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©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
CHAPTER 10| Long-Run Economic Growth:
Sources and Policies
Brief Chapter Summary and Learning Objectives
10.1 Economic Growth over Time and around the World (pages 304–308)
Define economic growth, calculate economic growth rates, and describe global trends in
economic growth.
▪ Real GDP per capita is the best measure of a country’s standard of living. Economic
growth occurs when real GDP per capita increases.
10.2 What Determines How Fast Economies Grow? (pages 308–315)
Use the economic growth model to explain why growth rates differ across countries.
▪ Labor productivity increases if there is an increase in the amount of capital available to
each worker or if there is an improvement in technology.
10.3 Economic Growth in the United States (pages 315–319)
Discuss fluctuations in productivity growth in the United States.
▪ Productivity in the United States grew rapidly from the end of World War II until the
mid-1970s, then slowed down for 20 years, before increasing again after 1995.
10.4 Why Isn’t the Whole World Rich? (pages 319–326)
Explain economic catch-up and discuss why many poor countries have not experienced
rapid economic growth.
▪ The economic growth model predicts that poor countries will grow faster than rich
countries, resulting in catch-up.
10.5 Growth Policies (pages 326–328)
Discuss government policies that foster economic growth.
▪ Governments can attempt to increase economic growth through policies that enhance
property rights and the rule of law, improve health and education, subsidize research and
development, and provide incentives for savings and investment.
Key Terms
Catch-up, p. 319. The prediction that the level
of GDP per capita (or income per capita) in poor
countries will grow faster than in rich countries.
Economic growth model, p. 308. A model that
explains growth rates in real GDP per capita
over the long run.

204 CHAPTER 10 | Long-Run Economic Growth: Sources and Policies
Foreign direct investment (FDI), p. 325. The
purchase or building by a corporation of a
facility in a foreign country.
Foreign portfolio investment, p. 325. The
purchase by an individual or a firm of stocks or
bonds issued in another country.
Globalization, p. 326. The process of countries
becoming more open to foreign trade and
investment.
Human capital, p. 309. The accumulated
knowledge and skills that workers acquire from
education and training or from their life
experiences.
Industrial Revolution, p. 305. The application
of mechanical power to the production of goods,
beginning in England around 1750.
Labor productivity, p. 308. The quantity of
goods and services that can be produced by one
worker or by one hour of work.
New growth theory, p. 313. A model of long-
run economic growth that emphasizes that
technological change is influenced by economic
incentives and so is determined by the working
of the market system.
Patent, p. 314. The exclusive right to produce a
product for a period of 20 years from the date
the product is invented.
Per-worker production function, p. 309. The
relationship between real GDP per hour worked
and capital per hour worked, holding the level of
technology constant.
Property rights, p. 323. The rights individuals
or firms have to the exclusive use of their
property, including the right to buy or sell it.
Rule of law, p. 323. The ability of a government
to enforce the laws of the country, particularly
with respect to protecting private property and
enforcing contracts.
Technological change, p. 309. A change in the
quantity of output a firm can produce using a
given quantity of inputs.
Chapter Outline
Google’s Dilemma in China
When Google expanded into China in 2006 the government insisted that Google block searches of
sensitive topics and that it stop showing results from some foreign Web sites. In recent years China has
experienced rapid economic growth in the context of government regulations that may stifle that growth.
The Chinese government has failed to fully establish the rule of law, particularly with respect to the
consistent enforcement of property rights. Without the rule of law entrepreneurs cannot fulfill their role in
the market system of bringing together the factors of production to produce goods and services.
>>Teaching Tips
Economics in YOUR LIFE!: Would You Be Better Off without China? asks students if they would
prefer to live in a world with the Chinese economy growing very rapidly or in a world with the Chinese
economy being very poor and growing slowly. Students can compare their answers with those provided
by the authors at the end of the chapter. An Inside Look at the end of this chapter discusses the Chinese
government’s attempts to spur economic growth through higher investment spending.

CHAPTER 10 | Long-Run Economic Growth: Sources and Policies 205
10.1 Economic Growth over Time and around the World (pages 304–308)
Learning Objective: Define economic growth, calculate economic growth rates, and describe
global trends in economic growth.
A. Economic Growth from 1,000,000 B.C. to the Present
No sustained economic growth occurred between 1,000,000 B.C. and 1300 AD. Significant growth did
not begin until the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution refers to the application of
mechanical power to the production of goods, beginning in England around 1750. Before that time,
production of goods had relied almost exclusively on human or animal power. First England, and then
other countries, experienced long-run economic growth with sustained increases in real GDP per capita.
B. Small Differences in Growth Rates Are Important
Because of compounding, over long periods small differences in economic growth rates result in big
differences in living standards.
C. Why Do Growth Rates Matter?
Growth rates matter because an economy that grows too slowly fails to raise living standards. In some
countries in Africa and Asia, very little economic growth has occurred in the past 50 years, resulting in
severe poverty.
D. “The Rich Get Richer and …”
The world can be divided into two groups: the high-income countries (or the industrial countries) and the
poorer countries (or developing countries). The high-income countries include the countries of western
Europe, Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and the United States. The developing countries include
most of the countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In the 1980s and 1990s, a small group of
countries, mostly East Asian countries such as Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan, experienced high
growth rates and are referred to as the newly industrializing countries.
>>Teaching Tips
The first Making the Connection in this section explains why the Industrial Revolution began in England
rather than another country. See related problem 1.3. The second Making the Connection explains how
countries like Japan that started experiencing sustained high growth rates earlier compared to other countries
like China, enjoy higher standards of living today. See related problem 1.7. Don’t Let This Happen To
YOU! emphasizes the difference between an average annual percentage change and a total percentage
change. See related problem 1.6.
Extra Solved Problem 10-1
Economic Growth in the U.S. Since 1929
Supports Learning Objective 10.1: Define economic growth, calculate economic growth rates, and
describe global trends in economic growth.
Figure 10-1 in the textbook shows that the world’s average annual growth rate of real GDP per capita in
the period 1800 to 1900 was 1.3 percent and equaled 2.3 percent from 1900 to 2000. Hubbard and
O’Brien comment: “In the long run, small differences in economic growth rates result in big differences
in living standards” (page 306 in the textbook). The Bureau of Economic Analysis has estimated that the
real gross domestic product (in 2005 prices) of the United States in 1929 was $977.0 billion. The table
below shows what real GDP would be for 1930 assuming that the growth rate of GDP was 1.3 percent,

2.3 percent and 3.3 percent from 1920 to 1930. The estimated values for 1930 were obtained by
multiplying $977 billion by 1.013, 1.023 and 1.033 respectively.
Estimated Real GDP For the U.S.
for Various Growth Rates
1.3
percent
2.3
percent
3.3
percent
1930 $990 billion $999 billion 1,009 billion
The differences in estimated real GDP for 1930 seem small, but how different would GDP be if these
growth rates continued through 2008?
Estimate real GDP for the U.S. if the economy grew from 1930 to 2008 at three different growth rates: (a)
1.3 percent annually (b) 2.3 percent annually, and (c) 3.3 percent annually.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. http://www.bea.gov/
SOLVING THE PROBLEM:
Step 1: Review the chapter material.
This problem concerns the importance of economic growth over time, so you may want to
review the section “Economic Growth over Time and around the World,” which begins on
page 304 in the textbook.
Step 2: Estimate real GDP for the U.S. if the economy grew from 1930 to 2008 at three
different growth rates: (a) 1.3 percent (b) 2.3 percent and (c) 3.3 percent.
The table below shows what real GDP would be in 2008 if real GDP grew at three different
rates.
Estimated Real GDP For the U.S.
for Various Growth Rates
1.3
percent
2.3
percent
3.3
percent
2008 $2,746 billion $6,025 billion $13,120 billion
The actual real GDP for 2008 was $13,312, almost equal to the estimated value assuming a
3.3 percent growth rate. This is almost five times the estimated real GDP assuming a 1.3
percent rate of growth is more than twice as great as the estimated real GDP assuming a 2.3
percent rate of growth. This shows how apparently small differences in growth rates,
compounded for eighty years, can result in very different levels of real GDP.
10.2 What Determines How Fast Economies Grow? (pages 308–315)
Learning Objective: Use the economic growth model to explain why growth rates differ
across countries.
The economic growth model is a model that explains growth rates in real GDP per capita in the long run.
This model focuses on the causes of long-run increases in labor productivity, which is the quantity of
goods and services that can be produced by one worker or by one hour of work. Economists believe that
two key factors determine labor productivity: the quantity of capital per hour worked and the level of

technology. Technological change is a change in the quantity of output a firm can produce using a given
quantity of inputs. There are three main sources of technological change:
a. Better machinery and equipment, such as the steam engine and computers.
b. Increases in human capital.
c. Better means of organizing and managing production, such as the just-in-time system used by
firms to assemble goods at the exact time needed.
An economy will have a higher standard of living the more capital it has per hour worked, the better the
capital, the more human capital workers have, and the better job business managers do in organizing
production. Human capital is the accumulated knowledge and skills that workers acquire from education
and training or from their life experiences.
A. The Per-Worker Production Function
The economic growth model can be illustrated by using the per-worker production function, the
relationship between real GDP per hour worked and capital per hour worked, holding the level of
technology constant. Increases in the quantity of capital per hour worked result in movements up the per-
worker production function. Equal increases in the amount of capital per hour worked lead to diminishing
increases in output per hour worked; the addition of one more unit of one input to a fixed quantity of
another input makes output increase by smaller additional amounts.
B. Which Is More Important for Economic Growth: More Capital or Technological
Change?
Technological change helps economies avoid diminishing returns to capital.
C. Technological Change: The Key to Sustaining Economic Growth
Technological change shifts up the per-worker production function and allows an economy to produce
more real output per hour worked with the same quantity of capital per hour worked. In the long run, a
country will experience an increasing standard of living only if it experiences continuing technological
change.
D. New Growth Theory
The new growth theory is a model of long-run economic growth that emphasizes that technological
change is influenced by economic incentives and so is determined by the working of the market system.
Paul Romer, who developed the new growth theory, argues that the rate of technological change is
influenced by how individuals and firms respond to economic incentives. Firms add to an economy’s
stock of knowledge capital when they engage in research and development or otherwise contribute to
technological change. Romer argues that the accumulation of knowledge capital is subject to diminishing
returns at the firm level, but at the level of the entire economy knowledge capital is subject to increasing
returns. The use of knowledge capital is nonrival because one firm’s using that knowledge does not
prevent another firm from using it. Romer points out that firms are unlikely to engage in research and
development up to the point where the marginal cost of the research equals the marginal return from the
knowledge gained because much of the marginal return will be gained by other firms. Government policy
can help increase the accumulation of knowledge capital in three ways:
a. Protecting intellectual property with patents and copyrights. A patent gives a firm the exclusive
right to a new product for a period of 20 years from the date the product is invented.

