle German / Germany Englisch / USA Short 08.07.14 22:32 7/8/14,10:32 PM Medium 08.07.2014 22:32:36 Jul 8, 2014, 10:32:36 PM NSDateFormatter
Date and Time Transforms between NSDate and NSString +[NSDateFormatter localizedStringFromDate:dateStyle:timeStyle:]
 -[NSDateFormatter setLocale:] NSDateFormatterStyle German / Germany Englisch / USA Short 08.07.14 22:32 7/8/14,10:32 PM Medium 08.07.2014 22:32:36 Jul 8, 2014, 10:32:36 PM Long 8. Juli 2014 22:32:36 MESZ Jul 8, 2014, 10:32:36 PM GMT+2 NSDateFormatter
Date and Time Transforms between NSDate and NSString +[NSDateFormatter localizedStringFromDate:dateStyle:timeStyle:]
 -[NSDateFormatter setLocale:] NSDateFormatterStyle German / Germany Englisch / USA Short 08.07.14 22:32 7/8/14,10:32 PM Medium 08.07.2014 22:32:36 Jul 8, 2014, 10:32:36 PM Long 8. Juli 2014 22:32:36 MESZ Jul 8, 2014, 10:32:36 PM GMT+2 Full Dienstag, 8. Juli 2014 12:32:36 Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit Tuesday, July 8, 2014 at 12:39:16 PM Central European Summer Time NSDateFormatter
Date and Time Transforms between NSDate and NSString +[NSDateFormatter localizedStringFromDate:dateStyle:timeStyle:]
 -[NSDateFormatter setLocale:] NSDateFormatterStyle German / Germany Englisch / USA Short 08.07.14 22:32 7/8/14,10:32 PM Medium 08.07.2014 22:32:36 Jul 8, 2014, 10:32:36 PM Long 8. Juli 2014 22:32:36 MESZ Jul 8, 2014, 10:32:36 PM GMT+2 Full Dienstag, 8. Juli 2014 12:32:36 Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit Tuesday, July 8, 2014 at 12:39:16 PM Central European Summer Time No - - NSDateFormatter
Date and Time NSDateFormatter.h typedef enum {
 NSDateFormatterNoStyle = …,
 NSDateFormatterShortStyle = …,
 NSDateFormatterMediumStyle = …,
 NSDateFormatterLongStyle = …,
 NSDateFormatterFullStyle = …
 } NSDateFormatterStyle Combine for date and time portions NSDateFormatterNoStyle — only date / time Get updated with the OS NSDateFormatter
Date and Time NSDateFormatter * http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Contents
Date and Time What if defaults are not suitable? NSDateFormatter * http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Contents
Date and Time What if defaults are not suitable? Do not use hard coded format strings! NSDateFormatter * http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Contents
Date and Time What if defaults are not suitable? Do not use hard coded format strings! Unicode Locale Data Markup Language* NSDateFormatter * http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Contents
Date and Time What if defaults are not suitable? Do not use hard coded format strings! Unicode Locale Data Markup Language* [f setDateFormat:[NSDateFormatter
 dateFormatFromTemplate:@"u QQ" 
 options:0
 locale:LOCALE_EN_US]];
 
 NSLog(@“%@", [f stringFromDate:july8th); NSDateFormatter * http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Contents
Date and Time What if defaults are not suitable? Do not use hard coded format strings! Unicode Locale Data Markup Language* [f setDateFormat:[NSDateFormatter
 dateFormatFromTemplate:@"u QQ" 
 options:0
 locale:LOCALE_EN_US]];
 
 NSLog(@“%@", [f stringFromDate:july8th); Q3 2014 NSDateFormatter * http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Contents
Relative formatting [formatter setDoesRelativeDateFormatting:YES];
 
 NSLog(@“%@, %@, %@…", [formatter stringFromDate:GESTERN],
 [formatter stringFromDate:HEUTE],
 [formatter stringFromDate:MORGEN]);
 Gestern, Heute, Morgen… [de_DE] Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow… [en_US] Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow…
