Macromolecule intro
Download as PPTX, PDF2 likes1,903 views
The document discusses the four major macromolecules that make up living organisms: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers (sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides) that polymerize to form each macromolecule, and their structures, functions, and important examples like glucose, glycogen, amino acids, DNA, RNA, glycerol, and fatty acids. It also covers general concepts like dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, and protein structure levels from primary to quaternary.
Macromolecule intro
- 1. Intro to Macro moleculesMacromolecules
- 2. CarbonThe element of LIFE!Found in all living organisms! We are always looking for carbon based life formsOrganic molecules: molecules that contain carbonC6H12O6, CO2, CH4Some molecules are made of just CARBON and HYDROGEN…we call these HYDROCARBONSThese are important in FUEL (aka GASOLINE!!)Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon componentsHydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energyInorganic molecules: molecules that do not contain carbonH2O, NH3, O2
- 3. LE 4-4Hydrogen(valence = 1)Oxygen(valence = 2)Nitrogen(valence = 3)Carbon(valence = 4)
- 4. Structure of CarbonStructureValence electrons: 4How many bonds can carbon make with other atoms?4: single, double, or triple…as long as it has 4 lines touching itThis makes carbon a versatile atom…it can make long chains of carbons, branched carbon structures, even ring structures with itself
- 5. LE 4-5PropaneEthaneLength2-methylpropane(commonly called isobutane)ButaneBranching1-Butene2-ButeneDouble bondsCyclohexaneBenzeneRings
- 6. Some important words to knowMoleculeGroup of covalently bonded atomsMacromoleculelarge molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atomsFunctional GroupsGroup of atoms within a molecule that interact in PREDICTABLE waysPolar, non-polar, acidic, basic, charged (+/-)Hydroxyl groupCarbonyl group Carboxyl groupAmino groupSulfhydryl groupPhosphate group
- 7. DNA (nucleotide)ATPTwo REALLY ImportantMolecules with Phosphate Groups
- 10. LE 4-10aaSTRUCTURE(may be written HO—)Ethanol, the alcohol present inalcoholic beveragesNAME OF COMPOUNDSFUNCTIONAL PROPERTIESIs polar as a result of theelectronegative oxygen atomdrawing electrons toward itself.Alcohols (their specific namesusually end in -ol)Attracts water molecules, helpingdissolve organic compounds suchas sugars (see Figure 5.3).
- 11. LE 4-10acEXAMPLESTRUCTUREAcetic acid, which gives vinegarits sour tasteFUNCTIONAL PROPERTIESNAME OF COMPOUNDSHas acidic properties because it isa source of hydrogen ions.Carboxylic acids, or organic acidsThe covalent bond betweenoxygen and hydrogen is so polarthat hydrogen ions (H+) tend todissociate reversibly; for example,Acetic acidAcetate ionIn cells, found in the ionic form,which is called a carboxylate group.
- 12. LE 4-10baEXAMPLESTRUCTUREGlycineBecause it also has a carboxylgroup, glycine is both an amine anda carboxylic acid; compounds withboth groups are called amino acids.FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIESNAME OF COMPOUNDSActs as a base; can pick up aproton from the surroundingsolution:Amine(nonionized)(ionized)Ionized, with a charge of 1+,under cellular conditions
- 13. LE 4-10bcEXAMPLESTRUCTUREGlycerol phosphateNAME OF COMPOUNDSFUNCTIONAL PROPERTIESMakes the molecule of which itis a part an anion (negativelycharged ion).Organic phosphatesCan transfer energy between organic molecules.
- 14. What are macromolecules made of?A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers
- 15. Poly=many
- 16. Mono=one
- 17. Think of a beaded bracelet….
- 18. each bead is a MONOMER
- 19. The entire bracelet is a POLYMER
- 20. Large variety of polymers but there are less than 50 monomers…kinda like the alphabet…lots of words, only 26 letters
- 21. Polymerization: THE PROCESS OF MAKING A LARGER MOLECULE BY PUTTING TOGETHER SMALLER MOLECULES
- 22. Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers:CarbohydratesProteinsNucleic acids***Lipids/fats are not polymers but they are still macromolecules
- 25. Brief Overview of 4 MacromoleculesCarbohydratesMonomer: monosaccharaides and disaccharidesPolymer: polysaccharides aka complex carbohydrates (Starches)ProteinsMonomer: Amino acidsPolymer: Polypeptide Chain (PROTEINS)NucleicAcidsMonomer: NucleotidePolymer: Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)Lipids, fats, oils and steroidsMonomer: NONEPolymer: NONE
- 26. How Would You Describe These People?