b. Subsidizing research and development.
c. Subsidizing education.
There policies can bring the accumulation of knowledge capital closer to the optimal level.
E. Joseph Schumpeter and Creative Destruction
The new growth theory has revived interest in the ideas of Joseph Schumpeter. Schumpeter developed a
model of growth that emphasized his view that new products drive older products – and the firms that
produce them – out of the market. For Schumpeter, the key to rising living standards is not small changes
in existing products but new products that meet consumer needs in qualitatively different ways. The
entrepreneur is central to economic growth. Successful entrepreneurs can use their profits to finance the
development of new products.
>>Teaching Tips
Making the Connection in this section explains how the economic growth model can explain the
economic collapse of the Soviet Union. See related problem 2.10. Solved Problem 10-2 also uses the
economic growth model, and the information from the Making the Connection, to analyze the problems
the Soviet Union encountered in its attempt to achieve a high rate of growth. See related problems 2.7
and 2.8.
10.3
Economic Growth in the United States (pages 315–319)
Learning Objective: Discuss fluctuations in productivity growth in the United States.
The economic growth model can help us understand the record of growth in the United States.
A. Economic Growth in the United States since 1950
Productivity in the United States grew rapidly from the end of World War II until the mid-1970s. Growth
then slowed down for 20 years. Beginning in the mid-1990s, the growth rate picked up again, although it
remained below the levels of the immediate post-World War II period.
B. What Caused the Productivity Slowdown of 1973–1994?
Leading explanations for the productivity slowdown of the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s are: a)
measurement problems, b) high oil prices, and c) a decline in labor quality. Because all high-income
economies began producing more services and fewer goods and enacted environmental regulation at the
same time, explanations of the productivity slowdown that emphasize measurement problems become
more plausible. However, economists have not reached a consensus on why the productivity slowdown
took place.
C. Has the “New Economy” Increased Productivity?
Some economists argue that the development of a “new economy” based on information technology
caused the higher productivity growth that began in the mid-1990s. Faster data processing has had a
major impact on nearly every firm. Many economists are optimistic that the increases in productivity will
continue. Other economists are skeptical about the ability of the economy to sustain high rates of
productivity growth.

D. Why Has Productivity Growth Been Faster in the United States than in Other
Countries?
Unlike the earlier productivity slowdown, the increase in productivity since the mid-1990s has not been
experienced by all high-income countries. From 1995 to 2008, productivity growth was significantly
higher in the United States. Many economists believe there are two main explanations: a) the greater
flexibility of U.S. labor markets, and b) the greater efficiency of the U.S. financial system.
>>Teaching Tips
Figure 10-5 shows average annual growth rates in real GDP per hour worked in the U.S. between 1800
and 2008. Figure 10-6 shows productivity growth in seven high-income economies between 1995 and
2008.
U.S. Productivity Growth and Employment
Supports Learning Objective 10.3: Discuss fluctuations in productivity growth in the United States.
Hubbard and O’Brien describe the productivity slowdown from 1973 to 1995 in which the annual growth
rate of real GDP per hour worked in the United States was 1 percentage point per year lower than during
the 1950–1972 period. Although the reasons for this anemic growth are still not certain, the subsequent
increase in productivity growth to an annual average rate of 2.5 percent was welcome news to economists.
But others have pointed to a dark lining in this silver cloud. The economic expansion that began after the
2001 recession was frequently referred to as a “jobless recovery” in newspaper and magazine articles.
Writers argued that faster productivity growth allowed employers to increase production without
increasing employment. Although employment growth subsequently increased, the concern expressed for
workers’ jobs highlights two different views of productivity. In the Federal Reserve Bank of San
Francisco’s Economic Letter, Carl Walsh wrote:
If higher productivity allows firms to shed workers, how can it raise wages and living
standards? If productivity does lead to improved wages and living standards, why do so many
feel the recent productivity growth has left workers behind?
Walsh notes that productivity growth and changes in technology cause structural changes that result in
increased production and employment in some industries and reductions in production and employment in
other industries. For example, the growth in demand for word processors and personal computers resulted
in a decline in the demand for typewriters. Small changes in overall employment mask what often are
large increases in employment and unemployment in individual industries. In other words, the negative
impact of productivity on employment occurs in the short run while the positive impact of productivity on
employment occurs in the long run.
…the long-run perspective emphasizes that an increase in labor productivity increases
potential GDP…by allowing more output to be produced with the same level of employment,
but it also increases employment because it decreases the cost of labor to firms and promotes
the creation of new industries.
Source: Carl E. Walsh, “The Productivity and Jobs Connection: The Long and the Short of It.” FRBSF Economic Letter. July 16,
2004.
The average annual growth rate of real GDP per hour worked from 1950 to 1972 was 2.6 percent.
Examine the fluctuations in the annual unemployment rate for this period in Figure 8-4 on page 244 in the

textbook. Is the behavior of the unemployment rate consistent with Carl Walsh’s explanation of the
impact of productivity growth on employment?
This problem concerns fluctuations in productivity growth so you may want to review the
section “Economic Growth in the United States,” which begins on page 315 in the textbook.
Step 2: Is the behavior of the unemployment rate consistent with Carl Walsh’s explanation
of the impact of productivity growth on employment?
Yes. Despite the relatively large increases in productivity from 1950 to 1972, the rate of
unemployment did not have an upward trend. Most of the fluctuation in the unemployment
rate occurred during recessions. This is consistent with the argument that increases in
productivity lead to increased employment in the long run. Other data are needed to show
how much total employment changed and which industries experienced job gains and losses.
Extra Making
the
Connection
Productivity Gains Limit Recession’s Impact on Job
Cuts
Productivity growth in the United States since 1995 has been higher than in most other high-income
countries. Increases in productivity result in higher per capita incomes over time, but the severe recession
of 2007–2009 revealed another consequence of productivity growth in many U.S. manufacturing firms: a
smaller number of job losses than occurred in past recessions. Donald Washkewicz, chief executive of
Parker-Hannifin Corporation, a manufacturer of parts used in applications including aerospace, climate
control and hydraulics, noted the importance of productivity gains to his company. “Because of
productivity gains, every one of my people carries more dollars in sales today. If I need to cut back, I
have to cut back fewer people to achieve the same goal.” Where in 2000, the average Parker employee
was responsible for about $125,000 in sales by 2009 this figure rose to about $200,000. Though the
recession resulted in about 1.3 million job losses through 2009, analysts believe that fewer jobs were lost
than were expected given the depth of the recession. During the last years of the 20th
century many
factories did so-called “batch work” which required many workers who performed identical tasks. In
recent years, many of these less-skilled jobs have moved to other countries while U.S. companies have
streamlined their operations and hired fewer, more highly trained workers. Between January 2000 and
December 2007, before the recession began, employment in manufacturing fell by 3.5 million but
production still rose by 10 percent. Kurt Karl, an economist at insurance firm Swiss Re, explains “When
you get down to where we are now, where manufacturing is less than 10% of the employed population,
there just isn’t much more you can cut.” Another reason for the lower number of job losses from the
recession was given by Donald Washewicz, who notes his reluctance to lay off workers Parker-Hannifin
has spent considerable time and money to train. “You want to sustain those skills.”
Source: Timothy Aeppel and Justin Lahart, “Lean Factories Find It Hard to Cut Jobs Even in a Slump, Wall Street Journal, March 9,
2009

10.4 Why Isn’t the Whole World Rich? (pages 319–326)
Learning Objective: Explain economic catch-up and discuss why many poor countries have
not experienced rapid economic growth.
The economic growth model tells us that economies grow when the quantity of capital per hour worked
increases and when technological change takes place. The profitability of using additional capital or better
technology is generally greater in a developing country than in a high-income country. The economic
growth model predicts that poor countries will grow faster than rich countries. Catch-up is the prediction
that the level of GDP per capita (or income per capita) in poor countries will grow faster than in rich
countries. The paradox is that lower-income industrial countries have been catching up to the higher-
income industrial countries, but the developing countries as a group have not been catching up to the
industrial countries as a group.
A. Catch-up: Sometimes, but Not Always
To illustrate whether catch-up is happening a graph can be used. The initial level of GDP per capita is
measured along the horizontal axis and the vertical axis shows the rate at which GDP per capita is
growing. Low-income countries should be in the upper-left part of the graph and high-income countries
should be in the lower-right part of the graph. Some countries, such as Niger and Madagascar, that had
low levels of real GDP per capita in 1960 had lower levels of real GDP per capita in 2008 than in 1960.
Other countries, such as Malaysia and South Korea that started with low levels of real GDP per capita,
grew rapidly.
B. Why Don’t More Low-Income Countries Experience Rapid Growth?
Some poor countries do not experience rapid growth for four main reasons:
a. Failure to enforce the rule of law. The rule of law is the ability of a government to enforce the
laws of the country, particularly with respect to protecting private property and enforcing
contracts.
b. Wars and revolutions.
c. Poor public education and health.
d. Low rates of saving and investment.
Property rights are the rights individuals or firms have to the exclusive use of their property, including
the right to buy or sell it.
C. The Benefits of Globalization
One way for a developing country to break out of the vicious cycle of low saving and investment and low
growth is through foreign direct investment. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is the purchase or building
by a corporation of a facility in a foreign country.
Foreign portfolio investment is the purchase by an individual or a firm of stock or bonds issued in
another country. Globalization is the process of countries becoming more open to foreign trade and
investment.