NSDateComponentsFormatter Formats durations [f stringFromTimeInterval:1234.0]) // seconds About 20 minutes remaining NSDateIntervalFormatter Formats time intervals [f stringFromDate:NOW toDate:LATER]) 09.07.14 12:10-13:13 Coming up next: iOS8
Numbers
Numbers
Numbers “Plain”Numbers
Numbers MassDistance LengthCurrency Percentage Data Volume WeightEnergy Spelled Out “Plain”Numbers
Numbers Decimal separators Grouping characters Currency symbols … " NSNumberFormatter API similar to NSDateFormatter
Numbers NSNumberFormatter German / Germany English / USA No 1234,56 1234.56 Decimal 1.234,56 1,234.56 Currency 1.234,56 € $1,234.56 Percent 123.456% 123,456% Scientific 1,23456E+03 1.23456E3 SpellOut eintausendzweihundertvier- unddreißig Komma fünf sechs one thousand two hundred thirty- four point five six
Numbers NSNumberFormatter.h enum {
 NSNumberFormatterNoStyle = …,
 NSNumberFormatterDecimalStyle = …,
 NSNumberFormatterCurrencyStyle = …,
 NSNumberFormatterPercentStyle = …,
 NSNumberFormatterScientificStyle = …,
 NSNumberFormatterSpellOutStyle = …
 }
 typedef NSUInteger NSNumberFormatterStyle
Numbers NSNumberFormatter
Numbers NSNumberFormatter* f = [[NSNumberFormatter alloc] init];
 f.numberStyle = NSNumberFormatterNoStyle; f.locale = LOCALE_DE_AT;
 NSLog(@"NoStyle de_AT: %@", [f stringFromNumber:@(1234.56)]); f.locale = LOCALE_EN_US;
 f.maximumFractionDigits = 2;
 NSLog(@“NoStyle en_US: %@", [f stringFromNumber:@(1234.56)]); NSNumberFormatter
Numbers NSNumberFormatter* f = [[NSNumberFormatter alloc] init];
 f.numberStyle = NSNumberFormatterNoStyle; f.locale = LOCALE_DE_AT;
 NSLog(@"NoStyle de_AT: %@", [f stringFromNumber:@(1234.56)]); f.locale = LOCALE_EN_US;
 f.maximumFractionDigits = 2;
 NSLog(@“NoStyle en_US: %@", [f stringFromNumber:@(1234.56)]); NoStyle de_AT: 1235 NoStyle en_US: 1234.56 NSNumberFormatter
Numbers Many more customization options maximumFractionDigits usesSignificantDigits minimum/maximumSignificantDigits paddingCharacter roundingMode, roundingIncrement … NSNumberFormatter
Data Volume NSByteCountFormatter File size, amount of memory Picks suitable unit automatically Non-numeric display Allow Non-Numeric Zero KB File 1,234.57 GB Memory 1,149.78 GB
Coming up next: iOS8 NSEnergyFormatter Energy in joule, calories etc. NSLengthFormatter Distance, in miles, kilometers etc. NSMassFormatter Mass and weight in pounds, kg etc.
Images and other Resources
Images Buttons UI Elements
UI Elements -[UIImage imageNamed:@"myImage"]; Put image files into .lproj folders Does not work for asset catalogues
Launch Image Disable asset catalogue Launch images in .lproj folders Follows usual naming conventions for Retina Orientation iPhone vs. iPad
Other Ressources Same as images Lookup via -[[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:ofType:] Use cases HTML Text files
App Name Info.plist Application has localized Display Name <key>LSHasLocalizedDisplayName</key>
 <true /> InfoPlist.strings "CFBundleDisplayName" = "国际范例";
Wrap up
Cover the Basics Locale based formatting NSDateFormatter NSNumberFormatter NSByteCountFormatter Careful and diligent translation Remember resources besides the source code
Next Steps Images resources Launch Images (if relevant) Addresses, names Right-to-left support Location based pre-selection of units (miles, km etc.) Pre-selection for pickers, options etc. Color scheme …
Summary Initialer effort can be significant Full translation Code refactoring Create workflows and pick tools Ongoing maintenance rather easy Consider relevance of individual measures for your audience
Merci! Hvala! Vielen Dank! Thank You! Grazie!