- 27. Making and Breaking PolymersPolymerization:making polymersDehydration ReactionDehydrate means water lossWhen a water molecule (H-OH) is released to join a monomer to another monomerHydrolysisHydro- waterLysis- to break downDef: to break apart or disassemble a polymer by adding water (H-OH)
- 28. LE 5-2Short polymerUnlinked monomerDehydration removes a watermolecule, forming a new bondLonger polymerDehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymerHydrolysis adds a watermolecule, breaking a bondHydrolysis of a polymer
- 30. CarbohydratesMonomer: MonosaccharidePolymer: Disaccharide or PolysaccharideLink between monomers is called: Glycosidic LinkageFormed by a dehydration reactionAlways have Carbon, Hydrogen, and OxygensCxH2xOxCommon name: sugarEnd with suffix “-ose”Function: Energy/fuel, structure, storageGLUCOSE!!!! What all cells need for energy
- 31. Carbs continuedMonosaccharidesGlucosefructoseDisaccharidessucrosePolysaccharidesStarchIn plant cells; chain of glucose molecules coiled up like a phone cordGlycogenExcess sugar in animal cells is stored in this form; highly branched and more complex chain of glucose monomersStored in muscle and liver cellsWhen body needs energy, glycogen is broken down into glucose CelluloseFound in plant cell walls; made of glucose monomer; building material; aka FIBER; humans do NOT have the enzyme to break this polysaccharide downPasses through digestive tract and keeps it healthy but NOT a nutrientSome animals (cows) have microorganisms that live in their digestive tract that help break down celluloseCarbs are hydrophilic because of hydroxl group (-OH)Dissolve in water making sugary solutionsLarge carbs (starches and cellulose) do not dissolve Think about your towels and clothes, duh!
- 32. ProteinsMonomer: amino acids20 amino acidsAmine (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) groups attached to carbonOnly thing different is side chain…R-groupPolymer: polypeptide chains (proteins)Link between monomers is called: polypeptide bond Made by a dehydration reaction (between amine group of one aa and carboxyl group of another aa)STRUCTURE of A.A.Amino group on one end (-NH2)Carboxyl group on one end (COOH)HydrogenR-group/side chain (changes)Function of Proteins:structural supportStorageTransportcellular communicationsMovementdefense against foreign substancesProteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells
- 34. Protein StructurePrimary structure 1’Order of amino acids in a polypeptide chainSecondary structure 2’Polypeptide chain folds because of interactions between amino acidsHYDROGEN BONDINGTertiary Structure 3’Gives proteins 3-D shapeVERY IMPORTANT to function of proteinBeta pleated sheets and alpha helices fold based on interactions between R-groups of a.a.Hydrogen bonds, polar/non-polar interactions, acid/base interactions, disulfide bonds, van der Waals forcesQuaternary Structure 4’the association of the polypeptide chainssome proteins contain more than one polypeptide chainEach polypeptide chain in the protein is called a subunitTwo or more subunits come together for a specific functionHEMOGLOBINOn Red blood cellsIts shape allows RBCs to carry oxygen all around your body!
- 35. DenaturationUnraveling/unfolding of proteinWhy would this be a problem?When protein loses its 3-D shape and thus its specific functionCaused by:Unfavorable changes in pH, temperature or other environmental conditionDisrupts the interactions between side chains and causes loss of shapeExamples:Frying an eggStraightening your hair
- 38. Fats/LipidsMade of mostly carbon and hydrogen…some oxygenUsually not soluble in waterNot a polymer but is made of molecular unitsGlycerol + 3 Fatty Acids= FATLinkage is called ESTER linkageDehydration reactionFunctionEnergy storageInsulationwaterproofing
- 39. Types of FatsSaturatedSolid at room temperatureAnimal fatsAll the carbons in the fatty acid chains contain the MAXIMUM # of hydrogen atoms around each atomSATURATED with hydrogenOnly single bonds in fatty acid chainUnsaturated/polyunsaturated fatsLiquid at room temperaturePlant oils, fish oilsOne or more double bonded carbon atoms in fatty acid chain, then it is unsaturated
- 40. Phospholipids
- 41. SteroidsChemical messengersStructure4 fused carbon ringsEx. Cholesterol, testosterone, estradiolFunctionstructural component of mammalian cell membranesresilience and fluidity of human membranesmobilized for the synthesis of steroid hormonesprotecting the human skin against external irritants and for holding water contentImprovement of water balance in human skin Enhanced barrier function for stratum Inhibition of aging of skin Water retention for hair
- 42. Nucleic AcidsMonomer: NucleotideStructure of a NucleotideMade of a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and nitrogenous base Polymer: Chain of nucleotides (nucleic acids)Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)FunctionDNAgenetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organismsInstructions to make RNA and proteinslong-term storage of information NITROGENOUS BASES: Pyrimidines: cytosine and thyminePurines: guanine and adenineA binds to T and G binds to C in the polymer DNARNAmessenger between DNA and the protein synthesis complexes known as ribosomesessential carrier molecule for amino acids to be used in protein synthesisThree types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNANITROGENOUS BASES: Pyrimidines: cytosine and uracilPurines: guanine and adenineA binds to U and G binds to C in the polymer RNA