>>Teaching Tips
Solved Problem 10-4 uses real GDP per capita for several countries to test the economic growth model.
See related problems 4.4 and 4.5. Making the Connection in this section describes how the degree to
which delegates to the United Nations ignore parking tickets can be used as a reflection of the tolerance
for corruption in their countries. See related problem 4.7.
10.5
Growth Policies (pages 326–328)
Learning Objective: Discuss government policies that foster economic growth.
A. Enhancing Property Rights and the Rule of Law
Entrepreneurs are unlikely to risk their own funds unless property is safe from being arbitrarily seized. In
many developing countries the rule of law and property rights are undermined by corruption. Research
has shown that countries where corruption is most widespread grow much more slowly than countries
where corruption is less of a problem.
B. Improving Health and Education
As people’s health improves and they became taller, stronger, and less susceptible to disease, they also
become more productive. Many economists believe that government subsidies to education have played
an important role in promoting economic growth.
The rising incomes that result from economic growth can help developing countries deal with brain drain.
Brain drain refers to highly educated and successful individuals leaving developing countries for high-
income countries.
C. Policies that Promote Technological Change
Government policies that facilitate access to technology are crucial for low-income countries. The easiest
way for developing countries to gain access to technology is through foreign direct investment. In high-
income countries, government policies can aid the growth of technology by subsidizing research and
development.
D. Policies that Promote Saving and Investment
Governments can increase incentives for firms to engage in investment in physical capital by using
investment tax credits. These credits allow firms to deduct from their taxes some fraction of the funds
they have spent on investment.
E. Is Economic Growth Good or Bad?
The arguments against further economic growth tend to be motivated either by concern about the effects
of growth on the environment or by concern about the effects of the globalization process that has
accompanied economic growth in recent years.
What is the Proper Role for Government in Promoting Growth?
Supports Learning Objective 10.5: Discuss government policies that foster economic growth.
One popular explanation for the persistent poverty of developing nations is a lack of natural resources.
But Hong Kong and Japan have relatively few natural resources, yet experienced more rapid economic

growth in recent decades than nations with abundant supplies of resources. Economist Paul Romer has
argued that it is ideas, not natural resources, that poor countries lack most.
The knowledge needed to provide citizens of the poorest countries with a vastly improved
standard of living already exists in the advanced countries. If a poor nation invests in
education and does not destroy the incentives for its citizens to acquire ideas from the rest of
the world, it can rapidly take advantage of the publicly available part of…knowledge. If…it
offers incentives for privately held ideas to be put to use within its borders its citizens can
soon work in state-of-the-art productive activities.
In the United States and developed countries most economists support three government policies that
encourage the production and dissemination of new knowledge:
▪ Subsidies for education
▪ Competitive grants for basic research
▪ Patents and copyrights
Romer warns that it is important to limit government’s power over economic policy:
…if the government has important discretionary power over economic affairs, members of
government can all too easily divert that power…to private use. The challenge…is…to invent
new institutions that support a high level of commercially relevant research in the private
sector…and…must not be vulnerable to capture by narrow interests.
Source: Paul M. Romer, “Economic Growth.” The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.
http://wwweconlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicGrowth.html.
a. Paul Romer states that most economists favor government subsidies for education and basic
research. Why do economists believe that government, rather than private firms and individuals,
should subsidize these activities?
b. Romer warns that “…members of government can all too easily” divert power over economic
policy to private use. Explain Romer’s concern.
This problem concerns policies that can foster economic growth, so you may want to review
the section “Growth Policies,” which begins on page 326 in the textbook.
Step 2: Why do economists believe that government, rather than private firms and
individuals, should subsidize education and basic research?
Private firms have little incentive to invest resources in activities that, if successful, are not
profitable. The social returns to investment in education and basic research are significant,
but these returns are spread throughout the economy. Therefore, firms may not undertake
research that would increase economic growth and benefit the whole economy because the
research would not be profitable. A government subsidy may be necessary to provide firms
with the incentive to invest in research.
Step 3: Romer warns that “…members of government can all too easily” divert power
over economic policy to private use. Explain Romer’s concern.
Elected officials are likely to favor projects that are located in their own states or districts
rather than projects that have the greatest social returns. For example, politicians from Iowa
are apt to favor subsidies for the use of ethanol as a source of energy since this would benefit
corn farmers from their state.

Extra Making
the
Connection
The Role of Local Government in Promoting
Economic Growth in China
For over two decades, economic growth in China has been among the highest of any nation, often
reaching 7 to 9 percent annually. A key to achieving economic growth in a market economy is protection
of rights to private property. Hubbard and O’Brien argue that “A market system cannot work well unless
property rights are enforced. Entrepreneurs are unlikely to risk their own funds, and investors are unlikely to
lend their funds to entrepreneurs, unless property is safe from being arbitrarily seized” (page 326 in the
textbook). However, China has a relatively weak judicial system and a poor property-rights environment. An
explanation for China’s success in attracting private investment despite a poor track record in protecting
property rights is offered by X. Zhang, who argues that local Chinese governments engage in vigorous
competition for investment that benefits their own jurisdictions. The uncertainty of doing business is very high
and, as a result, the cost of completing contracts is high as well. To overcome these obstacles, businesses often
partner with local government officials who work hard to provide a stable environment for these businesses
and provide protection from local government regulations. The result is strong protection for investors, within
a weak system of protection of property rights for rural landowners. Farmers and other Chinese citizens are
often forced to sell their rights to land for allegedly “public purposes” – that is, for new private businesses.
Though this system has produced considerable prosperity for China, it has come at the expense of increased
social tension, especially among current and former landowners. It may be difficult to sustain China’s high rate
of economic growth far into the future without addressing this potential source of social conflict.
Source: Karol Boudreaux and Paul Dragos Aligica, “Legislation and creation by fiat,” in Paths to Property. London: The Institute of
Economic Affairs. 2007. pp. 65-6.
Extra Economics in YOUR LIFE!
Will “Economic Catch-Up” Catch Up to You?
Question: China has been enjoying higher economic growth for the last decade compared to the United
States. The per-capita income growth rate since 2000 has been greater in China than in the United States..
How will this “economic catch-up” affect your welfare (assuming you live in the United States)?
Answer: The standard of living in China can catch up with that in United States if China continues to
sustain an economic growth rate that is higher than the growth rate in United States The standard of living
in the United States will also be affected. The fact that China is experiencing rapid economic growth
allows firms located in China to manufacture more products at a cheaper cost. So, consumers in the
United States will be able to buy lower-priced imports from China.
Extra INSIDE LOOK News Article to Use in Class
Visit www.myeconlab.com for current Inside Look news articles.

SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER EXERCISES
Answers to Thinking Critically Questions
1. The government in China can spend more on technological change, such as replacing existing capital
with more productive capital. Technological change causes the per-worker production function to shift up
so that real GDP per hour worked is higher at any given level of capital per hour worked.
2. China’s government has recognized that property rights and growth of business enterprises are key
determinants of economic growth in the long run. Since 1978, the government has carried out economic
reforms that have gradually raised the size of the private sector relative to the public sector. The sudden
increase in government spending, however, was a response to the economic slowdown in association with
a global economic recession. The economic stimulus policy was aimed at raising China’s GDP growth in
the short run. Even though the increase in spending on infrastructure and other capital goods might face
large diminishing returns to capital, it might still have a positive effect on China’s long-run economic
growth.
10.1 Economic Growth over Time and around the World
Learning Objective: Define economic growth, calculate economic growth rates, and describe
global trends in economic growth.
Review Questions
1.1 A country’s economic growth matters because living standards tend to rise with economic
growth. Higher economic growth provides a country with more opportunities to improve the lives of its
citizens by, for example, increasing average life expectancy.
1.2 The total percentage increase is the percentage increase in real GDP from 1999 to 2009. It is not
an annual growth rate. The average annual growth rate is the growth rate at which the value for real GDP
in 1999 would have to grow on average each year to end up with the value for real GDP in 2009.
Problems and Applications
1.3 The finding of the importance of market efficiency in long-run economic growth by Shiue and
Keller supports North’s argument that a government can promote economic growth by protecting private
property rights and wealth, as the British government did beginning with the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
1.4 Growth Rates
2005 2006 2007 2008
Average Annual
Growth Rate
Brazil 3.69% 5.41% 5.10% 4.73%
Mexico 4.77 3.29 1.80 3.29
Thailand 5.11 4.75 5.25 5.04
a. During 2006, Thailand experienced the highest economic growth rate of 5.11%.
b. During 2007, Brazil experienced the highest economic growth rate of 5.41%.

c. Between 2006 and 2008, Thailand experienced the highest average annual growth rate of
5.04%.
1.5 You will have earned more on your Andover Bank CDs.
Bank Value of CD at end of year
2009 2010 2011
Andover Bank $1,050.00 $1,102.50 $1,157.63
Lowell Bank $1,020.00 $1,081.20 $1,156.88
1.6
Year
Real GDP per capita
(2000 prices)
Annual
growth rate
2004 $41,806
2005 42,692 2.12%
2006 43,425 1.72
2007 43,926 1.15
2008 43,714 –0.48
a. The percentage increase in real GDP per capita between 2004 and 2008 was.
$43,714 $41,806
100 4.56%
$41,806
−
 
 =
 
 
b. The average annual growth rate in GDP per capita between 2004 and 2008 can be measured as
the average of the annual growth rates in the above table, which is 1.26%.
1.7 The answer depends on several factors: Whether country A sustains high rates of growth relative
to country B, on how long a period of time has passed since rapid economic growth first began in country
A, and on how long a period of time there was between rapid economic growth beginning in country A
and rapid economic growth beginning in country B. For example, the standard of living in China can
catch up with that in Japan if China continues to sustain an economic growth rate that is higher than the
growth rate in Japan.