Questions? Daniel Schneller — @dschneller 
 daniel.schneller@centerdevice.com

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Localizing Mobile Apps

  • 2. Agenda I18N vs. L10N Languages and Regions Text Date and Time Numbers Images and other Resources https://github.com/dschneller/I18N-Example
  • 5. I — 18 Characters — N L-10 Characters-N
  • 6. Internationalization I — 18 Characters — N Localization L-10 Characters-N
  • 8. Internationalization […] process of designing a software application so that it can potentially be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. […]* * Wikipedia
  • 10. Localization […] the process of adapting internationalized software for a specific region or language by adding locale-specific components and translating text. […]* * Wikipedia
  • 14. Languages and Regions Language ≠ Region 12h time used by an American living in Germany „Jänner“ – „Januar“ [German in Austria vs. in Germany for January] Localization ≠ Locale German user might prefer English user interface texts But: 24h time display
  • 18. Languages and Regions Scheme Launch Arguments -AppleLanguages (ar,de,fr) Order determines preference -AppleLocale en_US
  • 19. NSLocale Encapsulates Region Settings + (id)autoupdatingCurrentLocale
 + (id)currentLocale NSCurrentLocaleDidChangeNotification [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter]
 addObserver:self
 selector:@selector(localeDidChange:)
 name:NSCurrentLocaleDidChangeNotification
 object:nil] Refresh formatters, caches NSLocale instances Refresh screen content
  • 20. NSLocale -[NSLocale objectForKey:] NSString* NSLocaleIdentifier NSString* NSLocaleMeasurementSystem NSString* NSLocaleLanguageCode NSString* NSLocaleDecimalSeparator NSString* NSLocaleCountryCode NSString* NSLocaleGroupingSeparator NSString* NSLocaleScriptCode NSString* NSLocaleCurrencySymbol NSString* NSLocaleVariantCode NSString* NSLocaleExemplarCharacterSet NSString* NSLocaleCurrencyCode NSString* NSLocaleCollatorIdentifier NSString* NSLocaleCalendar NSString* NSLocaleQuotationBeginDelimiterKey NSString* NSLocaleCollationIdentifier NSString* NSLocaleQuotationEndDelimiterKey NSString* NSLocaleUsesMetricSystem
  • 21. NSLocale Does not contain the current language! Locale ≠ Localization [NSBundle mainBundle].localizations; // NSArray, (all) [NSBundle mainBundle].preferredLocalizations[0]; // (current) Caveats Localizations of InfoPlist.strings determine content of „localizations“ Intersected with user’s region preferences in Settings.app AppleLanguages launch parameter
  • 22. Text
  • 25. Text ≠ Text Language of messages, buttons, labels etc. Writing direction & alignment Writing systems (Latin, Hebrew, Arabic…) Numbers in text Names & addresses Phrases, idioms and terminology Plurals Sorting …
  • 26. Text ≠ Text Language of messages, buttons, labels etc. Writing direction & alignment Writing systems (Latin, Hebrew, Arabic…) Numbers in text Names & addresses Phrases, idioms and terminology Plurals Sorting …
  • 28. Base Localization One leading (base) language
  • 29. Base Localization One leading (base) language Add Localization
  • 30. Base Localization One leading (base) language Add Localization
  • 31. Base Localization One leading (base) language Add Localization “.strings”files
  • 32. Base Localization One leading (base) language Add Localization “.strings”files genstrings
  • 33. Base Localization One leading (base) language Add Localization “.strings”files genstrings ibtool
  • 34. Base Localization One leading (base) language Add Localization “.strings”files genstrings ibtool One copy per language
  • 35. Base Localization One leading (base) language Add Localization “.strings”files genstrings ibtool One copy per language “.lproj”Ordner
  • 36. Base Localization Eine Leitsprache (Base) “.strings”Files genstrings ibtool Eine Kopie pro Sprache “.lproj”Ordner
  • 37. Base Localization Eine Leitsprache (Base) “.strings”Files genstrings ibtool Eine Kopie pro Sprache “.lproj”Ordner
  • 38. Base Localization Eine Leitsprache (Base) “.strings”Files genstrings ibtool Eine Kopie pro Sprache “.lproj”Ordner
  • 39. Base Localization … /* Class = "IBUILabel"; text = "Loaded by SecondViewController"; ObjectID = "NDk-cv-Gan"; */ "NDk-cv-Gan.text" = "Loaded by SecondViewController"; " /* Class = "IBUILabel"; text = "First View"; ObjectID = "KQZ-1w-vlD"; */ "KQZ-1w-vlD.text" = "First View"; …
  • 40. Base Localization Preview in Assistant Editor Xcode 6: Pick Language Double-Length Pseudo- Language Auto Layout
  • 42. NSLocalizedString Example [button setTitle:NSLocalizedString(@"reset.counter.button.title", 
 @"Reset Counter action button")
 forState:…]; genstrings — Localizable.strings /* Reset Counter action button */
 "reset.counter.button.title" = "Zurücksetzen";
  • 44. .strings Files Updates? Use ibtool every time you update your labels and text.
 In the Base.lproj folder:
 
 ibtool ChangedNib.xib --generate-strings- file NewStrings.strings
 
 Open the generated output file and copy all new string entries to ChangedNib.strings in each lproj. #fail
  • 46. Do not normalize text DRY! — Do Repeat Yourself [NSString stringWithFormat:@”…”]
  • 47. Do not normalize text DRY! — Do Repeat Yourself [NSString stringWithFormat:@”…”] Localizable.strings “count” = “Anzahl” “game” = “Spiel” “reset” = “zurücksetzen” “save” = “sparen” “thumbnail” = “Daumennagel”
  • 48. Do not normalize text DRY! — Do Repeat Yourself [NSString stringWithFormat:@”…”] Localizable.strings “count” = “Anzahl” “game” = “Spiel” “reset” = “zurücksetzen” “save” = “sparen” “thumbnail” = “Daumennagel” “reset count” ”zurücksetzen Anzahl” “save game” “sparen Spiel” …
  • 50. Do not normalize text Context and grammar are lost
  • 51. Do not normalize text Context and grammar are lost Structure of sentences
  • 52. Do not normalize text Context and grammar are lost Structure of sentences Declination & conjugation …
  • 53. Do not normalize text Context and grammar are lost Structure of sentences Declination & conjugation … Use dedicated strings per use case
  • 54. Do not normalize text Context and grammar are lost Structure of sentences Declination & conjugation … Use dedicated strings per use case “reset.counter.button” = “Auf 0 stellen”
  • 55. Do not normalize text Context and grammar are lost Structure of sentences Declination & conjugation … Use dedicated strings per use case “reset.counter.button” = “Auf 0 stellen” Context for translators
  • 56. Do not normalize text Context and grammar are lost Structure of sentences Declination & conjugation … Use dedicated strings per use case “reset.counter.button” = “Auf 0 stellen” Context for translators Use self explanatory keys
  • 57. Do not normalize text Context and grammar are lost Structure of sentences Declination & conjugation … Use dedicated strings per use case “reset.counter.button” = “Auf 0 stellen” Context for translators Use self explanatory keys Provide useful comments (button vs. label, approx. length, etc.)
  • 58. Variables Parameters [NSString stringWithFormat:
 NSLocalizedString(@"click.counter.label",
 @"P1: Current Click Count."),
 self.clickCount] " /* P1: Current Click Count. */
 "click.counter.label" = "%1d x geklickt”;
  • 59. Variables Document parameter order! “Zeige 4 von 12 gesamt” “Total 12 — Showing 4” /* … Param 1: current page; Param 2: total count */
 "current.page.label" = “Zeige %1d von %2d gesamt”;
 
 /* … Param 1: current page; Param 2: total count */
 "current.page.label" = “Total %2d — Showing %1d”;
  • 60. Special cases: 0 and 1 Plurals Englisch German 0 No books Keine Bücher 1 One book Ein Buch sonstiges 100 books 100 Bücher Localizable.strings “books.0” = “No Books” “books.1” = “One Book” “books.n” = “%1d books” “books.0” = “Keine Bücher” “books.1” = “Ein Buch” “books.n” = “%1d Bücher” If-else-clause in the code: Problem solved.