10.2 What Determines How Fast Economies Grow?
Learning Objective: Use the economic growth model to explain why growth rates differ
across countries.
Review Questions
2.1
A movement from A to B shows the effect on real GDP per hour worked of an increase in capital per hour
worked, holding technology constant. A movement from A to C shows the effect of an increase in
technology, holding the quantity of capital per hour worked constant.
2.2 Diminishing returns to capital imply that, holding technology constant, additional capital per hour
worked results in smaller and smaller increases in real GDP per hour worked. Therefore, sustained
increases in real GDP per hour worked require more than continuing increases in capital per hour worked.
To maintain high growth rates despite diminishing returns to capital, economies must experience
technological change.
2.3 Initially, the increases in capital per hour worked in the Soviet Union produced rapid increases in
real GDP per hour worked. The prediction did not adequately consider diminishing returns to capital and
the crucial role of technological change.
2.4 Firms are likely to underinvest in research and development because much of the additional
return from the research and development will be gained by other firms. To increase the accumulation of
knowledge capital, governments can protect intellectual property with patents and copyrights, subsidize
research and development, and subsidize education.

2.5 Changes in work rules represent a better means of organizing and managing production, which
economists consider an improvement in technology.
2.6 a. results in a movement along the per-worker production function. b. and c. result in a shift in the
per-worker production function because they are likely to lead to technological change, or an increase in
real GDP per hour worked, holding capital per hour worked constant.
2.7 a. False, because technology is assumed constant along a given per-worker production function.
b. False, because the movement from point B to point C represents technological change, which
occurs despite the existence of diminishing returns to capital.
c. True, because point C represents both a higher level of capital per worker and a higher level of
technology than point A.
2.8 This strategy ran into the problem of diminishing returns to capital. The policy of very high rates
of investment with little emphasis on technological change meant that the capital stock was increasing
much more rapidly than technology. Continuing rapid increases in capital per hour worked led only to
diminishing increases in output per hour worked. With these diminishing marginal returns, the growth
rate of real GDP per capita stagnated.
2.9 In the traditional economic growth model, technological change is exogenous. This means that
the traditional model does not try to explain technological change. Technological change is endogenous in
the new growth theory and the entrepreneur plays a key role in the development and adoption of new
technology.
2.10 Because even though they are not spending their own money, salaried managers in the United
States are judged by the profitability of the company, which often depends on the adoption of new
technologies.
2.11 Managers would have to be rewarded for discovering and using new technologies rather than just
for fulfilling quantitative production goals. This is difficult to do, however. Measuring the amount of
output is easy compared with measuring the use of new technologies.
10.3
Economic Growth in the United States
Learning Objective: Discuss fluctuations in productivity growth in the United States.
Review Questions
3.1 The growth rate of productivity increased from 1800 through the mid-1970s, then slowed for 20
years, and increased again in the mid-1990s. The slowdown in productivity growth from the mid-1970s to
the mid-1990s most likely resulted from the measurement problem of the economy producing a larger
share of services relative to goods and stricter environmental and health standards that may have
increased overall well-being, but not measured GDP. In response to higher oil prices, some firms
switched to production technologies which were less energy intensive, but which also produced less
output per worker hour. The scores on some standardized exams declined during this time period which
may indicate a declining quality of the labor force. Lower quality workers may have more difficulty

adapting to new technology, which could reduce the growth rate of productivity. Beginning in 1995, the
rapid spread of information technology may have spurred productivity increases.
3.2 U.S. productivity growth, measured by the average annual growth rate of labor productivity, was
about 2.5 percent in the period between 1995 and present. This rate of growth was much higher than that
in Europe, possibly because of the greater flexibility of U.S. labor markets and the greater efficiency of
the U.S. financial system.
3.3 The growth rates might be lower if they were calculated for real GDP per capita instead of per
hour worked because the number of hours worked per person in the United States has decreased in the
years since 1900.
3.4 Because labor productivity is measured by real GDP per hour worked, an increase in labor
productivity means that workers are able to increase per hour production. If labor productivity increased
while output, or real GDP, decreased, this indicates that the hours devoted to production were decreasing.
More productive workers working fewer hours will increase labor productivity but may also decrease
output.
3.5 Use of the kiosks increased output per worker at the airlines. Future increases in productivity at
the airlines would likely slow down as the percentage increase in the share of passengers using the kiosk
continues to grow only slowly.
3.6 The annual rate of labor productivity in Germany from 1996 to 2008 equaled less than 1 percent.
At a growth rate of less than 1 percent, it would take more than 70 years for labor productivity to double
in value. Slow rates of productivity growth result in slow rates of increase in living standards.
10.4 Why Isn’t the Whole World Rich?
Learning Objective: Explain economic catch-up and discuss why many poor countries have
not experienced rapid economic growth.
Review Questions
4.1 Increases in the quantity of capital per hour worked and the adoption of new technology should
occur at a high rate in the developing countries, because the profitability of using additional capital or
better technology is generally greater in a developing country than in a high-income country. Some poor
countries have been catching up to rich countries, but many have not.
4.2 The main reasons many poor countries have experienced slow growth are the failure to enforce
the rule of law, wars and revolutions, poor public education and health, and low rates of saving and
investment.
4.3 Globalization refers to the process of countries becoming more open to foreign trade and
investment. Globalization can help a developing country break out of the vicious cycle of low saving and
investment and low growth by providing access to funds and technology from foreign direct investment
and foreign portfolio investment.

4.4 The catch-up effect is that countries with a lower level of GDP per capita will grow faster than
countries with a higher level of GDP per capita. In the table, China’s GDP per capita in 1960 was the
lowest at $448 and its growth between 1960 and 2008 was the highest at an average annual rate of 6.17%,
which is consistent with catch-up. On the other hand, some countries with relatively low GDP per capita
in 1960, such as Uganda and Madagascar, also experienced relatively low growth rates, which is not
consistent with catch-up. Overall, these data are not consistent with the economic growth model’s
prediction of catch-up.
4.5 a. No, this data does not support the catch-up prediction. The countries with the highest initial
levels of real GDP per capita have growth rates of real GDP per capita similar to the countries
with average initial levels of real GDP per capita.
b. Yes, this data supports the catch-up prediction. The countries with the lowest initial levels of
real GDP per capita have the highest growth rates of real GDP per capita, and the countries
with the highest levels of real GDP per capita have the lowest growth rates of real GDP per
capita.
c. No, this data does not support the catch-up prediction. The countries have roughly the same
growth rates of real GDP per capita regardless of their initial levels of real GDP per capita.
4.6 Globalization makes it possible for poor countries to attract foreign investment and gain access to
the best technology. Without the free flow of trade and investment that globalization represents, poor
countries would have to rely primarily on their own resources. Refer to Figure 22(10)-11 for the
relationship between the level of globalization and the growth rate of real GDP per capita.
4.7 The observation that “Ecuador and Colombia both have perfectly clean parking slates, despite the
experts’ view of them as fairly corrupt places,” does not invalidate Fisman and Miguel’s conclusions
about whether the parking violations data provide evidence in favor of there being a culture of corruption
in some countries. Fisman and Miguel found that as the level of corruption in a country increases, so does
the number of parking violations by the country’s United Nations delegates. They found that the 15
percent of countries that are most corrupt had more than 10 times as many parking violations as the 15
percent of countries that are least corrupt. Just because their observation does not hold in 100 percent of
cases does not mean that the observation is not valid. Despite a few exceptions, in general, the statistics
back their observation.
4.8 Trade allows a country to engage in foreign investment, which can give a low-income country
access to funds and technology that otherwise would not be available. This allows for the possibility of
economic growth, which brings with it the possibilities for new wealth and opportunities. Trade can also
bring huge disruptions and change by altering the products and services produced in a country. Trade can
change a country’s economy from being primarily agrarian to one which is more industrial, or change the
types of products produced in an industrial nation. This would create disruptions with respect to changing
a way of life to which a nation has become accustomed.
4.9 By engaging in foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investment, and enabling access to
new technology, business can help raise living standards in poor countries. See Figure 10-11 for the
relationship between the level of globalization and the average annual growth rate of real GDP per capita.
4.10 For the most part, the Roman Empire lacked the secure private property rights required for a
market system to work. If modern economic growth had begun 1700 years earlier than it did, the standard
of living today would be many times higher than it is.

10.5
Growth Policies
Learning Objective: Discuss government policies that foster economic growth.
Review Questions
5.1 Governments can aid economic growth through policies that enhance property rights and the rule
of law, improve health and education, subsidize research and development, and provide incentives for
saving and investment.
5.2 Economic growth is associated with higher living standards, improved health, improved working
conditions, and longer life expectancy. However, economic growth has been arguably contributing to
global warming, deforestation, and other environmental problems. Whether continued economic growth
will always improve economic well-being is a normative question and cannot be settled by economic
analysis.
5.3 Excess public sector borrowing will reduce the savings available to domestic businesses to
finance capital investments. Corruption and a politicized judicial system make it difficult for the market
system to work efficiently because they undermine the rule of law and property rights.
5.4 It is likely to be easier for the typical developing country to improve the state of public health
than to improve the average level of education. Improvement in public health involves increased
vaccinations against infectious diseases, improved access to treated water, and improved sanitation.
Improving the average level of education, on the other hand, typically requires building new and better
schools, purchasing textbooks and other educational materials, and hiring large numbers of teachers. The
expense and organizational resources involved have often made it difficult for developing countries to
significantly improve the average level of education.
5.5 (a) The passage of an investment tax credit is likely to increase the rate of economic growth in the
United States because an investment tax credit will give businesses an incentive purchase more capital,
increasing the capital to labor ratio (K/L). (b) Deductability of state taxes is unrelated to any of the factors
which cause economic growth. (c) Providing more funds for low-interest loans to college students is
likely to increase the rate of economic growth in the United States. When more students receive a college
education the level of human capital increases, which is a form of technological improvement.
5.6 A free press could serve as a watchdog against corruption, which undermines the rule of law and
property rights. Over time, crusading newspapers could help reduce corruption and improve the rule of
law.
5.7 The environment might be considered as a “normal good,” whose demand increases as a
consumer’s income increases. From this perspective, more people in high-income countries than in low-
income countries tend to be concerned about the environment and thus consider rapid economic growth
less desirable.