  • 61. Englisch Deutsch 0 No books Keine Bücher 1 1 book 1 Buch Vielleicht nicht ganz… Plural
  • 62. Englisch Deutsch 0 No books Keine Bücher 1 1 book 1 Buch 2 2 books 2 Bücher wenige 3 books 3 Bücher viele 11 books 11 Bücher sonstiges 100 books 100 Bücher Vielleicht nicht ganz… Plural
  • 63. 0 1 2 wenige viele sonstiges Englisch No books 1 book 2 books 3 books 11 books 100 books German Keine Bücher 1 Buch 2 Bücher 3 Bücher 11 Bücher 100 Bücher Or is it…? Plural
  • 64. 0 1 2 wenige viele sonstiges Englisch No books 1 book 2 books 3 books 11 books 100 books German Keine Bücher 1 Buch 2 Bücher 3 Bücher 11 Bücher 100 Bücher Arabic ‫كتاب‬ ٠ ‫كتاب‬ ‫كتابان‬ ‫كتب‬ ٣ ‫ا‬ً‫ب‬‫كتا‬ ١١ ‫كتاب‬ ١٠٠ Or is it…? Plural
  • 65. .strings + .stringsdict * http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html#ar
  • 66. .strings + .stringsdict Available since iOS7 * http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html#ar
  • 67. .strings + .stringsdict Available since iOS7 Implements (Unicode*) localization rules for Plural Gender [rdar://16670931] * http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html#ar
  • 68. .strings + .stringsdict Available since iOS7 Implements (Unicode*) localization rules for Plural Gender [rdar://16670931] Plist Format Name must match .strings .strings must exist, but may be empty * http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html#ar
  • 69. .strings + .stringsdict https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/releasenotes/Foundation/↩︎ RN-Foundation/index.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP30000742-CH2-SW56 <dict>
     <key>files.selected.label.%d</key>
     <dict>
         <key>NSStringLocalizedFormatKey</key>
 <string>%#@num_files_are@ selected</string>
         <key>num_files_are</key>
  <dict>
             <key>NSStringFormatSpecTypeKey</key>
 <string>NSStringPluralRuleType</string>
             <key>NSStringFormatValueTypeKey</key>
 <string>d</string>
             <key>zero</key>    <string>No file is</string>
             <key>one</key>     <string>A file is</string>
             <key>other</key>   <string>%d files are</string>
         </dict>
     </dict>
 </dict>
  • 70. .stringsdict Categories per language according to Unicode iOS additionally supports„zero“ category for all languages Others, e. g.„few“, depend on language
  • 71. String Tables Localizable.strings Default used by NSLocalizedString() Big projects — big file Can be split NSLocalizedStringFromTable(“MyController”,“Key”,“Comment”) MyController.strings Project structure — Context for translators 3rd party code Also works for .stringsdict
  • 73. Date and Time NSDateFormatter
  • 74. Date and Time Transforms between NSDate and NSString +[NSDateFormatter localizedStringFromDate:dateStyle:timeStyle:]
 -[NSDateFormatter setLocale:] NSDateFormatter
  • 75. Date and Time Transforms between NSDate and NSString +[NSDateFormatter localizedStringFromDate:dateStyle:timeStyle:]
 -[NSDateFormatter setLocale:] NSDateFormatterStyle NSDateFormatter
  • 76. Date and Time Transforms between NSDate and NSString +[NSDateFormatter localizedStringFromDate:dateStyle:timeStyle:]
 -[NSDateFormatter setLocale:] NSDateFormatterStyle German / Germany Englisch / USA NSDateFormatter
  • 77. Date and Time Transforms between NSDate and NSString +[NSDateFormatter localizedStringFromDate:dateStyle:timeStyle:]
 -[NSDateFormatter setLocale:] NSDateFormatterStyle German / Germany Englisch / USA Short 08.07.14 22:32 7/8/14,10:32 PM NSDateFormatter
  • 78. Date and Time Transforms between NSDate and NSString +[NSDateFormatter localizedStringFromDate:dateStyle:timeStyle:]
 -[NSDateFormatter setLocale:] NSDateFormatterStyle German / Germany Englisch / USA Short 08.07.14 22:32 7/8/14,10:32 PM Medium 08.07.2014 22:32:36 Jul 8, 2014, 10:32:36 PM NSDateFormatter
  • 79. Date and Time Transforms between NSDate and NSString +[NSDateFormatter localizedStringFromDate:dateStyle:timeStyle:]
 -[NSDateFormatter setLocale:] NSDateFormatterStyle German / Germany Englisch / USA Short 08.07.14 22:32 7/8/14,10:32 PM Medium 08.07.2014 22:32:36 Jul 8, 2014, 10:32:36 PM Long 8. Juli 2014 22:32:36 MESZ Jul 8, 2014, 10:32:36 PM GMT+2 NSDateFormatter
  • 80. Date and Time Transforms between NSDate and NSString +[NSDateFormatter localizedStringFromDate:dateStyle:timeStyle:]
 -[NSDateFormatter setLocale:] NSDateFormatterStyle German / Germany Englisch / USA Short 08.07.14 22:32 7/8/14,10:32 PM Medium 08.07.2014 22:32:36 Jul 8, 2014, 10:32:36 PM Long 8. Juli 2014 22:32:36 MESZ Jul 8, 2014, 10:32:36 PM GMT+2 Full Dienstag, 8. Juli 2014 12:32:36 Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit Tuesday, July 8, 2014 at 12:39:16 PM Central European Summer Time NSDateFormatter
  • 81. Date and Time Transforms between NSDate and NSString +[NSDateFormatter localizedStringFromDate:dateStyle:timeStyle:]
 -[NSDateFormatter setLocale:] NSDateFormatterStyle German / Germany Englisch / USA Short 08.07.14 22:32 7/8/14,10:32 PM Medium 08.07.2014 22:32:36 Jul 8, 2014, 10:32:36 PM Long 8. Juli 2014 22:32:36 MESZ Jul 8, 2014, 10:32:36 PM GMT+2 Full Dienstag, 8. Juli 2014 12:32:36 Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit Tuesday, July 8, 2014 at 12:39:16 PM Central European Summer Time No - - NSDateFormatter
  • 82. Date and Time NSDateFormatter.h typedef enum {
 NSDateFormatterNoStyle = …,
 NSDateFormatterShortStyle = …,
 NSDateFormatterMediumStyle = …,
 NSDateFormatterLongStyle = …,
 NSDateFormatterFullStyle = …
 } NSDateFormatterStyle Combine for date and time portions NSDateFormatterNoStyle — only date / time Get updated with the OS NSDateFormatter
  • 83. Date and Time NSDateFormatter * http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Contents
  • 84. Date and Time What if defaults are not suitable? NSDateFormatter * http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Contents
  • 85. Date and Time What if defaults are not suitable? Do not use hard coded format strings! NSDateFormatter * http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Contents
  • 86. Date and Time What if defaults are not suitable? Do not use hard coded format strings! Unicode Locale Data Markup Language* NSDateFormatter * http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Contents
  • 87. Date and Time What if defaults are not suitable? Do not use hard coded format strings! Unicode Locale Data Markup Language* [f setDateFormat:[NSDateFormatter
 dateFormatFromTemplate:@"u QQ" 
 options:0
 locale:LOCALE_EN_US]];
 
 NSLog(@“%@", [f stringFromDate:july8th); NSDateFormatter * http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Contents
  • 88. Date and Time What if defaults are not suitable? Do not use hard coded format strings! Unicode Locale Data Markup Language* [f setDateFormat:[NSDateFormatter
 dateFormatFromTemplate:@"u QQ" 
 options:0
 locale:LOCALE_EN_US]];
 
 NSLog(@“%@", [f stringFromDate:july8th); Q3 2014 NSDateFormatter * http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Contents
  • 89. Relative formatting [formatter setDoesRelativeDateFormatting:YES];
 
 NSLog(@“%@, %@, %@…", [formatter stringFromDate:GESTERN],
 [formatter stringFromDate:HEUTE],
 [formatter stringFromDate:MORGEN]);