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Thus far the Times critic: from all which it appears that Miss
Hannah More is not like Shakespear. The writer afterwards tries his
hand at a comparison between Miss More and Virgil; and the result,
after due deliberation, is, that Virgil was the wiser man. The part,
however, to which the learned commentator has the most decided
objection, is that ‘where Elwina steps out of her way to preach rather
a lengthy sermon to her father, against war in general, as offensive to
the Prince of Peace.’—Now if this writer had thought proper, he
might have discovered that the whole play is ‘a lengthy sermon,’
without poetry or interest, and equally deficient in ‘sculptured grace,
and Promethean fire.’—We should not have made these remarks, but
that the writers in the above paper have a greater knack than any
others, of putting a parcel of tall opaque words before them, to blind
the eyes of their readers, and hoodwink their own understandings.
There is one short word which might be aptly inscribed on its
swelling columns—it is the word which Burchell applies to the
conversation of some high-flown female critics in the Vicar of
Wakefield.
But to have done with this subject. We shall not readily forgive
Miss Hannah More’s heroine Elwina, for having made us perceive
what we had not felt before, that there is a considerable degree of
manner and monotony in Miss O’Neill’s acting. The peculiar
excellence which has been ascribed to Miss O’Neill (indeed over
every other actress) is that of faultless nature. Mrs. Siddons’s acting
is said to have greater grandeur, to have possessed loftier flights of
passion and imagination; but then it is objected, that it was not a
pure imitation of nature. Miss O’Neill’s recitation is indeed nearer
the common standard of level speaking, as her person is nearer the
common size, but we will venture to say that there is as much a tone,
a certain stage sing-song in her delivery as in Mrs. Siddons’s.
Through all the tedious speeches of this play, she preserved the same
balanced artificial cadence, the same melancholy tone, as if her
words were the continued echo of a long-drawn sigh. There is the
same pitch-key, the same alternation of sad sounds in almost every
line. We do not insist upon perfection in any one, nor do we mean to
decide how far this intonation may be proper in tragedy; but we
contend, that Miss O’Neill does not in general speak in a natural tone
of voice, nor as people speak in conversation. Her great excellence is
extreme natural sensibility; that is, she perfectly conceives and

expresses what would be generally felt by the female mind in the
extraordinary and overpowering situations in which she is placed. In
truth, in beauty, and in that irresistible pathos, which goes directly to
the heart, she has at present no equal, and can have no superior.
There were only one or two opportunities for the display of her
delightful powers in the character of Elwina, but of these she made
the fullest use. The expression of mute grief, when she hears of the
death of Percy, in the last act, was as fine as possible: nor could any
thing be more natural, more beautiful or affecting, than the manner
in which she receives his scarf, and hurries out with it, tremulously
clasping it to her bosom. It was one of those moments of still, and
breathless passion, in which the tongue is silent, while the heart
breaks. We did not approve of her dying scene at all. It was a mere
convulsive struggle for breath, the representation of a person in the
act of suffocation—one of those agonies of human nature, which, as
they do not appeal to the imagination, should not certainly be
obtruded on the senses. Once or twice Miss O’Neill dropped her
voice so low, and articulated so internally, that we gathered what she
said rather from the motion of her lips, than from distinguishing the
sound. This in Mr. Kean would be called extravagance. We were
heartily glad when the play was over. From the very construction of
the plot, it is impossible that any good can come of it till all the
parties are dead; and when this catastrophe took place, the audience
seemed perfectly satisfied.

Macroeconomics 3rd Edition Hubbard Solutions Manual

WHERE TO FIND A FRIEND
The Examiner.
November 26, 1815.
A new Comedy, entitled Where to find a Friend, and said to be
from the pen of a Mr. Leigh, has been brought out at Drury-Lane
Theatre. The Dramatis Personæ are as follows:
General Torrington Mr. Bartley.
Sir Harry Moreden Mr. Wallack.
Heartly Mr. Dowton.
Young Bustle Mr. Knight.
Barney Mr. Johnstone.
Tim Mr. Oxberry.
Lady Moreden Mrs. Davison.
Maria Miss Kelly.
Mrs. Bustle Mrs. Sparks.
The story is not easily told, for it is a story almost destitute of
events. Sir Harry Moreden has been for some years married to an
heiress, a woman of exemplary principles and amiable feelings; but
who, as it appears, through no other misconduct than a little playful
gaiety of manner, has so far provoked the capricious and irritable
temper of her husband, that he writes off to General Torrington, her
guardian, gravely proposing a separation. This letter brings the
General down from London, in order to learn from the Baronet his
real cause of quarrel with his wife; and a singular conversation
ensues, in which, to every conjecture of the General’s as to the nature
of Lady M.’s offences, the unaccountable husband answers in the
negative, leaving it to the discernment of her guardian to find out the
actual source of his disquietude. This, it appears, in the course of the
play, is a certain fashionable levity and sportiveness of manner, with
which it is rather extraordinary that Sir Harry should be displeased,
as another objection on which he sometimes dwells is the rusticity of
his wife’s taste, in not having any inclination for the dissipation and
frivolities of a town life. Some improbable scenes are however

introduced to explain the merits of this matrimonial question, in
which the studied levity on one side is contrasted with the
unconscious violence on the other, until at length Lady Moreden,
hearing from her guardian that her husband is much embarrassed in
his circumstances, and almost on the point of ruin, reproaches
herself with her thoughtless habit of tormenting him; and prevails
upon the General to concur with her in applying her own large
fortune, left to her separately by her father’s will, to the relief of her
husband’s distresses: at the moment when Sir Harry is complaining
of his not knowing ‘where to find a friend,’ all his applications to
those whom he had considered such having proved unsuccessful, her
guardian introduces his wife to him, which produces the
reconciliation between them, and gives rise to the title of the play.
In the progress and developement of this story there is very little to
interest or surprise: the sentimental part of the comedy is founded
on the story of Heartly, whose daughter Maria has run away from
him, and been privately married to a man of fashion, but who having,
for family reasons, enjoined secresy upon her in his absence abroad,
subjects her, in her father’s eyes, to the supposed disgrace of a
criminal connection. Old Heartly retires into the country in a
melancholy state of mind, and Maria, finding herself unexpectedly
near to his cottage, determines to throw herself upon his forgiveness,
prevails upon an honest old servant to admit her to his presence,
supplicates for pardon, and is again received into his affections. This
reconciliation is not well brought about. Her seeking the interview
with her father through the connivance of a servant, after the
repeated rejection of every application to his tenderness, and when
she has an advocate in General Torrington, an old friend of Heartly’s,
who has undertaken to bring about a reconciliation, is not
exceedingly probable. After her clandestine introduction by the
servant, the reconciliation is first effected between Heartly and
Maria, on the supposition of her guilt, and is afterwards acted as it
were twice over, when the sight of a ring on her finger leads to the
discovery of her innocence. The comedy opens with the arrival of
Maria at a country inn, near Moreden-hall, kept by the widow Bustle.
The introductory scene between this veteran lady of the old school,
and her son Jack Bustle, who is infected with the modern cant of
humanity, and is besides very indecorous in his manners, is tediously
long. Maria’s depositing the hundred pounds in the hands of Mrs.

Bustle is a gratuitous improbability; and it is with some difficulty
that the notes are retrieved for the use of the right owner by the busy
interference of Mr. Jack Bustle and the generosity of Mr. Barney
O’Mulchesen, an honest Irishman, who at the beginning of the play is
the ostler, but at the end of it, as he himself informs us, becomes ‘the
mistress of the Black Lion.’
Johnstone gave great spirit, and an appearance of cordial good
humour, to this last character. He has a great deal of ‘the milk of
human kindness’ in all his acting. There is a rich genial suavity of
manner, a laughing confidence, a fine oily impudence about him,
which must operate as a saving grace to any character he is
concerned in, and would make it difficult to hiss him off the stage. In
any other hands we think Mr. Barney O’Mulchesen would have stood
some chance of being damned. Oxberry’s Tim was excellent: in those
kind of loose dangling characters, in which the limbs do not seem to
hang to the body nor the body to the mind, in which he has to display
meanness and poverty of spirit together with a natural love of good
fellowship and good cheer, there is nobody equal to Oxberry. His
scene with Dowton, his master, who comes home, and finds him just
returning from the fair, from the passionateness of the master and
the meekness of the man, had a very comic effect. This was the best
scene in the play, and the only one in it, which struck us as
containing any thing like originality in the conception of humour and
character. Of Mrs. Davison’s Lady Moreden, we cannot speak
favourably, if we are to speak what we think. Her acting is said to
have much playfulness about it; if so, it is horse-play.
A singularity in the construction of the scenes of this comedy is,
that they are nearly an uninterrupted series of tête-à-têtes: the
personages of the drama regularly come on in couples, and the two
persons go off the stage to make room for two others to come on, just
like the procession to Noah’s Ark. Perhaps this principle might be
improved upon, by making an entire play of nothing but soliloquies.
Covent-Garden.
Cymon, an opera, by Garrick, was brought out on Monday. It is not
very interesting, either in itself or the music. Mr. Duruset played
Cymon very naturally, though the compliment is, perhaps, somewhat
equivocal. Miss Stephens looked very prettily in Sylvia; but the songs

had not any great effect: ‘Sweet Passion of Love’ was the best of
them.
‘It is silly sooth, and dallies with the innocence of love.’
Mrs. Liston, who played a little old woman, was encored in the
burlesque song, ‘Now I am seventy-two.’ Mr. Liston’s Justice Dorus
is a rich treat: his face is certainly a prodigious invention in
physiognomy.