 Gestern, Heute, Morgen… [de_DE] Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow… [en_US] Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow…
  • 90. NSDateComponentsFormatter Formats durations [f stringFromTimeInterval:1234.0]) // seconds About 20 minutes remaining NSDateIntervalFormatter Formats time intervals [f stringFromDate:NOW toDate:LATER]) 09.07.14 12:10-13:13 Coming up next: iOS8
  • 95. Numbers Decimal separators Grouping characters Currency symbols … " NSNumberFormatter API similar to NSDateFormatter
  • 96. Numbers NSNumberFormatter German / Germany English / USA No 1234,56 1234.56 Decimal 1.234,56 1,234.56 Currency 1.234,56 € $1,234.56 Percent 123.456% 123,456% Scientific 1,23456E+03 1.23456E3 SpellOut eintausendzweihundertvier- unddreißig Komma fünf sechs one thousand two hundred thirty- four point five six
  • 97. Numbers NSNumberFormatter.h enum {
 NSNumberFormatterNoStyle = …,
 NSNumberFormatterDecimalStyle = …,
 NSNumberFormatterCurrencyStyle = …,
 NSNumberFormatterPercentStyle = …,
 NSNumberFormatterScientificStyle = …,
 NSNumberFormatterSpellOutStyle = …
 }
 typedef NSUInteger NSNumberFormatterStyle
  • 99. Numbers NSNumberFormatter* f = [[NSNumberFormatter alloc] init];
 f.numberStyle = NSNumberFormatterNoStyle; f.locale = LOCALE_DE_AT;
 NSLog(@"NoStyle de_AT: %@", [f stringFromNumber:@(1234.56)]); f.locale = LOCALE_EN_US;
 f.maximumFractionDigits = 2;
 NSLog(@“NoStyle en_US: %@", [f stringFromNumber:@(1234.56)]); NSNumberFormatter
  • 100. Numbers NSNumberFormatter* f = [[NSNumberFormatter alloc] init];
 f.numberStyle = NSNumberFormatterNoStyle; f.locale = LOCALE_DE_AT;
 NSLog(@"NoStyle de_AT: %@", [f stringFromNumber:@(1234.56)]); f.locale = LOCALE_EN_US;
 f.maximumFractionDigits = 2;
 NSLog(@“NoStyle en_US: %@", [f stringFromNumber:@(1234.56)]); NoStyle de_AT: 1235 NoStyle en_US: 1234.56 NSNumberFormatter
  • 101. Numbers Many more customization options maximumFractionDigits usesSignificantDigits minimum/maximumSignificantDigits paddingCharacter roundingMode, roundingIncrement … NSNumberFormatter
  • 102. Data Volume NSByteCountFormatter File size, amount of memory Picks suitable unit automatically Non-numeric display Allow Non-Numeric Zero KB File 1,234.57 GB Memory 1,149.78 GB
  • 103. Coming up next: iOS8 NSEnergyFormatter Energy in joule, calories etc. NSLengthFormatter Distance, in miles, kilometers etc. NSMassFormatter Mass and weight in pounds, kg etc.
  • 106. UI Elements -[UIImage imageNamed:@"myImage"]; Put image files into .lproj folders Does not work for asset catalogues
  • 107. Launch Image Disable asset catalogue Launch images in .lproj folders Follows usual naming conventions for Retina Orientation iPhone vs. iPad
  • 108. Other Ressources Same as images Lookup via -[[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:ofType:] Use cases HTML Text files
  • 109. App Name Info.plist Application has localized Display Name <key>LSHasLocalizedDisplayName</key>
 <true /> InfoPlist.strings "CFBundleDisplayName" = "国际范例";
  • 111. Cover the Basics Locale based formatting NSDateFormatter NSNumberFormatter NSByteCountFormatter Careful and diligent translation Remember resources besides the source code
  • 112. Next Steps Images resources Launch Images (if relevant) Addresses, names Right-to-left support Location based pre-selection of units (miles, km etc.) Pre-selection for pickers, options etc. Color scheme …
  • 113. Summary Initialer effort can be significant Full translation Code refactoring Create workflows and pick tools Ongoing maintenance rather easy Consider relevance of individual measures for your audience
  • 115. Questions? Daniel Schneller — @dschneller 
 daniel.schneller@centerdevice.com