MISS O’NEILL’S BELVIDERA
The Examiner.
December 10, 1815.
Miss O’Neill repeated her usual characters last week. We saw her
in Belvidera, and were disappointed. We do not think she plays it so
well as she did last year. We thought her representation of it then as
near perfection as possible; and her present acting we think
chargeable in many instances, with affectation and extravagance. She
goes into the two extremes of speaking so loud as to ‘split the ears of
the groundlings’ and so low as not to be heard. She has (or we
mistake) been taking a bad lesson of Mr. Kean: in our opinion, the
excellences of genius are not communicable. A second-rate actor may
learn of a first; but all imitation in the latter must prove a source of
error: for the power with which great talent works, can only be
regulated by its own suggestions and the force of nature. The bodily
energy which Mr. Kean exhibits cannot be transferred to female
characters, without making them disgusting instead of impressive.
Miss O’Neill during the two last acts of Belvidera, is in a continual
convulsion. But the intention of tragedy is to exhibit mental passion
and not bodily agony, or the last only as a necessary concomitant of
the former. Miss O’Neill clings so long about Jaffier, and with such
hysterical violence, before she leaps upon his neck and calls for the
fatal blow, that the connection of the action with the sentiment is lost
in the pantomime exhibition before us. We are not fastidious; nor do
we object to having the painful worked up with the catastrophe to the
utmost pitch of human suffering; but we must object to a constant
recurrence of such extreme agony, as a convenient common-place or
trick to bring down thunders of applause. Miss O’Neill twice, if we
remember, seizes her forehead with her clenched fists, making a
hissing noise through her teeth, and twice is thrown into a fit of
agonized choking. Neither is her face fine enough in itself not to
become unpleasant by such extreme and repeated distortion. Miss
O’Neill’s freedom from mannerism was her great charm, and we

should be sorry to see her fall into it. Mr. C. Kemble’s Jaffier had very
considerable effect. Mr. Young’s Pierre is his best character.
A new Farce was brought out here on Monday week, the title of
which is What’s a Man of Fashion? a question which it does not
solve. A young lady (Miss Mathews) is left a fortune by her father, on
condition of her marrying a man of fashion within a year of his
death. Her aunt (Mrs. Davenport) is left her guardian, and locks her
up to prevent her marrying any one, that the fortune may devolve to
her. Old Project (personated by Fawcett) is instigated by the young
lady, through the key-hole of the door where she is locked up, to find
her a husband who shall also be a man of fashion; and just as the old
gentleman, who is a very strange mixture of the sailor, fox-hunter,
and Bond-street lounger, has undertaken this laudable task, he
meets his nephew (Mr. Jones), whom he fixes upon as the candidate
for the young lady and for fifty thousand pounds. The whole business
of the piece arises out of the attempts of Old Project to bring them
together, and the schemes of the aunt to prevent the conclusion of
the marriage before the expiration of the year, that is, before it
strikes twelve o’clock at night. After many trifling and improbable
adventures, Old Project and his nephew succeed. The clock strikes
twelve, but the man of fashion and his mistress have been married a
few minutes before, though nobody knows how. We do not think this
farce a bit better than some we have lately noticed. The author seems
to have sat down to write it without a plot. There is neither dialogue
nor character in it, nor has it any thing to make it amusing, but the
absurdity of the incidents.
We have seen Miss O’Neill in the Orphan, and almost repent of
what we have said above. Her Monimia is a piece of acting as
beautiful as it is affecting. We never wish to see it acted otherwise or
better. She is the Orphan that Otway drew.

‘With pleas’d attention ‘midst his scenes we find
Each glowing thought that warms the female mind;
Each melting sigh and every tender tear,
The lover’s wishes, and the virgin’s fear,
His every strain the Smiles and Graces own.’
This idea of the character, which never leaves the mind in reading
the play, was delightfully represented on the stage. Miss O’Neill did
not once overstep the limits of propriety, and was interesting in every
part. Her conversation with the page was delicately familiar and
playful. Her death was judiciously varied, and did not affect the
imagination less, because it gave no shock to the senses. Her greatest
effort, however, was in the scene with Polydore, where she asks him,
‘Where did you rest last night?’ and where she falls senseless on the
floor at his answer. The breathless expectation, the solemn
injunction, the terror which the discovery strikes to her heart as if
she had been struck with lightning, had an irresistible effect. Nothing
could be pourtrayed with greater truth and feeling. We liked Charles
Kemble’s Castalio not much, and Mr. Conway’s Polydore not at all. It
is impossible that this gentleman should become an actor, unless he
could take ‘a cubit from his stature.’ Mr. Young’s Chamont was quite
as good as the character deserves.
Mr. Kean’s appearance at Drury-Lane on Tuesday, in the Duke
Aranza, in the Honey Moon, excited considerable expectations in the
public. Our own were not fulfilled. We think this the least brilliant of
all his characters. It was Duke and no Duke. It had severity without
dignity; and was deficient in ease, grace, and gaiety. He played the
feigned character as if it were reality. Now we believe that a spirit of
raillery should be thrown over the part, so as to carry off the gravity
of the imposture. There is in Mr. Kean an infinite variety of talent,
with a certain monotony of genius. He has not the same ease in doing
common things that he has energy on great occasions. We seldom
entirely lose sight of his Richard, and to a certain degree, in all his
acting, ‘he still plays the dog.’ His dancing was encored. George II.
encored Garrick in the Minuet de la Cour: Mr. Kean’s was not like
court dancing. It had more alacrity than ease.

THE MERCHANT OF BRUGES
The Examiner.
December 17, 1815.
The Merchant of Bruges; or, The Beggars’ Bush, altered from
Beaumont and Fletcher, was brought out at Drury-Lane on
Thursday, with great preparation, applause, and effect. Contrary, we
believe, to Green-room expectation, it answered completely. This,
assuredly, is not a classical drama; but the spirit of poetry constantly
peeps out from beneath the rags, and patches, and miserable
disguise, in which it is clothed. Where the eye was most offended by
the want of costume, songs and music came to its relief. The airs
selected by Mr. T. Cooke were admirably adapted to the situations,
and we need not remind the critical reader, that the lyrical effusions
in Beaumont and Fletcher are master-pieces in their kind. They are
exactly fitted to be either ‘said or sung’ under the green-wood tree.
One or two of these were sung separately, with a good deal of
sweetness and characteristic naiveté, by Miss L. Kelly, who is one of
the supposed beggars, but a princess in disguise. Either we mistook
certain significant intimations, or she wished to make this appear
before the proper time. One of the oddest transformations in the
Beggars’ Bush, was, that it inspired Mr. Holland with no small degree
of animation and fancy; for he depicted the worthy Clause, who is at
the same time the King of the Beggars, the Father of the Merchant of
Bruges, and the old Earl of Flanders, inimitably well.
Again, Mr. Oxberry and Harley were most respectable Beggars,
and had their cues perfect (which was more than Mr. Pope had in the
prologue); Mr. Kean topped his part as the Merchant-Earl, Mr.
Munden was not far behind him as the drunken Burgo-master, and
Mr. S. Penley, Mr. Rae, and Mr. Raymond, served to fill the stage.
The scenes from which this play derived its interest, and which both
for sentiment and situation were admirable, are those in which Mr.
Kean vindicates his character as a Merchant and his love for
Gertrude against the arrogant assumptions of her uncle (Raymond),
and disarms the latter in the fight. His retort upon the noble baron,

who accuses him of being a barterer of pepper and sugar, ‘that every
petty lord lived upon his rents or the sale of his beves, his poultry, his
milk and his butter,’ made a forcible appeal to John Bull, nor did the
manner in which Munden, who is bottle-holder on the occasion,
vociferated, ‘Don’t forget butter,’ take away from the effect. The
whole of this scene is (if not in the best) in the most peculiar and
striking manner of Beaumont and Fletcher. It is the very petulance of
youthful ardour and aspiring self-opinion, defying and taunting the
frigid prejudices of age and custom. If Mr. Kean’s voice failed him,
his expression and his action did full justice to the heroic spirit and
magnanimity of conception of the poet, where he says to his
mistress, after depriving his antagonist of his sword, ‘Within these
arms thou art safe as in a wall of brass,’ and again, folding her to his
breast, exclaims, ‘Come, kiss me, love,’ and afterwards rising in his
extravagant importunity, ‘Come, say before all these, say that thou
lov’st me.’ We do not think any of the German dramatic paradoxes
come up to this in spirit, and in acting as it were up to the feeling of
the moment, irritated by a triumph over long-established and
insolent pretension. The scene between Mr. Kean and Gertrude (Mrs.
Horn), where he is in a manner distracted between his losses and his
love, had great force and feeling. We have seen him do much the
same thing before. There is a very fine pulsation in the veins of his
forehead on these occasions, an expression of nature which we do
not remember in any other actor. One of the last scenes, in which
Clause brings in the money-bags to the creditors, and Kean bends
forward pointing to them, and Munden after him, repeating the same
attitude, but caricaturing it, was a perfect coup-de-théatre. The last
scene rather disappointed our expectations; but the whole together
went off admirably, and every one went away satisfied.
The story of the Merchant of Bruges is founded on the usurped
authority of Woolmar, as Earl of Flanders, to the exclusion of Gerald,
the rightful heir, and his infant son Floris; the latter of whom, on his
father being driven out by the usurper, has been placed with a rich
merchant of Bruges; whilst the father, with his infant daughter, takes
refuge among a band of Beggars, whose principal resort is in a wood
near the town of Bruges. Young Floris is brought up by the merchant
as his own son; and on the death of his protector, whom he considers
as his real father, succeeds to his property, and becomes the
principal merchant in Bruges. Gerald, in the mean time, is elected

King of the Beggars; and, by the influence which his authority gives
him over the fraternity, he is enabled to assist his son with a large
sum of money at a time when he is on the verge of bankruptcy, owing
to the non-arrival of several vessels richly laden, and which are
detained by contrary winds. This circumstance gives the supposed
Beggar considerable influence over the actions of his son, who
declares himself ready to pay him the duties of a son, without being
at all suspicious that it is indeed his real parent whom he is thus
obeying; and Gerald, determining to reveal to his son the mystery of
his birth, appoints an interview with him at midnight, near the
Beggar’s Bush, in the Forest. In the mean time Woolmar, having
learnt that Gerald and Floris, whom he supposes dead, are still
living, and that Gerald is concealed amongst the Beggars, goes with a
troop of horse at midnight to the Beggar’s Bush, for the purpose of
surprising him. His plan is, however, circumvented by Hubert, a
nobleman at the court of Woolmar, but who is secretly attached to
the right heir. Hubert conveys intelligence of the intended attempt of
Woolmar to Gerald, and a strong band of the Beggars are armed, and
set in readiness to seize him on his entering a particular part of the
forest, to which he is enticed by Hubert, under pretence of leading
him to the spot where Gerald is concealed. Here they arrive just at
the time Floris, by appointment, meets his father Gerald. Woolmar
falls into the trap prepared for him, and is, with his principal
confidant, Hemskirk, secured. An explanation takes place, and
Gerald resigning his pretensions to his son, Floris, the Merchant is
restored to the possession of the earldom of Flanders, and Woolmar,
the usurping Earl, is banished for life.

SMILES AND TEARS
The Examiner.
December 24, 1815.
A new piece in five acts, called Smiles and Tears; or the Widow’s
Stratagem, has been produced, with very considerable success, at
Covent-Garden Theatre. The Dramatis Personæ are:
Mr. Fitzharding Mr. Young.
Sir Henry Chomley Mr. C. Kemble.
Colonel O’Donolan Mr. Jones.
Mr. Stanley Mr. Fawcett.
Mr. Delaval Mr. Abbott.
Lady Emily Mrs. C. Kemble.
Mrs. Belmore Mrs. Faucit.
Miss Fitzharding Miss Foote.
The plot is as follows: Lady Emily, a young widow supposed to
possess every amiable quality of body and mind, has for her intimate
friend Mrs. Belmore, who is also a widow, and engaged in a law-suit
with Sir Henry Chomley, by which she is likely to lose her whole
fortune. Sir Henry has by chance met Lady Emily at a masquerade,
where he has become deeply enamoured of her figure, wit, and
vivacity, without having ever seen her face; and having at length
obtained information who she is, and where she resides, writes to
her, soliciting an interview, and declaring the impression which her
person and conversation had made on his heart. Lady Emily being
herself sincerely attached to Colonel O’Donolan, determines to
convert the passion of Sir Henry to the advantage of her friend Mrs.
Belmore; and as they have never seen each other, to introduce Mrs.
Belmore to Sir Henry as Lady Emily: but, aware that Mrs. Belmore
will not receive Sir Henry’s addresses, whom she regards as her
enemy, on account of the law-suit between them, she writes to Sir
Henry that she will admit his visits, but that it must, for particular
reasons, be under the assumed name of Grenville; and as Mr.
Grenville, she prevails on Mrs. Belmore to receive him in the name of

Lady Emily, assigning as her reason for this request, her fear of
seeing him herself, lest the Colonel’s jealousy should be excited.
Several interviews take place between Sir Henry and Mrs. Belmore,
who conceive so warm an attachment for each other, under their
assumed characters, that when the widow’s stratagem is discovered,
they gladly agree to put an end to their law-suit by a matrimonial
union. The other, and the most afflicting part of the plot, turns on a
stratagem conceived by Lady Emily (who it must be allowed is
fruitful in stratagems), to restore Fitzharding to his reason, and his
daughter to his affections, both of which had been lost by the
dishonourable conduct of Delaval, who had first seduced, and then
deserted the lovely and unsuspecting Cicely Fitzharding.
All that is particularly good in this play arises from the mistakes
and surprises produced by the double confusion of the names of the
principal characters concerned in the Widow’s Stratagem. The scene
between Charles Kemble and Jones, when the former acquaints him
with his success with the supposed Lady Emily, and in which Jones
testifies a resentment against his rival as violent as it is in reality
groundless, was in the true spirit of comedy. Jones’s scene with the
Widow Belmore (Mrs. Faucit), in which the mystery is cleared up to
him, is also conceived and executed with great spirit and effect. The
character which Jones represents, an Irish Colonel, is one of the
most misplaced and absurd we remember to have seen, and the only
excuse for whose blunders, rudeness, officiousness, and want of
common sense, is (as far as we could learn), that he is a countryman
of Lord Wellington. This is but an indifferent compliment to his
Grace, and perhaps no great one to Colonel O’Donolan. There were
two direct clap-traps aimed directly at the Duke’s popularity, which
did not take. The truth, we suspect, is, that his Lordship is not very
popular at present in either of his two great characters, as liberator of
Ferdinand VII. or as keeper of Louis XVIII. Charles Kemble played the
part of Sir Henry Chomley with that gentlemanly ease, gaiety, and
good nature, which always gain him the entire favour of the audience
in such characters. He indeed did as much for this play as if it had
been his own. Mrs. Faucit played Mrs. Belmore exceedingly well.
There was something that reminded us of a jointure and a view to a
second match in her whole look and air. We cannot speak a word of
praise of Mrs. C. Kemble’s Lady Emily. Neither her person nor her
manner at all suited the character, nor the description of it which is

several times interlarded in the dialogue. Her walk is not the fine
lady; she is nearly the worst actress we ever saw in the artificial
mimmine-pimmine style of Miss Farren. We hope she will
discontinue such characters, and return to nature; or she will make
us forget her Lucy Lockitt, or what we should hope never to forget,
her acting in Julio in Deaf and Dumb.
There is a great deal of affectation of gentility, and a great deal of
real indecorum, in the comic dialogue of this play. The tragic part is
violent and vulgar in the extreme. Mr. Young is brought forward as a
downright common madman, just broke loose from a madhouse at
Richmond, and is going with a club to dash out the brains of his
daughter, Miss Foote, and her infant. This infant is no other than a
large wooden doll: it fell on the floor the other evening without
receiving any hurt, at which the audience laughed. This dreadful
interlude is taken, we suppose, from Mrs. Opie’s tale of Father and
Daughter, of which we thought never to have heard or seen any thing
more. As the whole of this part is conceived without the smallest
poetical feeling, so Mr. Young did not contrive to throw one ray of
genius over it. Miss Foote behaved throughout very prettily, dutifully
and penitently; and in the last scene, where, to bring back her
father’s senses, she is made to stand in a frame and to represent her
own portrait playing on the harp, she looked a perfect picture.

GEORGE BARNWELL
The Examiner.
December 31, 1815.
George Barnwell has been acted as usual at both Theatres during
the Christmas week. Whether this is ‘a custom more honoured in the
breach or the observance,’ we shall not undertake to decide. But
there is one error on this subject which we wish to correct; which is,
that its defects arise from its being too natural. It is one of the most
improbable and purely arbitrary fictions we have ever seen. Lillo is
by some people considered as a kind of natural Shakespear, and
Shakespear as a poetical Lillo. We look upon Shakespear to have
been a greater man than the Ordinary of Newgate; and we at the
same time conceive that there is not any one of the stories in the
Newgate Calendar so badly told as this tragedy of Lillo’s. Lillo seems
to have proceeded on the old Scotch proverb,
‘The kirk is gude, and the gallows is gude.’
He comes with his moral lessons and his terrible examples; a sermon
in the morning and an execution at night; the tolling of the bell for
Tyburn follows hard upon the bell that knolls to church. Nothing can
be more virtuous or prudent than George Barnwell at the end of the
first act, or a more consummate rogue and fool than he is at the
beginning of the second. This play is a piece of wretched cant; it is an
insult on the virtues and the vices of human nature; it supposes that
the former are relinquished and the others adopted without common
sense or reason, for the sake of a Christmas catastrophe, of a
methodistical moral. The account of a young unsuspecting man
being seduced by the allurements of an artful prostitute is natural
enough, and something might have been built on this foundation,
but all the rest is absurd, and equally senseless as poetry or prose. It
is a caricature on the imbecility of goodness, and of the unprovoked
and gratuitous depravity of vice. Shakespear made ‘these odds more
even;’ that is, he drew from nature, and did not drag the theatre into

the service of the conventicle. George Barnwell first robs his master
at Milwood’s instigation: (this lady has the merit of being what Dr.
Johnson would have called ‘a good hater’). He then, being in want of
money, proceeds to rob and murder somebody; and in the way of
deliberation and selection fixes upon his uncle, his greatest friend
and benefactor, as if he were the only man in the world who carried a
purse. He therefore goes to seek him in his solitary walks, where,
good man, he is reading a book on the shortness and uncertainty of
human life, bursting out, as he reads, into suitable comments, which,
as his ungracious nephew, who watches behind him in crape, says,
shews that ‘he is the fitter for heaven.’ Well, he turns round, and sees
that he is way-laid by some one; but his nephew, at the sight of his
benign and well-known aspect, drops the pistol, but presently after
stabs him to the heart. This is no sooner effected without remorse or
pity, but the instant it is over, he loses all thought of the purpose
which had instigated him to the act, the securing his property (not
that it appears he had any about him), and this raw, desperate
convert to vice returns to his mistress, to say that he had committed
the murder, and omitted the robbery. On being questioned as to the
proceeds of so nefarious a business, our retrospective enthusiast
asks, ‘Could he lay sacrilegious hands on the body he had just
murdered?’ to which his cooler and more rational accomplice replies,
‘That as he had robbed him of his life, which was no doubt precious
to him, she did not see why he should not rifle his pockets of that
which, being dead, could be of no farther use to him.’ However,
Barnwell makes such a noise with his virtue and his penitence, that
she is alarmed for the consequences; and anticipating a discovery of
the whole, calls in the constable, and gives up her companion as a
measure of precaution. Her maid, however, who is her confidante,
has been before-hand with her, and she is also taken into custody,
and both are hanged. Such is the morality of this piece.

THE BUSY BODY
The Examiner.
January 7, 1816.
The admirable Comedy of the Busy Body was brought out at
Drury-Lane Theatre on Wednesday, for the purpose of introducing
Mrs. Mardyn in Miranda. She acted the part very delightfully, and
without at all overdoing it. We seem to regret her former luxuriance
of manner, and think she might take greater liberties with the public,
without offence. Though she has lost some of the heyday vivacity of
her natural spirits, she looks as charmingly as ever.
Mr. Dowton’s Gripe was not one of his best performances. It is
very much a character of grimace, and Munden perhaps would do it
better on this account, for he is the greatest caricaturist on the stage.
It was the character in which he originally appeared. We never saw
him in it, but in several parts we missed his broad shining face, the
orbicular rolling of his eye, and the alarming drop of his chin. Mr.
Dowton, however, gave the whining tones and the dotage of fondness
very well, and ‘his voice pipes and whistles in the sound, like second
childishness.’ If any thing, he goes too far in this, and drawls out his
ecstasies too much into the tabernacle sing-song.
Mr. Harley played Marplot in a very lively and amusing manner.
He presented a very laughable picture of blundering vivacity and
blank stupidity. This gentleman is the most moveable actor on the
stage. He runs faster and stops shorter than any body else. There was
but one fault in his delineation of the character. The officious
Marplot is a gentleman, a foolish one, to be sure; but Harley played it
like a footman. We observed also, that when Mr. Harley got very
deserved applause by his manner of strutting, and sidling, and
twisting himself about in the last scene, where he fights, he
continued to repeat the same gestures over again, as if he had been
encored by the audience.
We cannot close these remarks, without expressing the satisfaction
which we received from this play. It is not so profound in wit or

character as some other of the old Comedies, but it is nothing but
bustle and gaiety from beginning to end. The plot never ceases. The
ingenuity of contrivance is admirable. The developement of the story
is an uninterrupted series of what the French call coups de théatre,
and the situations succeed one another like the changes of machinery
in a pantomime. It is a true comic pantomime.
A lady of the name of Barnes has appeared in Desdemona at this
Theatre. Her voice is powerful, her face is pretty, but her person is
too petite and undignified for tragedy. Her conception of the part
was good, and she gave to some of the scenes considerable feeling
and effect; but who shall represent ‘the divine Desdemona?’
Mr. Kean’s Othello is his best character, and the highest effort of
genius on the stage. We say this without any exception or reserve. Yet
we wish it was better than it is. In parts, we think he rises as high as
human genius can go: at other times, though powerful, the whole
effort is thrown away in a wrong direction, and disturbs our idea of
the character. There are some technical objections. Othello was tall;
but that is nothing: he was black, but that is nothing. But he was not
fierce, and that is every thing. It is only in the last agony of human
suffering that he gives way to his rage and his despair, and it is in
working his noble nature up to that extremity, that Shakespear has
shewn his genius and his vast power over the human heart. It was in
raising passion to its height, from the lowest beginnings and in spite
of all obstacles, in shewing the conflict of the soul, the tug and war
between love and hatred, rage, tenderness, jealousy, remorse, in
laying open the strength and the weaknesses of human nature, in
uniting sublimity of thought with the anguish of the keenest woe, in
putting in motion all the springs and impulses which make up this
our mortal being, and at last blending them in that noble tide of deep
and sustained passion, impetuous, but majestic, ‘that flows on to the
Propontic and knows no ebb,’ that the great excellence of Shakespear
lay. Mr. Kean is in general all passion, all energy, all relentless will.
He wants imagination, that faculty which contemplates events, and
broods over feelings with a certain calmness and grandeur; his
feelings almost always hurry on to action, and hardly ever repose
upon themselves. He is too often in the highest key of passion, too
uniformly on the verge of extravagance, too constantly on the rack.

This does very well in certain characters, as Zanga or Bajazet, where
there is merely a physical passion, a boiling of the blood to be
expressed, but it is not so in the lofty-minded and generous Moor.
We make these remarks the more freely, because there were parts
of the character in which Mr. Kean shewed the greatest sublimity and
pathos, by laying aside all violence of action. For instance, the tone of
voice in which he delivered the beautiful apostrophe, ‘Then, oh,
farewell!’ struck on the heart like the swelling notes of some divine
music, like the sound of years of departed happiness. Why not all so,
or all that is like it? why not speak the affecting passage—‘I found not
Cassio’s kisses on her lips’—why not speak the last speech, in the
same manner? They are both of them, we do most strenuously
contend, speeches of pure pathos, of thought, and feeling, and not of
passion, venting itself in violence of action or gesture. Again, the
look, the action, the expression of voice, with which he accompanied
the exclamation, ‘Not a jot, not a jot,’ was perfectly heart-rending.
His vow of revenge against Cassio, and his abandonment of his love
for Desdemona, were as fine as possible. The whole of the third act
had an irresistible effect upon the house, and indeed is only to be
paralleled by the murder scene in Macbeth. Mr. Pope’s Iago was
better acted than usual, but he does not look the character. Mr.
Holland’s drunken scene was, as it always is, excellent.

A NEW WAY TO PAY OLD DEBTS
The Examiner.
January 14, 1816.
Massinger’s play of A New Way to Pay Old Debts, which has been
brought out at Drury-Lane Theatre to introduce Mr. Kean in the part
of Sir Giles Overreach, must have afforded a rich treat to theatrical
amateurs. There is something in a good play well acted, a peculiar
charm, that makes us forget ourselves and all the world.
It has been considered as the misfortune of great talents for the
stage, that they leave no record behind them, except that of vague
rumour, and that the genius of a great actor perishes with him,
‘leaving the world no copy.’ This is a misfortune, or at least a
mortifying reflection, to actors; but it is, we conceive, an advantage
to the stage. It leaves an opening to originality. The stage is always
beginning anew; the candidates for theatrical reputation are always
setting out afresh, unencumbered by the affectation of the faults or
excellences of their predecessors. In this respect, we conceive that
the average quantity of dramatic talent remains more nearly the
same than that in any other walk of art. In the other arts, (as painting
and poetry), it may be supposed that what has been well done
already, by giving rise to endless vapid imitations, is an obstacle to
what might be done hereafter: that the models or chef d’œuvres of
art, where they are accumulated, choke up the path to excellence;
and that the works of genius, where they can be rendered permanent,
and transmitted from age to age, not only prevent, but render
superfluous, future productions of the same kind. We have not,
neither do we want, two Shakespears, two Miltons, two Raphaels,
two Popes, any more than we require two suns in the same sphere.
Even Miss O’Neill stands a little in the way (and it is paying her a
great compliment to say so) of our recollections of Mrs. Siddons. But
Mr. Kean is an excellent substitute for the memory of Garrick, whom
we never saw! When an author dies, it is no matter, for his works
remain. When a great actor dies, there is a void produced in society,

a gap which requires to be filled up. Who does not go to see Kean?
Who, if Garrick were alive, would go to see him? At least, either one
or the other must have quitted the stage; ‘For two at a time there’s no
mortal could bear.’ Again, we know that Mr. Kean cannot have been
spoiled by Garrick. He might indeed have been spoiled by Mr.
Kemble or Mr. Cooke, but he fortunately has not. The stage is a place
where genius is sure to come upon its legs in a generation or two. We
cannot conceive of better actors than some of those we now have. In
Comedy, Liston is as good as Edwin was when we were school-boys.
We grant that we are deficient in genteel comedy; we have no fine
gentlemen or ladies on the stage—nor off it. That which is merely
artificial and local is a matter of mimicry, and must exist, to be well
copied. Players, however, have little reason to complain of their
hard-earned, short-lived popularity. One thunder of applause from
pit, boxes, and galleries, is equal to a whole immortality of
posthumous fame; and when we hear an actor whose modesty is
equal to his merit, declare that he would like to see a dog wag his tail
in approbation, what must he feel when he sets the whole house in a
roar? Besides, Fame, as if their reputation had been entrusted to her
alone, has been particularly careful of the renown of her theatrical
favourites; she forgets one by one, and year by year, those who have
been great lawyers, great statesmen, and great warriors in their day;
but the name of Garrick still survives, with the works of Reynolds
and of Johnson.
We do not know any one now-a-days, who could write Massinger’s
Comedy of A New Way to Pay Old Debts, though we do not believe
that it was better acted at the time it was first brought out, than it is
at present. We cannot conceive of any one’s doing Mr. Kean’s part of
Sir Giles Overreach so well as himself. We have seen others in the
part, superior in the look and costume, in hardened, clownish, rustic
insensibility; but in the soul and spirit, no one equal to him. He is a
truly great actor. This is one of his very best parts. He was not at a
single fault. The passages which we remarked as particularly striking
and original, were those where he expresses his surprise at his
nephew’s answers, ‘His fortune swells him!—’Tis rank, he’s married!’
and again, where, after the exposure of his villanies, he calls to his
accomplice Marall in a half-wheedling, half-terrific tone, ‘Come
hither Marall, come hither.’ Though the speech itself is absurd and
out of character, his manner of stopping when he is running at his

foes, ‘I’m feeble, some widow’s curse hangs on my sword,’ was
exactly as if his arm had been suddenly withered, and his powers
shrivelled up on the instant. The conclusion was quite overwhelming.
Mr. Kean looked the part well, and his voice does not fail as it used to
do. Mr. Munden’s Marall was an admirable piece of acting, and
produced some of the most complete comic contrasts we ever saw.
He overdoes his parts sometimes, and sometimes gets into parts for
which he is not fit: but he has a fine broad face and manner which
tells all the world over. His manner of avoiding the honour of a salute
from the Lady Allworth, was a most deliberate piece of humour; and
the account of the unexpected good fortune of young Welborn almost
converts his eyes into saucers, and chokes him with surprise.
Mr. Oxberry’s Justice Greedy was very entertaining, both from the
subject and from his manner of doing it. Oxberry is a man of a
practical imagination, and the apparitions of fat turkeys, chines of
bacon, and pheasants dressed in toast and butter, evidently floated in
rapturous confusion before his senses. There is nothing that goes
down better than what relates to eating and drinking, on the stage, in
books, or in real life. Mr. Harley’s Welborn was indifferent, but he is
upon the whole a very pleasant actor. Mrs. Glover, as Lady Allworth,
puts on some very agreeable frowns; and Mr. Holland’s Lord Lovell
was one continued smile, without any meaning that we could
discover, unless this actor, after his disguise in the Beggar’s Bush,
was delighted with the restoration of his hat and feather.

Macroeconomics 3rd Edition Hubbard Solutions Manual

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